N. Chukwuone, Kira Lancker, Jörn O Schmidt, E. Amaechina
Biomass decline is a vital threat for small-scale fisheries, but lack of data affects our ability to understand both biomass development and fishers’ adaptation. This study contributes to the literature on cost-effective, survey-data-based methods in data-poor and development-oriented settings. Based on original survey data from Nigeria, we find that 58% of respondents perceive a decline in fish abundance, in particular top-predator biomass. However, we also find signs of strategic behavior by respondents. Subsequently, we use multinomial logit and probit models to analyze the consequences of biomass decline for livelihoods. Our empirical findings support our theoretical prediction that biomass decline may crowd out some fishers while net favoring others, based on heterogeneous competitiveness. Furthermore, crowding-out status overlaps with high financial vulnerability. This emphasizes that biomass decline not only affects the cost of fishing, but may also adversely affect the fisheries pro-poor functions.
{"title":"Biomass Development and Fishers’ Vulnerability in Nigeria: Evidence from a Survey Dataset","authors":"N. Chukwuone, Kira Lancker, Jörn O Schmidt, E. Amaechina","doi":"10.1086/721474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721474","url":null,"abstract":"Biomass decline is a vital threat for small-scale fisheries, but lack of data affects our ability to understand both biomass development and fishers’ adaptation. This study contributes to the literature on cost-effective, survey-data-based methods in data-poor and development-oriented settings. Based on original survey data from Nigeria, we find that 58% of respondents perceive a decline in fish abundance, in particular top-predator biomass. However, we also find signs of strategic behavior by respondents. Subsequently, we use multinomial logit and probit models to analyze the consequences of biomass decline for livelihoods. Our empirical findings support our theoretical prediction that biomass decline may crowd out some fishers while net favoring others, based on heterogeneous competitiveness. Furthermore, crowding-out status overlaps with high financial vulnerability. This emphasizes that biomass decline not only affects the cost of fishing, but may also adversely affect the fisheries pro-poor functions.","PeriodicalId":49880,"journal":{"name":"Marine Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48340281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Individual transferable quota (ITQ) regimes have been adopted in a number of fisheries. While the issue of market power in such regimes has been discussed, this paper contributes to the literature by solving for explicit expressions for harvesting, quota price, and efficiency loss. In addition to supporting the previous findings, the explicit solution indicates that the cost of the market leader in relation to the fringe, as well as the size of the fringe, affects the magnitude of the efficiency loss. Inspired by the Norwegian Northeast Arctic cod fishery, the paper is among the first to provide a numerical illustration of the efficiency loss of market power in a rights-based regime for fisheries. The model is simulated for two cost functions, wherein one allows for exit from the fishery. The numerical results support the theoretical findings and indicate that generally, the efficiency loss of the market power is small.
{"title":"ITQs, Market Power, and Efficiency Loss","authors":"Irmelin Slettemoen Helgesen","doi":"10.1086/721640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721640","url":null,"abstract":"Individual transferable quota (ITQ) regimes have been adopted in a number of fisheries. While the issue of market power in such regimes has been discussed, this paper contributes to the literature by solving for explicit expressions for harvesting, quota price, and efficiency loss. In addition to supporting the previous findings, the explicit solution indicates that the cost of the market leader in relation to the fringe, as well as the size of the fringe, affects the magnitude of the efficiency loss. Inspired by the Norwegian Northeast Arctic cod fishery, the paper is among the first to provide a numerical illustration of the efficiency loss of market power in a rights-based regime for fisheries. The model is simulated for two cost functions, wherein one allows for exit from the fishery. The numerical results support the theoretical findings and indicate that generally, the efficiency loss of the market power is small.","PeriodicalId":49880,"journal":{"name":"Marine Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48089701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We estimate demand elasticities for fish in Myanmar by fish supply sources and household groups, using a multistage budgeting approach combined with quadratic almost ideal demand system (QUAIDS). Our findings show that fish demand from all supply sources and household groups has increased with income. A substantial share of increasing demand for all fish groups is likely to come from poor and rural households because the income elasticity of demand for all fish groups is higher for poor (0.40) and rural households (0.32) than for nonpoor (0.26) and urban households (0.29). Farmed-fish consumption is the most income-responsive in all household groups. Demand for fish tends to be less price elastic for poor households because fish is their cheapest animal protein source, and substitutes are limited. Effective management policies and new technologies are essential to sustain fish supply from capture fisheries and aquaculture to meet the increasing fish demand in Myanmar.
