Pub Date : 2020-02-17DOI: 10.3159/torrey-d-19-00024
D. Atha, Regina V. Alvarez, K. Chaya, John-Paul Catusco, E. Whitaker
This work details the spontaneous vascular plant flora of New York City's Central Park for the period 2013 to 2017. We divided the 341-ha (843-acre) park into 36 zones and used a modified timed-meander sampling method to collect herbarium specimens and silica-dried samples (for DNA analysis) of spontaneous, naturalized plants. We collected each new species until we ceased to find any species that had not been previously encountered in any zone. We collected 1,468 specimens, representing 438 species and two subspecific taxa from 262 genera and 89 families, and a number of cultivated species not analyzed is this work. We find that 45% of the flora are native (198 species) and 54% (240 species) are nonnative. Three species are of unknown native status (<1%). The largest families are Poaceae (56 species), Asteraceae (55), Rosaceae (27), Fabaceae (20), and Polygonaceae (17). The largest genera are Persicaria (8 species), Carex (7), Acer (7), Cyperus (6), Rubus (6), and Eragrostis (6). Seven species are ranked as rare, threatened, or endangered by New York Natural Heritage Program. Thirty-six species are listed as prohibited or regulated invasive species by New York State. Four species new for New York State were collected in Central Park during this study. We documented 76 additional species since the last inventory of 2007. The percentage of native species has increased by 5% since 2007. The data suggest that management efforts focused on controlling invasive species and planting and supporting native species have been effective. The spontaneous, naturalized flora is listed in Appendix I. Spontaneous plants that appear once or sporadically but do not persist without repeated introduction are listed as waifs in Appendix II. The species are listed with scientific and common name, native status in New York State, coefficient of conservatism, New York Natural Heritage Program rarity ranking (S1–S5), observed frequency in Central Park (rare, infrequent, and frequent), and observed species fecundity for Central Park (decreasing, stable, or increasing). All species reported are vouchered by herbarium specimens and silica-dried tissue samples at the New York Botanical Garden.
{"title":"The Spontaneous Vascular Plant Flora of New York's Central Park11b","authors":"D. Atha, Regina V. Alvarez, K. Chaya, John-Paul Catusco, E. Whitaker","doi":"10.3159/torrey-d-19-00024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3159/torrey-d-19-00024","url":null,"abstract":"This work details the spontaneous vascular plant flora of New York City's Central Park for the period 2013 to 2017. We divided the 341-ha (843-acre) park into 36 zones and used a modified timed-meander sampling method to collect herbarium specimens and silica-dried samples (for DNA analysis) of spontaneous, naturalized plants. We collected each new species until we ceased to find any species that had not been previously encountered in any zone. We collected 1,468 specimens, representing 438 species and two subspecific taxa from 262 genera and 89 families, and a number of cultivated species not analyzed is this work. We find that 45% of the flora are native (198 species) and 54% (240 species) are nonnative. Three species are of unknown native status (<1%). The largest families are Poaceae (56 species), Asteraceae (55), Rosaceae (27), Fabaceae (20), and Polygonaceae (17). The largest genera are Persicaria (8 species), Carex (7), Acer (7), Cyperus (6), Rubus (6), and Eragrostis (6). Seven species are ranked as rare, threatened, or endangered by New York Natural Heritage Program. Thirty-six species are listed as prohibited or regulated invasive species by New York State. Four species new for New York State were collected in Central Park during this study. We documented 76 additional species since the last inventory of 2007. The percentage of native species has increased by 5% since 2007. The data suggest that management efforts focused on controlling invasive species and planting and supporting native species have been effective. The spontaneous, naturalized flora is listed in Appendix I. Spontaneous plants that appear once or sporadically but do not persist without repeated introduction are listed as waifs in Appendix II. The species are listed with scientific and common name, native status in New York State, coefficient of conservatism, New York Natural Heritage Program rarity ranking (S1–S5), observed frequency in Central Park (rare, infrequent, and frequent), and observed species fecundity for Central Park (decreasing, stable, or increasing). All species reported are vouchered by herbarium specimens and silica-dried tissue samples at the New York Botanical Garden.","PeriodicalId":49977,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46873925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.3159/TORREY-D-18-00011.1
