Pub Date : 2011-09-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00332.X
W. Mebane, C. Carlson, Chris Dowd, D. Singer, Michael E. Buckley
The Ship to Shore Connector (SSC), a replacement for the Landing Craft, Air Cushion (LCAC), is the first government-led design of a ship in over 15 years. This paper will discuss the changes that a government-led design presents to the design approach, including schedule, organization structure, and design methodology. While presenting challenges, a government-led design also afforded the opportunity to implement a new technique for assessing various systems and ship alternatives, setbased design (SBD). The necessity for implementing SBD was the desire to design SSC from a blank sheet of paper and the need for a replacement craft in a short time frame. That is, the LCACs need to be replaced and consequently the preliminary design phase of the SSC program will only be 12 months. This paper will describe SBD and how it was applied to the SSC, the challenges that the program faced, and an assessment of the new methodology, along with recommendations that future design programs should consider when adopting this approach.
{"title":"Set-Based Design and the Ship to Shore Connector","authors":"W. Mebane, C. Carlson, Chris Dowd, D. Singer, Michael E. Buckley","doi":"10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00332.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00332.X","url":null,"abstract":"The Ship to Shore Connector (SSC), a replacement for the Landing Craft, Air Cushion (LCAC), is the first government-led design of a ship in over 15 years. This paper will discuss the changes that a government-led design presents to the design approach, including schedule, organization structure, and design methodology. While presenting challenges, a government-led design also afforded the opportunity to implement a new technique for assessing various systems and ship alternatives, setbased design (SBD). The necessity for implementing SBD was the desire to design SSC from a blank sheet of paper and the need for a replacement craft in a short time frame. That is, the LCACs need to be replaced and consequently the preliminary design phase of the SSC program will only be 12 months. This paper will describe SBD and how it was applied to the SSC, the challenges that the program faced, and an assessment of the new methodology, along with recommendations that future design programs should consider when adopting this approach.","PeriodicalId":49775,"journal":{"name":"Naval Engineers Journal","volume":"46 1","pages":"79-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87716458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00331.X
Thomas A. McKenney, Lauren F. Kemink, D. Singer
Ship design is a highly intensive and complex process mainly due to the large number of components and competing requirements. With advancement in technology, design, and evaluation processes, more emphasis has been placed on obtaining not just a feasible design, but also an optimal one. Advanced design methods such as set-based design (SBD) can provide a structured approach to evaluating the design space in order to make accurate and informed decisions toward a more globally optimal design. This paper presents the general application of the SBD process for US Naval vessels as well as a specialized focus on changes in design requirements. Specifically, the two main objectives are an evaluation of how delaying decisions using SBD could cause higher adaptability to changes later in the design process and development of a tradeoff space for evaluating reduced sets. A design experiment that simulated cycles of the SBD process was developed and implemented to provide insight into this objective. The different stages of the experiment included determining intersections between design components in the design space, narrowing variable sets to eliminate infeasible regions, and evaluating the effects of changing design requirements.