{"title":"A Disaggregated Analysis of Fish Demand in Myanmar","authors":"Y. Aung, L. Khor, N. Tran, M. Akester, M. Zeller","doi":"10.1086/721054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721054","url":null,"abstract":"We estimate demand elasticities for fish in Myanmar by fish supply sources and household groups, using a multistage budgeting approach combined with quadratic almost ideal demand system (QUAIDS). Our findings show that fish demand from all supply sources and household groups has increased with income. A substantial share of increasing demand for all fish groups is likely to come from poor and rural households because the income elasticity of demand for all fish groups is higher for poor (0.40) and rural households (0.32) than for nonpoor (0.26) and urban households (0.29). Farmed-fish consumption is the most income-responsive in all household groups. Demand for fish tends to be less price elastic for poor households because fish is their cheapest animal protein source, and substitutes are limited. Effective management policies and new technologies are essential to sustain fish supply from capture fisheries and aquaculture to meet the increasing fish demand in Myanmar.","PeriodicalId":49880,"journal":{"name":"Marine Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48394795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Peña-Torres, Roberto E. Muñoz, Felipe J. Quezada
We study revenue, entry, and possible collusion outcomes in the Chilean fishery with the longest record of individual transferable share quotas allocated via public auctions. We examine 18 annual multi-object auctions and two different auction designs at work. Based on results from a numerically calibrated auction model and econometric estimates, we claim that the repeated use of sequential oral (multiunit) auctions was particularly prone to bid rigging and facilitated entry deterrence. Yet, efficient entry was possible thanks to fully transferable quota rights. We highlight two conclusions from these results: First, when selling multiple production rights in a highly concentrated industry repeatedly over time, auctioneers should avoid using sequential, English auctions. Second, transferable production rights help overcome inefficiencies that can arise from design flaws in the chosen mechanism for allocating these rights.
{"title":"Entry Deterrence and Collusion at Repeated Multiunit Auctions of ITQs","authors":"J. Peña-Torres, Roberto E. Muñoz, Felipe J. Quezada","doi":"10.1086/721014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721014","url":null,"abstract":"We study revenue, entry, and possible collusion outcomes in the Chilean fishery with the longest record of individual transferable share quotas allocated via public auctions. We examine 18 annual multi-object auctions and two different auction designs at work. Based on results from a numerically calibrated auction model and econometric estimates, we claim that the repeated use of sequential oral (multiunit) auctions was particularly prone to bid rigging and facilitated entry deterrence. Yet, efficient entry was possible thanks to fully transferable quota rights. We highlight two conclusions from these results: First, when selling multiple production rights in a highly concentrated industry repeatedly over time, auctioneers should avoid using sequential, English auctions. Second, transferable production rights help overcome inefficiencies that can arise from design flaws in the chosen mechanism for allocating these rights.","PeriodicalId":49880,"journal":{"name":"Marine Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49138648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study aims at valuing mangrove ecosystem services in Xuan Thuy National Park, Red River Delta, Vietnam. A discrete choice experiment was employed to elicit household willingness to pay (WTP) for a community project to protect mangroves against climate change. A conditional logit model and a random parameter logit model were estimated to identify the relationships between WTP and the different attributes of the mangrove conservation project. The results suggested that local households exhibited strong preferences for mangrove coverage area and storm-prevention capacity, whereas most respondents did not perceive biodiversity benefits. A high level of heterogeneity in household preferences was found for high mangrove coverage and high management level of biodiversity. Furthermore, marginal household WTPs were computed given a change in each attribute level. Hence, the findings will aid in the development of a comprehensive payment for mangrove preservation policy in Vietnam.