F. Levy, J. T. Donaldson
Abstract Taxonomic recognition of Solidago lancifolia (Torrey & A. Gray) Chapman and diagnostic characters used for identification have vacillated among floras and treatments. Fieldwork greatly expanded the specimen base in US herbaria, extended the known range in Tennessee, and identified new occurrences in North Carolina and Virginia. A morphometric analysis of herbarium specimens identified qualitative and quantitative characters unambiguously diagnostic for S. lancifolia. These included the presence of glands on the phyllaries; long, wide-diameter rhizomes; thick stems; and a long pappus on disk florets. Using these characters, an analysis of herbarium specimens corrected widespread misidentifications and showed that S. lancifolia is strictly endemic to a 12-county region encompassing the high elevations (> 1,400 m) in the mountains of southwestern Virginia, northwestern North Carolina, and northeastern Tennessee. Based on the narrow geographic range and small population sizes, prior uncertainty of the taxonomic validity and geographic range of S. lancifolia has been resolved. Consequently, for North Carolina and Virginia, the recommendation is for an upgrade in the conservation status to “Endangered” with a state rank of “S1.” Moreover, the narrow geographic range and small number of populations are consistent with a global rank of “G2” and consideration as a federal Species of Concern.
摘要一枝黄花(Solidago lancifolia, Torrey & A. Gray) Chapman)的分类识别和用于鉴定的诊断性状在不同的区系和不同的处理中摇摆不定。野外工作极大地扩展了美国植物标本馆的标本库，扩大了田纳西州的已知范围，并在北卡罗来纳州和弗吉尼亚州发现了新的出现点。对植物标本馆标本进行形态计量学分析，确定了水仙的定性和定量特征。这些包括在茎节上的腺体的存在;长，宽直径的根状茎;浓密的茎;在盘状小花上有长冠状体。利用这些特征，对植物标本馆标本的分析纠正了广泛存在的错误识别，并表明lancifolia严格局限于12个县的地区，包括弗吉尼亚州西南部、北卡罗来纳州西北部和田纳西州东北部的高海拔地区(约1400米)。由于其地理分布范围窄，种群规模小，解决了以往对其分类有效性和地理分布范围的不确定性。因此，对于北卡罗来纳州和弗吉尼亚州，建议将保护状态升级为“濒危”，州级为“S1”。此外，地理范围窄，种群数量少，符合“G2”的全球排名，并被考虑为联邦关注物种。
{"title":"Morphology, geographic distribution, and conservation status of the southern Appalachian endemic, Solidago lancifolia (Asteraceae)1,2","authors":"F. Levy, J. T. Donaldson","doi":"10.3159/TORREY-D-18-00011.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3159/TORREY-D-18-00011.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Taxonomic recognition of Solidago lancifolia (Torrey & A. Gray) Chapman and diagnostic characters used for identification have vacillated among floras and treatments. Fieldwork greatly expanded the specimen base in US herbaria, extended the known range in Tennessee, and identified new occurrences in North Carolina and Virginia. A morphometric analysis of herbarium specimens identified qualitative and quantitative characters unambiguously diagnostic for S. lancifolia. These included the presence of glands on the phyllaries; long, wide-diameter rhizomes; thick stems; and a long pappus on disk florets. Using these characters, an analysis of herbarium specimens corrected widespread misidentifications and showed that S. lancifolia is strictly endemic to a 12-county region encompassing the high elevations (> 1,400 m) in the mountains of southwestern Virginia, northwestern North Carolina, and northeastern Tennessee. Based on the narrow geographic range and small population sizes, prior uncertainty of the taxonomic validity and geographic range of S. lancifolia has been resolved. Consequently, for North Carolina and Virginia, the recommendation is for an upgrade in the conservation status to “Endangered” with a state rank of “S1.” Moreover, the narrow geographic range and small number of populations are consistent with a global rank of “G2” and consideration as a federal Species of Concern.","PeriodicalId":49977,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3159/TORREY-D-18-00011.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70019157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.3159/TORREY-D-17-00027.1
Danielle DE OLIVEIRA DINIZ, M. D. da Silva
Microlicia latifolia D. O. & M. J. Silva, a new species from the highlands of the state of Goiás, Brazil, is herein described and illustrated. It can be easily differentiated from its congeners by the combination of the following characters: carthaceous, large (1–4.3 3 0.4–2.5 cm), (3–)5-nerved leaves, with spherical short-stalked glandular trichomes on both surfaces, and entire but prominently ciliate margins, 5-, 6-, or 7-merous flowers, with 10, 12, or 14 stamens, biand polysporangiate anthers, obconical hypanthium, calyx lobes longer than the tube, and 4–5-locular ovary. The geographic distribution, conservation status, phenology, and habitat preference of the new species are also provided.
