This paper chronicles my fisheries compliance and enforcement research during the past 40 years. My colleagues and I at the University of Rhode Island began researching fisheries law enforcement issues around 1980 because of the high degree of noncompliance in fisheries managed by the New England Fisheries Management Council. We collected data and demonstrated that the pure deterrence model does not explain fisheries compliance behavior well. This set us on a course to develop an enriched model of compliance behavior. The formal enriched model accounts for tangible and intangible motivations influencing individuals’ compliance decisions, resulting in better explanations of the evidence than the pure deterrence model. The model also provides practical and superior policy prescriptions. Although the enriched model is superior to the basic pure deterrence model, much research remains to be done on explaining compliance behavior and crafting more efficient and effective compliance and regulatory programs in fisheries.
{"title":"Musings on a Career in Applied Fisheries Economics Research","authors":"J. Sutinen","doi":"10.1086/724930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/724930","url":null,"abstract":"This paper chronicles my fisheries compliance and enforcement research during the past 40 years. My colleagues and I at the University of Rhode Island began researching fisheries law enforcement issues around 1980 because of the high degree of noncompliance in fisheries managed by the New England Fisheries Management Council. We collected data and demonstrated that the pure deterrence model does not explain fisheries compliance behavior well. This set us on a course to develop an enriched model of compliance behavior. The formal enriched model accounts for tangible and intangible motivations influencing individuals’ compliance decisions, resulting in better explanations of the evidence than the pure deterrence model. The model also provides practical and superior policy prescriptions. Although the enriched model is superior to the basic pure deterrence model, much research remains to be done on explaining compliance behavior and crafting more efficient and effective compliance and regulatory programs in fisheries.","PeriodicalId":49880,"journal":{"name":"Marine Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41566057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The adoption of individual harvesting rights, such as IQs, has substantially improved the economics of numerous fisheries around the world. Unfortunately, many developing nations cannot employ these management systems because they lack the ability to enforce them. This paper argues that in many of these fisheries, properly designed community rights-based management regimes (CFMRs) will both greatly simplify the enforcement problem and create conditions conducive to economically efficient fisheries. The key features of such a CFMR for Lake Victoria fisheries are outlined and its workings explained. The essence of the system is the allocation of strong harvesting rights, similar to IQs, to the lake’s fishing communities combined with total allowable catch (TAC) limits for the entire lake. The net economic benefits of a project to design, install, and operate this CFMR are estimated. While the estimated net benefits are highly positive, they are much smaller than the attainable net economic surplus obtainable from the fishing activity only.
{"title":"Improving Fisheries Management in Developing Countries","authors":"R. Arnason","doi":"10.1086/724933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/724933","url":null,"abstract":"The adoption of individual harvesting rights, such as IQs, has substantially improved the economics of numerous fisheries around the world. Unfortunately, many developing nations cannot employ these management systems because they lack the ability to enforce them. This paper argues that in many of these fisheries, properly designed community rights-based management regimes (CFMRs) will both greatly simplify the enforcement problem and create conditions conducive to economically efficient fisheries. The key features of such a CFMR for Lake Victoria fisheries are outlined and its workings explained. The essence of the system is the allocation of strong harvesting rights, similar to IQs, to the lake’s fishing communities combined with total allowable catch (TAC) limits for the entire lake. The net economic benefits of a project to design, install, and operate this CFMR are estimated. While the estimated net benefits are highly positive, they are much smaller than the attainable net economic surplus obtainable from the fishing activity only.","PeriodicalId":49880,"journal":{"name":"Marine Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44688554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna M. Birkenbach, D. Kaczan, Martin D. Smith, Greg Ardini, D. Holland, Min-Yang A. Lee, D. Lipton, Mike Travis
Rights-based management of fishery resources theoretically allows firms to minimize the cost of extraction without the threat that other harvesters will take their allocations, but added flexibility also allows firms to exploit revenue margins such that firms balance potential revenue gains with potential cost savings. Using two approaches, difference-in-differences with an index of seafood prices and synthetic control, we test for revenue gains in 39 US fisheries that adopted market-based regulations and find mixed evidence of price increases. Species with price increases tend to have viable fresh markets or other features that discourage gluts, whereas species with price decreases plausibly have more to gain on the cost side or are part of a multispecies complex with a higher-value species experiencing a price increase.
