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An updated systematic review about various effects of microplastics on cancer: A pharmacological and in-silico based analysis 关于微塑料对癌症的各种影响的最新系统综述:药理学和基于计算机的分析。
IF 8.7 2区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101336
Akmaral Baspakova , Afshin Zare , Roza Suleimenova , Aidar B. Berdygaliev , Bibigul Karimsakova , Kymbat Tussupkaliyeva , Nadiar M. Mussin , Kulyash R. Zhilisbayeva , Nader Tanideh , Amin Tamadon
Microplastics (MPs) are known as substantial environmental and health threats because of their pervasive existence and potential function in human diseases. This study is the first research in which a comprehensive analysis of various impacts of MPs on cancer cells is performed through pharmacological and in silico approaches. Moreover, our results demonstrate that MPs have both promotive and suppressive impacts on cancer cells, changing some of the important features of these kinds of cells including cellular viability, migration, metastasis, and apoptosis. Furthermore, the present study displayed that AP-2 complex subunit mu-1 (AP2M1), Asialoglycoprotein receptor 2 (ASGR2), Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1), and Ferritin Heavy Chain, and pivotal role in the progression of cancers mediated by MPs. Moreover, our in-silico analysis identified Goserelin, Paclitaxel, Raloxifene, Exemestane, Epirubicin, Trametinib, Vemurafenib, Pactitaxel, and Sorafenib as potential anticancer agents for curing MPS-based cancer. Besides, our results demonstrated that MPs can exacerbate the development of tumor cells by affecting some important mechanisms including oxidative stress, immune suppression, and adjusting of critical signaling pathways. Interestingly, some sorts of MPs also displayed suppressive effects on cancer cells in some particular contexts, highlighting their complicated biological roles in different biological interactions. Ultimately the present survey tries to demonstrate the crucial roles of MPs in cancer cells and the different mechanisms that occur in the mentioned cells in order to emphasize performing more studies about clarifying the roles of MPs in carcinogenesis.
由于微塑料的普遍存在和在人类疾病中的潜在作用,它们被认为是重大的环境和健康威胁。这项研究是第一个通过药理学和计算机方法对MPs对癌细胞的各种影响进行综合分析的研究。此外,我们的研究结果表明,MPs对癌细胞既有促进作用,也有抑制作用,改变了这些细胞的一些重要特征,包括细胞活力、迁移、转移和凋亡。此外,本研究还发现AP-2复合物亚基mu-1 (AP2M1)、亚洲糖蛋白受体2 (ASGR2)、Bax抑制剂-1 (BI-1)和铁蛋白重链在MPs介导的癌症进展中起关键作用。此外,我们的计算机分析发现戈舍雷林、紫杉醇、雷洛昔芬、依西美坦、表柔比星、曲美替尼、Vemurafenib、帕克他赛和索拉非尼是治疗mps型癌症的潜在抗癌药物。此外,我们的研究结果表明,MPs可以通过影响氧化应激、免疫抑制和关键信号通路的调节等重要机制来加剧肿瘤细胞的发展。有趣的是,某些种类的MPs在某些特定情况下也表现出对癌细胞的抑制作用,突出了它们在不同生物相互作用中的复杂生物学作用。最后,本研究试图证明MPs在癌细胞中的关键作用以及在上述细胞中发生的不同机制,以强调进行更多的研究来阐明MPs在癌变中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Vaccines for cancer prevention and treatment 预防和治疗癌症的疫苗。
IF 8.7 2区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101334
Federica Cavallo, Pier-Luigi Lollini
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引用次数: 0
Testicular immunity 睾丸免疫
IF 8.7 2区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101323
Shu-Yun Li , Sudeep Kumar , Xiaowei Gu , Tony DeFalco
The testis is a unique environment where immune responses are suppressed to allow the development of sperm that possess autoimmunogenic antigens. There are several contributors responsible for testicular immune privilege, including the blood-testis barrier, testicular immune cells, immunomodulation by Sertoli cells, and high levels of steroid hormones. Despite multiple mechanisms in place to regulate the testicular immune environment, pathogens that disrupt testicular immunity can lead to long-term effects such as infertility. If testicular immunity is disturbed, autoimmune reactions can also occur, leading to aberrant immune cell infiltration and subsequent attack of autoimmunogenic germ cells. Here we discuss cellular and molecular factors underlying testicular immunity and how testicular infection or autoimmunity compromise immune privilege. We also describe infections and autoimmune diseases that impact the testis. Further research into testicular immunity will reveal how male fertility is maintained and will help update therapeutic strategies for infertility and other testicular disorders.