{"title":"A noteworthy new species of Microlicia (Melastomataceae, Microlicieae) from the highlands of the state of Goiás, Brazil1","authors":"Danielle DE OLIVEIRA DINIZ, M. D. da Silva","doi":"10.3159/TORREY-D-17-00027.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3159/TORREY-D-17-00027.1","url":null,"abstract":"Microlicia latifolia D. O. & M. J. Silva, a new species from the highlands of the state of Goiás, Brazil, is herein described and illustrated. It can be easily differentiated from its congeners by the combination of the following characters: carthaceous, large (1–4.3 3 0.4–2.5 cm), (3–)5-nerved leaves, with spherical short-stalked glandular trichomes on both surfaces, and entire but prominently ciliate margins, 5-, 6-, or 7-merous flowers, with 10, 12, or 14 stamens, biand polysporangiate anthers, obconical hypanthium, calyx lobes longer than the tube, and 4–5-locular ovary. The geographic distribution, conservation status, phenology, and habitat preference of the new species are also provided.","PeriodicalId":49977,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3159/TORREY-D-17-00027.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70019152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.3159/TORREY-D-17-00002.1
P. del Tredici
This article presents the discovery of earliest known references to the cultivation of Japanese knotweed, Reynoutria japonica, in North America. As described in articles from 1868, 1872, and 1875 there were three distinct introductions of the plant in the 1860s, two from Europe and one from Japan. The European introductions consisted of the now widespread, seedless female clone introduced into commerce by Philipp von Siebold in the 1840s and a dwarf, seed-producing variety with reddish stems, probably also introduced by von Siebold. The introduction from Japan was sent by Thomas Hogg to his brother James’s nursery in New York City and produced ‘‘an abundance of rose-colored fruits.’’ Serendipitously, an herbarium specimen collected from Hogg’s plant in 1873 was discovered in in 2006 and its examination strongly suggests that the introduction consisted of at least one male and one female plant. Thomas Hogg’s independent introduction of the species from Japan could well explain the higher levels of genetic diversity displayed by Japanese knotweed populations in eastern North America compared to those in Europe.