{"title":"Do Catch Shares Increase Prices? Evidence from US Fisheries","authors":"Anna M. Birkenbach, D. Kaczan, Martin D. Smith, Greg Ardini, D. Holland, Min-Yang A. Lee, D. Lipton, Mike Travis","doi":"10.1086/725010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725010","url":null,"abstract":"Rights-based management of fishery resources theoretically allows firms to minimize the cost of extraction without the threat that other harvesters will take their allocations, but added flexibility also allows firms to exploit revenue margins such that firms balance potential revenue gains with potential cost savings. Using two approaches, difference-in-differences with an index of seafood prices and synthetic control, we test for revenue gains in 39 US fisheries that adopted market-based regulations and find mixed evidence of price increases. Species with price increases tend to have viable fresh markets or other features that discourage gluts, whereas species with price decreases plausibly have more to gain on the cost side or are part of a multispecies complex with a higher-value species experiencing a price increase.","PeriodicalId":49880,"journal":{"name":"Marine Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46921501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the impact of reserve prices on bidder participation in the main Norwegian auction market for frozen Atlantic cod. Theoretically, there is a negative relationship between reserve prices and bidder participation. However, our empirical findings show that the reserve price actually has no negative influence on bidder participation. A simulation exercise taking buyers’ true valuations into account also shows a negligible effect of reserve prices on the probability of two or more participating bidders. Other factors are more important in attracting bidders to the auction. Most notably, cod caught by longline, which implies fish of high quality, enhances the probability of two or more bidders by 11.8%. Auctioneers should focus on information transparency regarding fish quality to attract participants and hence improve the efficiency of auction markets.
{"title":"Reserve Prices and Bidder Participation in an English Auction: The Case of Atlantic Cod in Norway","authors":"Dengjun Zhang, Geir Sogn-Grundvåg","doi":"10.1086/725003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725003","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the impact of reserve prices on bidder participation in the main Norwegian auction market for frozen Atlantic cod. Theoretically, there is a negative relationship between reserve prices and bidder participation. However, our empirical findings show that the reserve price actually has no negative influence on bidder participation. A simulation exercise taking buyers’ true valuations into account also shows a negligible effect of reserve prices on the probability of two or more participating bidders. Other factors are more important in attracting bidders to the auction. Most notably, cod caught by longline, which implies fish of high quality, enhances the probability of two or more bidders by 11.8%. Auctioneers should focus on information transparency regarding fish quality to attract participants and hence improve the efficiency of auction markets.","PeriodicalId":49880,"journal":{"name":"Marine Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46443813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is an extensively used method to estimate capacity and technical and economic efficiency of fishing vessels. However, DEA is often criticized because of the influence that outliers, or noisy data, can have on the DEA estimates. Recently, quantile data envelopment analysis (QDEA) was introduced to identify and address issues caused by influential data outliers. QDEA endogenously identifies potential outliers and eliminates them from a given observation’s DEA reference set. In this study, we utilize QDEA to estimate fishing fleet capacity for vessels operating in the northwest Atlantic Ocean during 2019. We present methods for implementing the QDEA model that we think are practical and can be adapted for fishing fleets worldwide. Results show lower capacity estimates using the QDEA model than what the standard capacity model would yield. Our results are quite encouraging in terms of utilizing the QDEA model in future work.