睾丸是一个独特的环境,在这里免疫反应受到抑制,从而使具有自身免疫原抗原的精子得以发育。造成睾丸免疫特权的因素很多,包括血睾屏障、睾丸免疫细胞、Sertoli 细胞的免疫调节以及高水平的类固醇激素。尽管存在多种调节睾丸免疫环境的机制,但破坏睾丸免疫的病原体会导致不育等长期影响。如果睾丸免疫受到干扰,还可能发生自身免疫反应,导致免疫细胞异常浸润,进而攻击自身免疫性生殖细胞。在此,我们将讨论睾丸免疫的细胞和分子因素,以及睾丸感染或自身免疫如何损害免疫特权。我们还描述了影响睾丸的感染和自身免疫性疾病。对睾丸免疫的进一步研究将揭示男性生育能力是如何维持的,并有助于更新不育症和其他睾丸疾病的治疗策略。
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引用次数: 0
Diet and exercise in frailty and sarcopenia. Molecular aspects 虚弱和肌肉疏松症中的饮食与运动。分子方面
IF 8.7 2区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101322
Fernando Millan-Domingo , Esther Garcia-Dominguez , Juan Gambini , Gloria Olaso-Gonzalez , Jose Viña , Maria Carmen Gomez-Cabrera
Function declines throughout life although phenotypical manifestations in terms of frailty or disability are only seen in the later periods of our life. The causes underlying lifelong function decline are the aging process “per se”, chronic diseases, and lifestyle factors. These three etiological causes result in the deterioration of several organs and systems which act synergistically to finally produce frailty and disability. Regardless of the causes, the skeletal muscle is the main organ affected by developing sarcopenia.
In the first section of the manuscript, as an introduction, we review the quantitative and qualitative age-associated skeletal muscle changes leading to frailty and sarcopenia and their impact in the quality of life and independence in the elderly. The reversibility of frailty and sarcopenia are discussed in the second and third sections of the manuscript. The most effective intervention to delay and even reverse frailty is exercise training. We review the role of different training programs (resistance exercise, cardiorespiratory exercise, multicomponent exercise, and real-life interventions) not only as a preventive but also as a therapeutical strategy to promote healthy aging. We also devote a section in the text to the sexual dimorphic effects of exercise training interventions in aging. How to optimize the skeletal muscle anabolic response to exercise training with nutrition is also discussed in our manuscript. The concept of anabolic resistance and the evidence of the role of high-quality protein, essential amino acids, creatine, vitamin D, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, and Omega-3 fatty acids, is reviewed. In the last section of the manuscript, the main genetic interventions to promote robustness in preclinical models are discussed. We aim to highlight the molecular pathways that are involved in frailty and sarcopenia. The possibility to effectively target these signaling pathways in clinical practice to delay muscle aging is also discussed.
人的一生都会出现功能衰退,但衰弱或残疾的表型表现只出现在晚年。导致终生功能衰退的原因是 "本身 "的衰老过程、慢性疾病和生活方式因素。这三种病因会导致多个器官和系统的衰退,而这些器官和系统的衰退又会产生协同作用,最终导致虚弱和残疾。在手稿的第一部分,作为引言,我们回顾了导致虚弱和肌肉疏松症的与年龄相关的骨骼肌定量和定性变化及其对老年人生活质量和独立性的影响。手稿的第二和第三部分讨论了虚弱和肌肉疏松症的可逆性。运动训练是延缓甚至逆转衰弱的最有效干预措施。我们回顾了不同训练计划(阻力运动、心肺运动、多组分运动和现实生活干预)的作用,它们不仅是促进健康老龄化的预防策略,也是治疗策略。我们还在文中专门用了一个章节来讨论运动训练干预在衰老过程中的性别双态效应。我们的手稿还讨论了如何通过营养优化骨骼肌对运动训练的合成代谢反应。我们回顾了合成代谢阻力的概念以及优质蛋白质、必需氨基酸、肌酸、维生素 D、β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸和 Omega-3 脂肪酸作用的证据。手稿的最后一部分讨论了促进临床前模型稳健性的主要基因干预措施。我们的目的是强调与虚弱和肌肉疏松症有关的分子通路。我们还讨论了在临床实践中有效针对这些信号通路以延缓肌肉衰老的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Physiological and pathological aspects of epididymal sperm maturation 附睾精子成熟的生理和病理问题
IF 8.7 2区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101321
Mariana Weigel Muñoz, Débora J. Cohen, Vanina G. Da Ros, Soledad N. González, Abril Rebagliati Cid, Valeria Sulzyk, Patricia S. Cuasnicu
In mammals, sperm that leave the testes are nonfunctional and require a complex post-testicular maturation process to acquire their ability to recognize and fertilize the egg. The crucial maturation changes that provide sperm their fertilizing capability occur while passing through the epididymis. Due to the widespread use of assisted reproductive technologies to address male infertility, there has been a significant decrease in research focusing on the mechanisms underlying the maturation process over the past decades. Considering that up to 40% of male infertility is idiopathic and could be reflecting sperm maturation defects, the study of post-testicular sperm maturation will clearly contribute to a better understanding of the causes of male infertility and to the development of both new approaches to maturing sperm in vitro and safer male contraceptive methods. Based on this, the present review focuses on the physiopathology of the epididymis as well as on current approaches under investigation to improve research in sperm maturation and as potential therapeutic options for male infertility.