{"title":"The introduction of Japanese knotweed, Reynoutria japonica, into North America1","authors":"P. del Tredici","doi":"10.3159/TORREY-D-17-00002.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3159/TORREY-D-17-00002.1","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the discovery of earliest known references to the cultivation of Japanese knotweed, Reynoutria japonica, in North America. As described in articles from 1868, 1872, and 1875 there were three distinct introductions of the plant in the 1860s, two from Europe and one from Japan. The European introductions consisted of the now widespread, seedless female clone introduced into commerce by Philipp von Siebold in the 1840s and a dwarf, seed-producing variety with reddish stems, probably also introduced by von Siebold. The introduction from Japan was sent by Thomas Hogg to his brother James’s nursery in New York City and produced ‘‘an abundance of rose-colored fruits.’’ Serendipitously, an herbarium specimen collected from Hogg’s plant in 1873 was discovered in in 2006 and its examination strongly suggests that the introduction consisted of at least one male and one female plant. Thomas Hogg’s independent introduction of the species from Japan could well explain the higher levels of genetic diversity displayed by Japanese knotweed populations in eastern North America compared to those in Europe.","PeriodicalId":49977,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3159/TORREY-D-17-00002.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70019111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Species composition in three strata of 63 permanent plots across two physiographic divisions (Ozark Hills and Shawnee Hills) of the Shawnee National Forest (SNF) in southern Illinois was resampled 3–6 years after initial establishment with the objective to assess short-term changes in species composition. Environmental data collected at each plot included overhead canopy cover, elevation, solar radiation, slope, and a suite of nine soil properties. Basal area of the trees in the Ozark Hills Division did not change, but total basal area and basal area of Carya ovata, Fraxinus americana, Quercus rubra, and Ulmus alata increased in the Shawnee Hills Division. In the woody understory, there was an increase in the density of Acer saccharum, C. florida, F. americana, and U. alata in the Shawnee Hills Division, and a decrease in density of C. florida and Fagus grandifolia in the Ozark Hills Division. The decrease in C. florida in the Ozark Hills Division is likely due to an infestation of Discula destructive, a fungal pathogen. There was a significant change in the composition of the field layer from one sampling to the next including a change in the abundance of 16 species and an increase in total cover probably due to a lack of recent disturbance. The field layer had the largest number of environmental variables related to species composition (8 variables) when compared to the tree stratum (7) and the woody understory (5) with elevation being the single variable related to the composition of all strata. Overall, the changes reflect rapid and dynamic changes occurring in these forests that differ between the two physiographic divisions, especially in the woody understory and field strata.
{"title":"Temporal changes in species composition in permanent plots across the Shawnee National Forest, Illinois, USA1","authors":"S. Chandy, Y. Honu, D. Gibson","doi":"10.3159/09-RA-021.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3159/09-RA-021.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Species composition in three strata of 63 permanent plots across two physiographic divisions (Ozark Hills and Shawnee Hills) of the Shawnee National Forest (SNF) in southern Illinois was resampled 3–6 years after initial establishment with the objective to assess short-term changes in species composition. Environmental data collected at each plot included overhead canopy cover, elevation, solar radiation, slope, and a suite of nine soil properties. Basal area of the trees in the Ozark Hills Division did not change, but total basal area and basal area of Carya ovata, Fraxinus americana, Quercus rubra, and Ulmus alata increased in the Shawnee Hills Division. In the woody understory, there was an increase in the density of Acer saccharum, C. florida, F. americana, and U. alata in the Shawnee Hills Division, and a decrease in density of C. florida and Fagus grandifolia in the Ozark Hills Division. The decrease in C. florida in the Ozark Hills Division is likely due to an infestation of Discula destructive, a fungal pathogen. There was a significant change in the composition of the field layer from one sampling to the next including a change in the abundance of 16 species and an increase in total cover probably due to a lack of recent disturbance. The field layer had the largest number of environmental variables related to species composition (8 variables) when compared to the tree stratum (7) and the woody understory (5) with elevation being the single variable related to the composition of all strata. Overall, the changes reflect rapid and dynamic changes occurring in these forests that differ between the two physiographic divisions, especially in the woody understory and field strata.","PeriodicalId":49977,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3159/09-RA-021.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70018991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-01-01DOI: 10.3159/1095-5674(2007)134[135:GDOCEL]2.0.CO;2
Simone de Pádua Teixeira, Silvia Rodrigues Machado
TEIXEIRA, S. P. (Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeiráo Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP. 14040-903, Brasil) AND S. R. MACHADO (Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-000 Brasil). Glandular dots of Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Leguminosae): distribution, structure and ultrastructure. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 134: 135–143. 2007.—The structure and ultrastructure of immature to fully mature glandular dots in the leaf, floral organs and fruit, and their secretion components were described in Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Leguminosae) for the first time. Data showed that glandular dots were groups of idioblasts with contents that reacted positively for both lipophilic and hydrophilic substances. Idioblasts originated from successive divisions of the ground meristem cells or mesophyll cells of an ovary of a fertilized flower. Following division, cells enlarged, the cytoplasm became denser and its content became full. No idioblasts were observed after fruit sclerification. Besides these mixed-content idioblasts, some cells in the sepals, petals and mesocarp were found to contain phenolic compounds, which probably represent a kind of constitutive defense mechanism, once the flowers and fruits become highly fitness-valued parts of the plant and can be commonly attacked. The contents of the idioblasts are released as the growth rate of the embryo increases, indicating that the plant probably diverts the precursors of secondary metabolites into the primary metabolism, at this critical time of embryo development.