{"title":"Adapting to Changes in Design Requirements Using Set-Based Design","authors":"Thomas A. McKenney, Lauren F. Kemink, D. Singer","doi":"10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00331.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00331.X","url":null,"abstract":"Ship design is a highly intensive and complex process mainly due to the large number of components and competing requirements. With advancement in technology, design, and evaluation processes, more emphasis has been placed on obtaining not just a feasible design, but also an optimal one. Advanced design methods such as set-based design (SBD) can provide a structured approach to evaluating the design space in order to make accurate and informed decisions toward a more globally optimal design. This paper presents the general application of the SBD process for US Naval vessels as well as a specialized focus on changes in design requirements. Specifically, the two main objectives are an evaluation of how delaying decisions using SBD could cause higher adaptability to changes later in the design process and development of a tradeoff space for evaluating reduced sets. A design experiment that simulated cycles of the SBD process was developed and implemented to provide insight into this objective. The different stages of the experiment included determining intersections between design components in the design space, narrowing variable sets to eliminate infeasible regions, and evaluating the effects of changing design requirements.","PeriodicalId":49775,"journal":{"name":"Naval Engineers Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"66-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79168551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00336.X
O. Holland, SARA E. Wallace
Deterministic models have long been used to model the individual effectiveness of elements of the Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS). Agent-based models (ABMs) emphasize the specification of the individual components comprising a system and demonstrate higher order system properties through the interactions of those components. ABMs are particularly suited to (1) complex systems where it is easier to understand or observe the individual components rather than the dynamics that govern their interactions and (2) systems where empirical data is insufficient to provide statistical representations. New missions and capabilities desired by national leadership call for increased interaction between the BMDS elements and their subsystems. New capabilities and mission threads include launch on remote and engage on remote capabilities as well as a robust missile defense system capable of defending against threat raids, debris, and decoys. These new capabilities and mission threads may require modifications to kill chains and command and control constructs as well as improved coordination and performance. These capabilities must be realized through modifications to programs of record and integration across elements of the system that have their own independent programmatic momentum. A robust missile defense system must be achieved through a construct of layered defenses. Change in capabilities requires analysis of the complex interdependencies between Standard Missile (SM-3), SPY, and BMDS elements such as PATRIOT, Terminal High-Altitude Area Defense, Aegis Ashore Missile Defense System, etc. Synergy among the systems (termed ‘‘elements’’) is required to meet the new challenges, which can be accomplished through systems of systems engineering. Definition and testing of the interactions between the systems are crucial to provide situational awareness via analysis of data transfer between the elements. ABMs are a tool that allows qualitative evaluation of these interactions of the complex BMDS. This paper presents an investigation of agent-based modeling as a method to explore the system interrelationships and evaluate the indeterminacy of the BMDS kill chain.
{"title":"Using Agents to Model the Kill Chain of the Ballistic Missile Defense System","authors":"O. Holland, SARA E. Wallace","doi":"10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00336.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00336.X","url":null,"abstract":"Deterministic models have long been used to model the individual effectiveness of elements of the Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS). Agent-based models (ABMs) emphasize the specification of the individual components comprising a system and demonstrate higher order system properties through the interactions of those components. ABMs are particularly suited to (1) complex systems where it is easier to understand or observe the individual components rather than the dynamics that govern their interactions and (2) systems where empirical data is insufficient to provide statistical representations. New missions and capabilities desired by national leadership call for increased interaction between the BMDS elements and their subsystems. New capabilities and mission threads include launch on remote and engage on remote capabilities as well as a robust missile defense system capable of defending against threat raids, debris, and decoys. These new capabilities and mission threads may require modifications to kill chains and command and control constructs as well as improved coordination and performance. These capabilities must be realized through modifications to programs of record and integration across elements of the system that have their own independent programmatic momentum. A robust missile defense system must be achieved through a construct of layered defenses. Change in capabilities requires analysis of the complex interdependencies between Standard Missile (SM-3), SPY, and BMDS elements such as PATRIOT, Terminal High-Altitude Area Defense, Aegis Ashore Missile Defense System, etc. Synergy among the systems (termed ‘‘elements’’) is required to meet the new challenges, which can be accomplished through systems of systems engineering. Definition and testing of the interactions between the systems are crucial to provide situational awareness via analysis of data transfer between the elements. ABMs are a tool that allows qualitative evaluation of these interactions of the complex BMDS. This paper presents an investigation of agent-based modeling as a method to explore the system interrelationships and evaluate the indeterminacy of the BMDS kill chain.","PeriodicalId":49775,"journal":{"name":"Naval Engineers Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"141-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88865440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00335.X