{"title":"Measuring Fishing Capacity Using Quantile Data Envelopment Analysis","authors":"J. Walden, J. Atwood","doi":"10.1086/724932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/724932","url":null,"abstract":"Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is an extensively used method to estimate capacity and technical and economic efficiency of fishing vessels. However, DEA is often criticized because of the influence that outliers, or noisy data, can have on the DEA estimates. Recently, quantile data envelopment analysis (QDEA) was introduced to identify and address issues caused by influential data outliers. QDEA endogenously identifies potential outliers and eliminates them from a given observation’s DEA reference set. In this study, we utilize QDEA to estimate fishing fleet capacity for vessels operating in the northwest Atlantic Ocean during 2019. We present methods for implementing the QDEA model that we think are practical and can be adapted for fishing fleets worldwide. Results show lower capacity estimates using the QDEA model than what the standard capacity model would yield. Our results are quite encouraging in terms of utilizing the QDEA model in future work.","PeriodicalId":49880,"journal":{"name":"Marine Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45561833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dieter Koemle, Thang Dao Nguyen, Xiaohua Yu, R. Arlinghaus
Subsidies for temporary laying-up (TLU) are often introduced to support commercial fishers in crises. We studied the effect of a German TLU in response to quota cuts and the COVID-19 pandemic on fishers’ revenue frontiers and efficiency by stochastic frontier analysis, and on species composition by fixed-effects models using monthly landings declarations from 2008 to 2020. Own laying-up days increased inefficiency and decreased revenue frontiers. Subsidies were related to outward shifts in the revenue frontier, and were linked to small increases in landings of unregulated marine species. Laying-up periods by other fishers were not related to changes in the revenue frontier or efficiency, but to changes in species composition of unregulated species, away from freshwater species and flatfish, and towards eel and other marine species. Technical efficiency mostly decreased over time, offsetting temporal outward shifts in the revenue frontier.
{"title":"Subsidies, Temporary Laying-Up, and Efficiency in a Coastal Commercial Fishery","authors":"Dieter Koemle, Thang Dao Nguyen, Xiaohua Yu, R. Arlinghaus","doi":"10.1086/723731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723731","url":null,"abstract":"Subsidies for temporary laying-up (TLU) are often introduced to support commercial fishers in crises. We studied the effect of a German TLU in response to quota cuts and the COVID-19 pandemic on fishers’ revenue frontiers and efficiency by stochastic frontier analysis, and on species composition by fixed-effects models using monthly landings declarations from 2008 to 2020. Own laying-up days increased inefficiency and decreased revenue frontiers. Subsidies were related to outward shifts in the revenue frontier, and were linked to small increases in landings of unregulated marine species. Laying-up periods by other fishers were not related to changes in the revenue frontier or efficiency, but to changes in species composition of unregulated species, away from freshwater species and flatfish, and towards eel and other marine species. Technical efficiency mostly decreased over time, offsetting temporal outward shifts in the revenue frontier.","PeriodicalId":49880,"journal":{"name":"Marine Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48301041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A dynamic AIDS model was employed to estimate the expenditure, own-price, and cross elasticity of five major import source countries for shrimp, salmon, albacore and tuna, crab, and cuttlefish in Japan. Our findings show that COVID-19 has had no significant impact on Japan’s fishery imports in the short term. The expenditure elasticities of fishery imports in Japan are greater than 1 or close to 1, implying that consumers in Japan have a relatively high dependence on fishery imports. Specifically, the expenditure elasticities of shrimp and cuttlefish imports from Vietnam, albacore and tuna imports from Australia, and crab imports from Russia are close to 1, while their own-price elasticities are the least sensitive compared with other import source countries, suggesting a greater export potential in the Japanese market.