TEIXEIRA, S. P.(圣保罗大学(USP)，里贝赫普雷图，SP. 14040-903，巴西)和S. R. MACHADO(圣保罗大学(UNESP)，博图卡图，SP. 18618000，巴西)。刺荆花的腺点。(豆科):分布、结构和超微结构。托里·博特。《社会科学》134:135-143。2007.-描述了细刺荆芥(Caesalpinia echinata Lam)叶片、花器官和果实中未成熟至完全成熟腺点的结构、超微结构及其分泌成分。(豆科)。数据表明，腺点是一组异母细胞，其内容物对亲脂和亲水物质均有积极反应。异母细胞起源于受精花子房的地面分生组织细胞或叶肉细胞的连续分裂。分裂后，细胞变大，细胞质变密，内容物变饱满。果实硬化后未见异母细胞。除了这些混合含量的异细胞外，还发现萼片、花瓣和中果皮中的一些细胞含有酚类化合物，这可能代表了一种构造性防御机制，一旦花和果实成为植物的高适应度部分，就会受到普遍的攻击。随着胚胎生长速度的加快，异母细胞的内容物被释放出来，这表明在胚胎发育的关键时期，植物可能将次生代谢产物的前体转化为初级代谢。
{"title":"Glandular dots of Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Leguminosae): distribution, structure and ultrastructure1","authors":"Simone de Pádua Teixeira, Silvia Rodrigues Machado","doi":"10.3159/1095-5674(2007)134[135:GDOCEL]2.0.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3159/1095-5674(2007)134[135:GDOCEL]2.0.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"TEIXEIRA, S. P. (Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeiráo Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP. 14040-903, Brasil) AND S. R. MACHADO (Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-000 Brasil). Glandular dots of Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Leguminosae): distribution, structure and ultrastructure. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 134: 135–143. 2007.—The structure and ultrastructure of immature to fully mature glandular dots in the leaf, floral organs and fruit, and their secretion components were described in Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Leguminosae) for the first time. Data showed that glandular dots were groups of idioblasts with contents that reacted positively for both lipophilic and hydrophilic substances. Idioblasts originated from successive divisions of the ground meristem cells or mesophyll cells of an ovary of a fertilized flower. Following division, cells enlarged, the cytoplasm became denser and its content became full. No idioblasts were observed after fruit sclerification. Besides these mixed-content idioblasts, some cells in the sepals, petals and mesocarp were found to contain phenolic compounds, which probably represent a kind of constitutive defense mechanism, once the flowers and fruits become highly fitness-valued parts of the plant and can be commonly attacked. The contents of the idioblasts are released as the growth rate of the embryo increases, indicating that the plant probably diverts the precursors of secondary metabolites into the primary metabolism, at this critical time of embryo development.","PeriodicalId":49977,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3159/1095-5674(2007)134[135:GDOCEL]2.0.CO;2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70019098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Table of contents Contributors Preface Introduction Chapter 1 Metapopulation biology: Past, present, and future Chapter 2 Metapopulation dynamics: Perspectives from landscape ecology Chapter 3 Continuous-space models for population dynamics Metapopulation ecology Chapter 4 Metapopulation dynamics in highly fragmented landscapes Chapter 5 Application of stochastic patch occupancy models to real metapopulations Chapter 6 From metapopulations to metacommunities Metapopulation genetics Chapter 7 Selection and drift in metapopulations Chapter 8 Metapopulations and coalescent theory Chapter 9 Metapopulation quantitative genetics: The quantitative genetics of population differentiation Evolutionary dynamics in metapopulations Chapter 10 Life history evolution in metapopulations Chapter 11 Selection in metapopulations: The co-evolution of phenotype and context Chapter 12 Speciation in metapopulations Integration and applications Chapter 13 Causes, mechanisms and consequences of dispersal Chapter 14 Mechanisms of population extinction Chapter 15 Multilocus genotype methods for the study of metapopulation processes Chapter 16 Ecological and evolutionary consequences of source-sink population dynamics Chapter 17 Metapopulation dynamics of infectious diseases Chapter 18 Towards a metapopulation concept for plants Chapter 19 Long-term study of a plant-pathogen metapopulation Chapter 20 Metapopulation dynamics in changing environments: Butterfly responses to habitat and climate change Chapter 21 Inferring pattern and process in small mammal metapopulations: Insights from ecological and genetic data Chapter 22 Metapopulation dynamics and reserve network design Chapter 23 Viability analysis for endangered metapopulations: A diffusion approximation approach Bibliography Index