Christy I. Goff, Charles L. McNamara, Joseph M. Bradley, C. Trost, W. Dalton, M. Jabaley
The FY11 Report to Congress on Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels (commonly known as the 30-Year Shipbuilding Plan) forecasts that the Navy's Attack Submarine (SSN) force structure will fall below the requirement of 48 SSNs in 2024, and will remain below the requirement throughout at least 2040 (the limit of the current report). Operating the fleet with fewer ships than necessary to meet commitments around the globe makes it imperative to maximize the mission time provided by each platform. Accordingly, the VIRGINIA Class Submarine Program Office (PMS 450) has developed a plan to mitigate this shortfall in force structure by designing reductions in depot-level maintenance, thereby improving operational availability and maximizing mission time. This plan is encompassed in the Program Office's Reduction of Total Ownership Cost (RTOC) goals. However, actions arising from pressure to reduce Total Ownership Cost (TOC) may have the potential to inadvertently limit available platform mission time if the full consequences, including indirect impacts, are not rigorously assessed and analyzed in advance. The VIRGINIA Class Submarine Program faced this challenge explicitly in implementing the RTOC program while simultaneously working through details of a class maintenance plan modification for later submarines that adds a deployment to the operating cycle. Reducing TOC, while making changes to both the maintenance plan and the platform design, requires an integrated analytic capability to assess the impact of potential changes to both cost and delivered mission time. Evaluating the impact of maintenance changes on mission time is complicated by interactions between multiple stakeholders involved in controlling and managing the lifecycle of the submarine—including those responsible for maintenance planning (and the ability of the maintenance facilities to execute the work), operations and training, and modernizations. An approach and analytic framework, which captures “TOC Effectiveness” (defined as Mission Time Delivered divided by Net Cost) is needed to balance divergent program and stakeholder goals. To capture TOC effectiveness, a time-phased dynamic simulation of the lifecycle employment of VIRGINIA Class Submarines (including depot maintenance time) has been developed to determine the likely submarine employment consequences of the plans, policies, and constraints of the stakeholders involved, and to ensure that the lifecycle maintenance plan targets are achieved. The simulation was validated against historical performance of LOS ANGELES Class maintenance execution at public shipyards, explicitly adjusting for known differences in VIRGINIA Class work packages (the first VIRGINIA Class depot maintenance availability did not start until October 2010). Simulation analysis has identified likely results of alternative plans and/or policies and provided insight into where changes can be made across multiple stakeholders to efficiently a
{"title":"Maximizing Platform Value: Increasing VIRGINIA Class Deployments","authors":"Christy I. Goff, Charles L. McNamara, Joseph M. Bradley, C. Trost, W. Dalton, M. Jabaley","doi":"10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00335.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00335.X","url":null,"abstract":"The FY11 Report to Congress on Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels (commonly known as the 30-Year Shipbuilding Plan) forecasts that the Navy's Attack Submarine (SSN) force structure will fall below the requirement of 48 SSNs in 2024, and will remain below the requirement throughout at least 2040 (the limit of the current report). Operating the fleet with fewer ships than necessary to meet commitments around the globe makes it imperative to maximize the mission time provided by each platform. Accordingly, the VIRGINIA Class Submarine Program Office (PMS 450) has developed a plan to mitigate this shortfall in force structure by designing reductions in depot-level maintenance, thereby improving operational availability and maximizing mission time. This plan is encompassed in the Program Office's Reduction of Total Ownership Cost (RTOC) goals. However, actions arising from pressure to reduce Total Ownership Cost (TOC) may have the potential to inadvertently limit available platform mission time if the full consequences, including indirect impacts, are not rigorously assessed and analyzed in advance. The VIRGINIA Class Submarine Program faced this challenge explicitly in implementing the RTOC program while simultaneously working through details of a class maintenance plan modification for later submarines that adds a deployment to the operating cycle. Reducing TOC, while making changes to both the maintenance plan and the platform design, requires an integrated analytic capability to assess the impact of potential changes to both cost