{"title":"Modeling Import Demand for Fishery Products in Japan: A Dynamic AIDS Approach","authors":"Chun-Fu Hsu, Yun-Ju Chen, Kuo‐I Chang","doi":"10.1086/723729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723729","url":null,"abstract":"A dynamic AIDS model was employed to estimate the expenditure, own-price, and cross elasticity of five major import source countries for shrimp, salmon, albacore and tuna, crab, and cuttlefish in Japan. Our findings show that COVID-19 has had no significant impact on Japan’s fishery imports in the short term. The expenditure elasticities of fishery imports in Japan are greater than 1 or close to 1, implying that consumers in Japan have a relatively high dependence on fishery imports. Specifically, the expenditure elasticities of shrimp and cuttlefish imports from Vietnam, albacore and tuna imports from Australia, and crab imports from Russia are close to 1, while their own-price elasticities are the least sensitive compared with other import source countries, suggesting a greater export potential in the Japanese market.","PeriodicalId":49880,"journal":{"name":"Marine Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48938743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Khan, Md. Takibur Rahman, K. Roll, A. Guttormsen
Globally, excess capacity and overexploitation of fisheries have become growing concerns because of the associated fishing, social, political, and economic consequences. This study estimates the degrees of capacity utilization and technical efficiency, and the factors affecting the capacity utilization of the multispecies gill-net vessels operating in the Bay of Bengal. It is based on data collected from two marine fishing areas in Bangladesh and uses data envelopment analysis and Tobit regression. Our results indicate low degrees of capacity utilization and high degrees of technical inefficiency. However, by holding production at an efficient level, unbiased capacity utilization is close to full capacity. A high degree of excess capacity exists, and more than one-third of vessels could be decommissioned. Furthermore, vessel capacity, number of trips, and trip duration affect capacity utilization. An implication of our results is that efficient management of vessel capacity might be helpful in controlling harvest and reducing overexploitation.
{"title":"Towards Economic Sustainability or Unsustainability: The Case of Artisanal Fisheries in the Bay of Bengal","authors":"M. Khan, Md. Takibur Rahman, K. Roll, A. Guttormsen","doi":"10.1086/723732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723732","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, excess capacity and overexploitation of fisheries have become growing concerns because of the associated fishing, social, political, and economic consequences. This study estimates the degrees of capacity utilization and technical efficiency, and the factors affecting the capacity utilization of the multispecies gill-net vessels operating in the Bay of Bengal. It is based on data collected from two marine fishing areas in Bangladesh and uses data envelopment analysis and Tobit regression. Our results indicate low degrees of capacity utilization and high degrees of technical inefficiency. However, by holding production at an efficient level, unbiased capacity utilization is close to full capacity. A high degree of excess capacity exists, and more than one-third of vessels could be decommissioned. Furthermore, vessel capacity, number of trips, and trip duration affect capacity utilization. An implication of our results is that efficient management of vessel capacity might be helpful in controlling harvest and reducing overexploitation.","PeriodicalId":49880,"journal":{"name":"Marine Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48543830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Discrete choice models of demand are growing in popularity for understanding markets for seafood, but have thus far been limited to applications using individual-level choice data. The random coefficients logit model is a discrete choice demand model designed for aggregate sales data and imparts a number of theoretical and empirical advantages. Instrumental variables account for price endogeneity, which can arise when there are unobserved product characteristics. Furthermore, correlated preferences can be accommodated in the random coefficients as well as through demographic interactions, which is especially important for seafood where product characteristics are primarily qualitative. We estimate this model for salmon fillets using four years of county-level seafood sales in California, and demonstrate the insights that can be drawn regarding consumer preferences and substitution patterns. Although the model is computationally burdensome, it offers considerable potential for further seafood demand analysis.
{"title":"A Random Coefficients Model of Seafood Demand: Implications for Consumer Preferences and Substitution Patterns","authors":"Kevin D. Ray, Daniel K. Lew, R. Kosaka","doi":"10.1086/723730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723730","url":null,"abstract":"Discrete choice models of demand are growing in popularity for understanding markets for seafood, but have thus far been limited to applications using individual-level choice data. The random coefficients logit model is a discrete choice demand model designed for aggregate sales data and imparts a number of theoretical and empirical advantages. Instrumental variables account for price endogeneity, which can arise when there are unobserved product characteristics. Furthermore, correlated preferences can be accommodated in the random coefficients as well as through demographic interactions, which is especially important for seafood where product characteristics are primarily qualitative. We estimate this model for salmon fillets using four years of county-level seafood sales in California, and demonstrate the insights that can be drawn regarding consumer preferences and substitution patterns. Although the model is computationally burdensome, it offers considerable potential for further seafood demand analysis.","PeriodicalId":49880,"journal":{"name":"Marine Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41976955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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