在哺乳动物中,离开睾丸的精子是无功能的,需要经过复杂的睾丸后成熟过程才能获得识别和受精卵的能力。使精子具备受精能力的关键成熟变化是在通过附睾时发生的。由于辅助生殖技术在解决男性不育症方面的广泛应用,在过去的几十年中,对精子成熟过程机制的研究明显减少。考虑到多达 40% 的男性不育是特发性的,可能反映了精子成熟缺陷,对睾丸后精子成熟的研究显然有助于更好地理解男性不育的原因,并有助于开发体外精子成熟的新方法和更安全的男性避孕方法。在此基础上,本综述侧重于附睾的生理病理以及目前正在研究的方法,以改进精子成熟的研究,并作为男性不育症的潜在治疗方案。
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引用次数: 0
Advances in human In vitro spermatogenesis: A review 人类体外精子发生的进展:综述
IF 8.7 2区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101320
Anna-Lisa V. Nguyen , Sania Julian , Ninglu Weng , Ryan Flannigan
Recent advances surrounding in vitro spermatogenesis (IVS) have shown potential in creating a new paradigm of regenerative medicine in the future of fertility treatments for males experiencing non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). Male infertility is a common condition affecting approximately 15% of couples, with azoospermia being present in 15% of infertile males (Cocuzza et al., 2013; Esteves et al., 2011a). Treatment for patients with NOA has primarily been limited to surgical sperm retrieval combined with in vitro fertilization intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF-ICSI); however, sperm retrieval is successful in only half of these patients, and live birth rates typically range between 10 and 25% (Aljubran et al., 2022). Therefore, a significant need exists for regenerative therapies in this patient population.
IVS has been considered as a model for further understanding the molecular and cellular processes of spermatogenesis and as a potential regenerative therapeutic approach. While 2D cell cultures using human testicular cells have been attempted in previous research, lack of proper spatial arrangement limits germ cell differentiation and maturation, posing challenges for clinical application. Recent research suggests that 3D technology may have advantages for IVS due to mimicry of the native cytoarchitecture of human testicular tissue along with cell-cell communication directly or indirectly. 3D organotypic cultures, scaffolds, organoids, microfluidics, testis-on-a-chip, and bioprinting techniques have all shown potential to contribute to the technology of regenerative treatment strategies, including in vitro fertilization (IVF).
Although promising, further work is needed to develop technology for successful, replicable, and safe IVS for humans. The intersection between tissue engineering, molecular biology, and reproductive medicine in IVS development allows for multidisciplinary involvement, where challenges can be overcome to realize regenerative therapies as a viable option.