and delivered mission time. Evaluating the impact of maintenance changes on mission time is complicated by interactions between multiple stakeholders involved in controlling and managing the lifecycle of the submarine—including those responsible for maintenance planning (and the ability of the maintenance facilities to execute the work), operations and training, and modernizations. An approach and analytic framework, which captures “TOC Effectiveness” (defined as Mission Time Delivered divided by Net Cost) is needed to balance divergent program and stakeholder goals. To capture TOC effectiveness, a time-phased dynamic simulation of the lifecycle employment of VIRGINIA Class Submarines (including depot maintenance time) has been developed to determine the likely submarine employment consequences of the plans, policies, and constraints of the stakeholders involved, and to ensure that the lifecycle maintenance plan targets are achieved. The simulation was validated against historical performance of LOS ANGELES Class maintenance execution at public shipyards, explicitly adjusting for known differences in VIRGINIA Class work packages (the first VIRGINIA Class depot maintenance availability did not start until October 2010). Simulation analysis has identified likely results of alternative plans and/or policies and provided insight into where changes can be made across multiple stakeholders to efficiently a","PeriodicalId":49775,"journal":{"name":"Naval Engineers Journal","volume":"38 1","pages":"119-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76487820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00329.X
M. Collette
As modular weapon systems allow cost-effective upgrades of a vessel’s war-fighting capability, the degradation of the difficult-to-upgrade structure of the vessel may soon become one of the key drivers of vessel retirement and lifecycle maintenance costing. Existing structural design approaches are reviewed, along with recent developments in this field. It is argued that recent research has produced a number of ad hoc metrics for structural design, such as producability; however, to truly address the needs of future ship design teams it is necessary to integrate several such metrics in a systems-engineering view to evaluate how the structural system contributes to the overall capabilities and costs of a proposed vessel. Potential architectures for this approach are discussed, along with key shortcomings. A comparative example is given for structural fatigue of a strength deck under global bending loading, comparing the traditional design approach with a systems-oriented view.
{"title":"Hull Structures as a System: Supporting Lifecycle Analysis","authors":"M. Collette","doi":"10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00329.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00329.X","url":null,"abstract":"As modular weapon systems allow cost-effective upgrades of a vessel’s war-fighting capability, the degradation of the difficult-to-upgrade structure of the vessel may soon become one of the key drivers of vessel retirement and lifecycle maintenance costing. Existing structural design approaches are reviewed, along with recent developments in this field. It is argued that recent research has produced a number of ad hoc metrics for structural design, such as producability; however, to truly address the needs of future ship design teams it is necessary to integrate several such metrics in a systems-engineering view to evaluate how the structural system contributes to the overall capabilities and costs of a proposed vessel. Potential architectures for this approach are discussed, along with key shortcomings. A comparative example is given for structural fatigue of a strength deck under global bending loading, comparing the traditional design approach with a systems-oriented view.","PeriodicalId":49775,"journal":{"name":"Naval Engineers Journal","volume":"23 3 1","pages":"45-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80154882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00318.X
D. B. Mcguigan, W. J. Boylan
{"title":"SHIP SYSTEMS TEST PROCESS - CONCEPT AND APPLICATION: NAVSSES FULL SCALE SHIP SYSTEMS TESTING","authors":"D. B. Mcguigan, W. J. Boylan","doi":"10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00318.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00318.X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49775,"journal":{"name":"Naval Engineers Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"55-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82667666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00319.X
J. Cairns
{"title":"DDG51 Class Land Based Engineering Site (LBES) – The Vision and the Value","authors":"J. Cairns","doi":"10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00319.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00319.X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49775,"journal":{"name":"Naval Engineers Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"73-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81514236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00323.X
H. H. Norton
{"title":"This paper was originally published in the February 1924 issue of the Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers. TESTS OF DIAMOND SOOT BLOWERS","authors":"H. H. Norton","doi":"10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00323.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1559-3584.2011.00323.X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49775,"journal":{"name":"Naval Engineers Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"45-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83607087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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