{"title":"Valuing Mangrove Conservation Attributes in Red River Delta, Vietnam: A Choice Experiment Approach","authors":"T. Nguyen, Michel Simioni, Hung Trung Vo","doi":"10.1086/720468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/720468","url":null,"abstract":"The study aims at valuing mangrove ecosystem services in Xuan Thuy National Park, Red River Delta, Vietnam. A discrete choice experiment was employed to elicit household willingness to pay (WTP) for a community project to protect mangroves against climate change. A conditional logit model and a random parameter logit model were estimated to identify the relationships between WTP and the different attributes of the mangrove conservation project. The results suggested that local households exhibited strong preferences for mangrove coverage area and storm-prevention capacity, whereas most respondents did not perceive biodiversity benefits. A high level of heterogeneity in household preferences was found for high mangrove coverage and high management level of biodiversity. Furthermore, marginal household WTPs were computed given a change in each attribute level. Hence, the findings will aid in the development of a comprehensive payment for mangrove preservation policy in Vietnam.","PeriodicalId":49880,"journal":{"name":"Marine Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47526840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates the degree of market integration between several product forms of US wild salmon and Norwegian farmed salmon. While several studies have investigated the link between farmed salmon and fresh and/or frozen wild salmon markets, we expand the literature with the inclusion of the products canned salmon and salmon roe. Understanding how canned salmon and salmon roe are related to the broader salmon market is of importance to US fisheries, as these products are high-price exports for the United States. Our results find evidence of cointegration between the Norwegian farmed salmon market and all US salmon products. Domestic and international economic conditions, such as production technological advances within farmed salmon production, environmental challenges, and changes in trade regulations, which affect the market for farmed salmon, will hence also influence US prices of frozen and canned salmon, as well as salmon roe.
{"title":"Are US Wild Salmon Products Affected by Farmed Salmon? A Cointegration Analysis","authors":"K. Roll, Rune Nygaard, B. Fissel, James Hilger","doi":"10.1086/720517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/720517","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the degree of market integration between several product forms of US wild salmon and Norwegian farmed salmon. While several studies have investigated the link between farmed salmon and fresh and/or frozen wild salmon markets, we expand the literature with the inclusion of the products canned salmon and salmon roe. Understanding how canned salmon and salmon roe are related to the broader salmon market is of importance to US fisheries, as these products are high-price exports for the United States. Our results find evidence of cointegration between the Norwegian farmed salmon market and all US salmon products. Domestic and international economic conditions, such as production technological advances within farmed salmon production, environmental challenges, and changes in trade regulations, which affect the market for farmed salmon, will hence also influence US prices of frozen and canned salmon, as well as salmon roe.","PeriodicalId":49880,"journal":{"name":"Marine Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46054577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Knowledge of price formation in fisheries is important in understanding effects of fisheries regulations and the support or resistance to regulations from different stakeholders. This article studies how demand can be traced out using wind speed on a fishing trip. Wind speed is strongly correlated with the quantities of Norwegian lobster (Nephrops) available on the market. Using wind variables as instrumental variables and data on daily average prices and quantities over a 20-year period, we estimate the daily aggregate demand for two varieties of Nephrops. We find that the demand for both varieties is highly responsive to price changes and that own-price elasticities using the instrumental variable estimators are two to three times higher than ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates suggest. In addition, cross-price elasticities show, in contrast to OLS results, that the two types of Nephrops are close substitutes.