围绕体外生精(IVS)的最新进展表明,在未来针对男性非梗阻性无精子症(NOA)的生育治疗中,体外生精有望开创一种新的再生医学模式。男性不育是一种常见病,影响着约15%的夫妇,其中15%的不育男性存在无精子症(Cocuzza等人,2013年;Esteves等人,2011年a)。对无精子症患者的治疗主要局限于手术取精结合体外受精卵胞浆内单精子显微注射(IVF-ICSI);然而,这些患者中只有一半能成功取精,活产率通常在10%到25%之间(Aljubran等人,2022年)。IVS 被认为是进一步了解精子发生的分子和细胞过程的模型,也是一种潜在的再生治疗方法。虽然以前的研究尝试过使用人类睾丸细胞进行二维细胞培养,但由于缺乏适当的空间排列,限制了生殖细胞的分化和成熟,给临床应用带来了挑战。最近的研究表明,三维技术可以模仿人类睾丸组织的原生细胞结构,直接或间接地进行细胞间的交流,因此在 IVS 方面具有优势。三维器官型培养物、支架、器官组织、微流控、芯片睾丸和生物打印技术都显示出对再生治疗策略技术的潜在贡献,包括体外受精(IVF)。组织工程学、分子生物学和生殖医学在体外受精技术开发中的交集使得多学科的参与成为可能,在这种情况下,可以克服挑战,将再生疗法作为一种可行的选择。
{"title":"Advances in human In vitro spermatogenesis: A review","authors":"Anna-Lisa V. Nguyen ,&nbsp;Sania Julian ,&nbsp;Ninglu Weng ,&nbsp;Ryan Flannigan","doi":"10.1016/j.mam.2024.101320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mam.2024.101320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advances surrounding in vitro spermatogenesis (IVS) have shown potential in creating a new paradigm of regenerative medicine in the future of fertility treatments for males experiencing non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). Male infertility is a common condition affecting approximately 15% of couples, with azoospermia being present in 15% of infertile males (Cocuzza et al., 2013; Esteves et al., 2011a). Treatment for patients with NOA has primarily been limited to surgical sperm retrieval combined with in vitro fertilization intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF-ICSI); however, sperm retrieval is successful in only half of these patients, and live birth rates typically range between 10 and 25% (Aljubran et al., 2022). Therefore, a significant need exists for regenerative therapies in this patient population.</div><div>IVS has been considered as a model for further understanding the molecular and cellular processes of spermatogenesis and as a potential regenerative therapeutic approach. While 2D cell cultures using human testicular cells have been attempted in previous research, lack of proper spatial arrangement limits germ cell differentiation and maturation, posing challenges for clinical application. Recent research suggests that 3D technology may have advantages for IVS due to mimicry of the native cytoarchitecture of human testicular tissue along with cell-cell communication directly or indirectly. 3D organotypic cultures, scaffolds, organoids, microfluidics, testis-on-a-chip, and bioprinting techniques have all shown potential to contribute to the technology of regenerative treatment strategies, including in vitro fertilization (IVF).</div><div>Although promising, further work is needed to develop technology for successful, replicable, and safe IVS for humans. The intersection between tissue engineering, molecular biology, and reproductive medicine in IVS development allows for multidisciplinary involvement, where challenges can be overcome to realize regenerative therapies as a viable option.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49798,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Aspects of Medicine","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 101320"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142312281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Muscle aging and sarcopenia: The pathology, etiology, and most promising therapeutic targets 肌肉老化和肌肉疏松症:病理、病因和最有希望的治疗目标。
IF 8.7 2区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101319
Mercedes Grima-Terrén , Silvia Campanario , Ignacio Ramírez-Pardo , Andrés Cisneros , Xiaotong Hong , Eusebio Perdiguero , Antonio L. Serrano , Joan Isern , Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
Sarcopenia is a progressive muscle wasting disorder that severely impacts the quality of life of elderly individuals. Although the natural aging process primarily causes sarcopenia, it can develop in response to other conditions. Because muscle function is influenced by numerous changes that occur with age, the etiology of sarcopenia remains unclear. However, recent characterizations of the aging muscle transcriptional landscape, signaling pathway disruptions, fiber and extracellular matrix compositions, systemic metabolomic and inflammatory responses, mitochondrial function, and neurological inputs offer insights and hope for future treatments. This review will discuss age-related changes in healthy muscle and our current understanding of how this can deteriorate into sarcopenia. As our elderly population continues to grow, we must understand sarcopenia and find treatments that allow individuals to maintain independence and dignity throughout an extended lifespan.
肌肉疏松症是一种进行性肌肉萎缩症,严重影响老年人的生活质量。虽然肌肉疏松症主要是由自然衰老过程引起的,但它也可能因其他情况而发生。由于肌肉功能受到随年龄增长而发生的许多变化的影响,因此肌肉疏松症的病因仍不清楚。不过,最近对衰老肌肉转录结构、信号通路干扰、纤维和细胞外基质组成、全身代谢组学和炎症反应、线粒体功能和神经输入等方面的研究,为我们提供了深入的见解,也为未来的治疗带来了希望。本综述将讨论健康肌肉中与年龄有关的变化,以及我们目前对这种变化如何恶化成肌肉疏松症的理解。随着老年人口的不断增长,我们必须了解肌肉疏松症,并找到能让患者在延长的寿命中保持独立和尊严的治疗方法。
{"title":"Muscle aging and sarcopenia: The pathology, etiology, and most promising therapeutic targets","authors":"Mercedes Grima-Terrén ,&nbsp;Silvia Campanario ,&nbsp;Ignacio Ramírez-Pardo ,&nbsp;Andrés Cisneros ,&nbsp;Xiaotong Hong ,&nbsp;Eusebio Perdiguero ,&nbsp;Antonio L. Serrano ,&nbsp;Joan Isern ,&nbsp;Pura Muñoz-Cánoves","doi":"10.1016/j.mam.2024.101319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mam.2024.101319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sarcopenia is a progressive muscle wasting disorder that severely impacts the quality of life of elderly individuals. Although the natural aging process primarily causes sarcopenia, it can develop in response to other conditions. Because muscle function is influenced by numerous changes that occur with age, the etiology of sarcopenia remains unclear. However, recent characterizations of the aging muscle transcriptional landscape, signaling pathway disruptions, fiber and extracellular matrix compositions, systemic metabolomic and inflammatory responses, mitochondrial function, and neurological inputs offer insights and hope for future treatments. This review will discuss age-related changes in healthy muscle and our current understanding of how this can deteriorate into sarcopenia. As our elderly population continues to grow, we must understand sarcopenia and find treatments that allow individuals to maintain independence and dignity throughout an extended lifespan.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49798,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Aspects of Medicine","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 101319"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142308930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Impacts of cancer therapy on male fertility: Past and present 癌症治疗对男性生育能力的影响:过去与现在
IF 8.7 2区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101308
Kathleen Duffin , Rod T. Mitchell , Mark F.H. Brougham , Geert Hamer , Ans M.M. van Pelt , Callista L. Mulder

Over the past two decades, advances in cancer therapy have significantly improved survival rates, particularly in childhood cancers. Still, many treatments pose a substantial risk for diminishing future fertility potential due to the gonadotoxic nature of many cancer regimens, justifying fertility preservation programs for both childhood and adult cancer patients. To assure a balance between offering fertility preservation and actual chance of infertility post-treatment, guidelines are in place. However, assessing the actual risk of infertility after treatment remains challenging, given the multi-faceted approach of many cancer treatment plans, which are continuously evolving. This review discusses the evolution of cancer therapy over the past 20 years and attempts to assess their impact on fertility after treatment. Overall, cancer regimens have shifted from broadly killing fast dividing cells to more targeting therapies, reducing collateral damage in general. Although progress has been made to reduce overall toxicity, unfortunately this does not automatically translate to reduced gonadotoxicity. Therefore, current fertility preservation programs continue to be an important part of cancer care.

过去二十年来,癌症治疗的进步大大提高了患者的生存率,尤其是儿童癌症患者。尽管如此,由于许多癌症治疗方案都具有性腺毒性,因此许多治疗方案都会对患者未来的生育能力造成很大的影响,这就为儿童和成人癌症患者的生育力保护计划提供了依据。为了确保在提供生育力保护和治疗后实际不孕几率之间取得平衡,已制定了相关指南。然而,由于许多癌症治疗方案是多方面的,而且在不断演变,因此评估治疗后不孕的实际风险仍具有挑战性。本综述讨论了癌症疗法在过去 20 年中的演变,并尝试评估其对治疗后生育的影响。总体而言,癌症治疗方案已从广泛杀灭快速分裂细胞转变为更具针对性的疗法,从总体上减少了附带损害。虽然在降低总体毒性方面取得了进展,但遗憾的是,这并不能自动转化为性腺毒性的降低。因此,目前的生育力保护计划仍然是癌症治疗的重要组成部分。
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引用次数: 0
Immunomodulation: A new approach to cancer cachexia, potentially suitable for aging 免疫调节:治疗癌症恶病质的新方法,可能适用于老龄化
IF 8.7 2区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101318
Fabio Penna, Giacomo Rubini, Paola Costelli

Cancer cachexia is the prototypical example of comorbidity, occurring in most of cancer patients. It is a direct consequence of tumor growth and of the associated inflammatory/immune response. Cachexia can be exacerbated by anti-cancer therapies, frequently resulting in dose limitation and/or treatment delay or discontinuation. The pathogenesis of cancer cachexia is still unclear and includes nutritional, metabolic, hormonal and immunological components.