{"title":"The Way the Wind Blows: Tracing Out the Demand for Norwegian Lobster Using Instrumental Variables","authors":"C. Hammarlund, Johan Blomquist, S. Waldo","doi":"10.1086/719996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719996","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge of price formation in fisheries is important in understanding effects of fisheries regulations and the support or resistance to regulations from different stakeholders. This article studies how demand can be traced out using wind speed on a fishing trip. Wind speed is strongly correlated with the quantities of Norwegian lobster (Nephrops) available on the market. Using wind variables as instrumental variables and data on daily average prices and quantities over a 20-year period, we estimate the daily aggregate demand for two varieties of Nephrops. We find that the demand for both varieties is highly responsive to price changes and that own-price elasticities using the instrumental variable estimators are two to three times higher than ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates suggest. In addition, cross-price elasticities show, in contrast to OLS results, that the two types of Nephrops are close substitutes.","PeriodicalId":49880,"journal":{"name":"Marine Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43940802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We simulate expected costs, market returns, and nonmarket ecosystem benefits associated with four oyster resources: harvested bottom reefs, off-bottom aquaculture, nonharvested (restored) reefs, and living shorelines. Benefit categories include market returns from harvest, improved water quality (reduced nitrogen), habitat for other species (blue crab and red drum), and shoreline protection. Bottom reefs and off-bottom aquaculture yield both market returns and nonmarket ecosystem benefits, whereas nonharvested reefs and living shorelines yield only nonmarket ecosystem benefits. Overall gross benefits are expected to be greater and much more variable for off-bottom aquaculture and living shorelines relative to harvested and nonharvested reefs. We find that harvested bottom reefs, off-bottom aquaculture, and living shorelines are expected to yield positive net benefits more often than not, but that nonharvested restored reefs are expected to yield positive net benefits only 36% of the time. We discuss the uncertainty and limitations surrounding these estimates.
{"title":"Oyster Economics: Simulated Costs, Market Returns, and Nonmarket Ecosystem Benefits of Harvested and Nonharvested Reefs, Off-Bottom Aquaculture, and Living Shorelines","authors":"D. Petrolia, W. Walton, J. Cebrian","doi":"10.1086/719969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719969","url":null,"abstract":"We simulate expected costs, market returns, and nonmarket ecosystem benefits associated with four oyster resources: harvested bottom reefs, off-bottom aquaculture, nonharvested (restored) reefs, and living shorelines. Benefit categories include market returns from harvest, improved water quality (reduced nitrogen), habitat for other species (blue crab and red drum), and shoreline protection. Bottom reefs and off-bottom aquaculture yield both market returns and nonmarket ecosystem benefits, whereas nonharvested reefs and living shorelines yield only nonmarket ecosystem benefits. Overall gross benefits are expected to be greater and much more variable for off-bottom aquaculture and living shorelines relative to harvested and nonharvested reefs. We find that harvested bottom reefs, off-bottom aquaculture, and living shorelines are expected to yield positive net benefits more often than not, but that nonharvested restored reefs are expected to yield positive net benefits only 36% of the time. We discuss the uncertainty and limitations surrounding these estimates.","PeriodicalId":49880,"journal":{"name":"Marine Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49289697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna M. Birkenbach, A. Cojocaru, Martin D. Smith, F. Asche
Commercial fishing decisions about where to land and sell catches have important efficiency and distributional implications for fishing communities. Unlike fishing location choices, landing locations choices have received little attention. We develop a model of fishers’ landing sites in northern Norway. While fishers are highly responsive to travel distance, we find that expected revenues are a lesser driver of landing location choices. Rather, choices are dominated by strong state dependence, and most vessels always land at the same port. These results suggest that economic policies designed to redistribute landings in order to aid certain communities would not necessarily draw fishers away from their preferred landing sites. On the other hand, the responsiveness of some fishers to intraseasonal stock movements offers a glimpse of how climate change could reshape the spatial equilibria of landings and seafood production in years to come.
{"title":"Discrete Choice Modeling of Fishers’ Landing Locations","authors":"Anna M. Birkenbach, A. Cojocaru, Martin D. Smith, F. Asche","doi":"10.1086/719929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719929","url":null,"abstract":"Commercial fishing decisions about where to land and sell catches have important efficiency and distributional implications for fishing communities. Unlike fishing location choices, landing locations choices have received little attention. We develop a model of fishers’ landing sites in northern Norway. While fishers are highly responsive to travel distance, we find that expected revenues are a lesser driver of landing location choices. Rather, choices are dominated by strong state dependence, and most vessels always land at the same port. These results suggest that economic policies designed to redistribute landings in order to aid certain communities would not necessarily draw fishers away from their preferred landing sites. On the other hand, the responsiveness of some fishers to intraseasonal stock movements offers a glimpse of how climate change could reshape the spatial equilibria of landings and seafood production in years to come.","PeriodicalId":49880,"journal":{"name":"Marine Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46319394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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