Tumor ability to shape the immune response to its own advantage is now well accepted, while the possibility that such an altered immune response could play a role in the onset of cachexia is still an undefined issue. Indeed, most of the immune-related research on cachexia mainly focused on pro-inflammatory mediators, almost totally disregarding the interactions among immune cells and the homeostasis of peripheral tissues. The present review provides an overview of the immune system dysregulations occurring in cancer cachexia, focusing on the possibility that immunomodulating strategies, mainly developed to stimulate the anti-cancer immune response, could be useful to counteract cachexia as well.

Cancer and cachexia are frequent comorbidities of aging. Along this line, cancer- and aging-associated muscle wasting likely coexist in the same patients. Since both conditions share some of the underlying mechanisms, the potential effectiveness of immunomodulation on sarcopenia of aging is discussed.

癌症恶病质是合并症的典型例子,大多数癌症患者都会出现。它是肿瘤生长和相关炎症/免疫反应的直接后果。抗癌疗法会加重恶病质,经常导致剂量限制和/或治疗延迟或中断。癌症恶病质的发病机理尚不清楚,包括营养、代谢、激素和免疫学等方面的因素。目前,人们普遍认为肿瘤有能力塑造对自身有利的免疫反应,而这种免疫反应的改变可能在恶病质的发生中起作用,这仍然是一个未确定的问题。事实上,大多数关于恶病质的免疫相关研究主要集中在促炎介质上,几乎完全忽视了免疫细胞之间的相互作用和外周组织的平衡。本综述概述了癌症恶病质中出现的免疫系统失调,重点探讨了主要为刺激抗癌免疫反应而开发的免疫调节策略也可用于对抗恶病质的可能性。沿着这一思路,癌症和衰老相关的肌肉萎缩很可能在同一患者身上同时存在。由于这两种病症有一些共同的潜在机制,我们将讨论免疫调节对衰老性肌肉萎缩症的潜在疗效。
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引用次数: 0
Insights into Women's health: Exploring the vaginal microbiome, quorum sensing dynamics, and therapeutic potential of quorum sensing quenchers 洞察女性健康:探索阴道微生物群、定量感应动态以及定量感应拮抗剂的治疗潜力
IF 8.7 2区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101304
Kevin Núño , Anne Sophie Jensen , Gregory O'Connor , Tiffani Janae Houston , Emre Dikici , Jean Marc Zingg , Sapna Deo , Sylvia Daunert

The vaginal microbiome is an important aspect of women's health that changes dynamically with various stages of the woman's life. Just like the gut microbiome, the vaginal microbiome can also be affected by pathologies that dramatically change the typical composition of native vaginal microorganisms. However, the mechanism as to how both vaginal endemic and gut endemic opportunistic microbes can express pathogenicity in vaginal polymicrobial biofilms is poorly understood. Quorum sensing is the cellular density-dependent bacterial and fungal communication process in which chemical signaling molecules, known as autoinducers, activate expression for genes responsible for virulence and pathogenicity, such as biofilm formation and virulence factor production. Quorum sensing inhibition, or quorum quenching, has been explored as a potential therapeutic route for both bacterial and fungal infections. By applying these quorum quenchers, one can reduce biofilm formation of opportunistic vaginal microbes and combine them with antibiotics for a synergistic effect. This review aims to display the relationship between the vaginal and gut microbiome, the role of quorum sensing in polymicrobial biofilm formation which cause pathology in the vaginal microbiome, and how quorum quenchers can be utilized to attenuate the severity of bacterial and fungal infections.

阴道微生物群是女性健康的一个重要方面,它会随着女性生命的不同阶段而发生动态变化。与肠道微生物群一样,阴道微生物群也会受到病理变化的影响,从而极大地改变阴道本地微生物的典型组成。然而,人们对阴道特有微生物和肠道特有机会性微生物如何在阴道多微生物生物膜中表达致病性的机制还知之甚少。法定量感应是一种依赖于细胞密度的细菌和真菌交流过程,在这一过程中,化学信号分子(称为自诱导剂)会激活负责毒力和致病性的基因的表达,如生物膜的形成和毒力因子的产生。抑制法定人数感应(或法定人数淬灭)已被视为细菌和真菌感染的潜在治疗途径。通过应用这些法定量拮抗剂,人们可以减少机会性阴道微生物生物膜的形成,并将它们与抗生素结合起来产生协同效应。本综述旨在说明阴道微生物群与肠道微生物群之间的关系、法定量感应在多微生物生物膜形成过程中的作用(多微生物生物膜会导致阴道微生物群病变),以及如何利用法定量拮抗剂来减轻细菌和真菌感染的严重程度。
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