{"title":"Ecology, genetics, and evolution of metapopulations","authors":"J. Mattei, I. Hanski, O. Gaggiotti","doi":"10.2307/4126946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4126946","url":null,"abstract":"Table of contents Contributors Preface Introduction Chapter 1 Metapopulation biology: Past, present, and future Chapter 2 Metapopulation dynamics: Perspectives from landscape ecology Chapter 3 Continuous-space models for population dynamics Metapopulation ecology Chapter 4 Metapopulation dynamics in highly fragmented landscapes Chapter 5 Application of stochastic patch occupancy models to real metapopulations Chapter 6 From metapopulations to metacommunities Metapopulation genetics Chapter 7 Selection and drift in metapopulations Chapter 8 Metapopulations and coalescent theory Chapter 9 Metapopulation quantitative genetics: The quantitative genetics of population differentiation Evolutionary dynamics in metapopulations Chapter 10 Life history evolution in metapopulations Chapter 11 Selection in metapopulations: The co-evolution of phenotype and context Chapter 12 Speciation in metapopulations Integration and applications Chapter 13 Causes, mechanisms and consequences of dispersal Chapter 14 Mechanisms of population extinction Chapter 15 Multilocus genotype methods for the study of metapopulation processes Chapter 16 Ecological and evolutionary consequences of source-sink population dynamics Chapter 17 Metapopulation dynamics of infectious diseases Chapter 18 Towards a metapopulation concept for plants Chapter 19 Long-term study of a plant-pathogen metapopulation Chapter 20 Metapopulation dynamics in changing environments: Butterfly responses to habitat and climate change Chapter 21 Inferring pattern and process in small mammal metapopulations: Insights from ecological and genetic data Chapter 22 Metapopulation dynamics and reserve network design Chapter 23 Viability analysis for endangered metapopulations: A diffusion approximation approach Bibliography Index","PeriodicalId":49977,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/4126946","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69302636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EVANS, L. S. (Laboratory of Plant Morphogenesis, Biological Sciences Research Laboratories, Manhattan College, the Bronx, NY 10471), Z. KAHN-JETTER (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manhattan College, the Bronx, NY 10471) AND S. BUTWELL (Laboratory of Plant Morphogenesis, Biological Sciences Research Laboratories, Manhattan College, the Bronx, NY 10471). Forces necessary for mechanical failure of terminal joints of several species of Cylindropuntia and Opuntia (Cactaceae). J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 131: 311-319. 2004.The number (plant height) and arrangement of stem segments of the nearly 200 species of Cylindropuntia and Opuntia depend upon mechanical stresses at joints between stem segments in relation to the amount of internal components in joints that withstand joint failure. Stress tests were performed on terminal joints (joints between terminal and sub-terminal stem segments) of five species of Cylindropuntia and Opuntia. For these five cactus species, moment of inertia, maximum bending stress at failure, and bending moment at joint failure values ranged from 0.22 to 50.9 10-9 m4, 1060 to 12200 kPa, and 0.45 to 2.39 N-m, respectively. Results of this study show that terminal joints with larger bending stresses prior to experimentation withstood larger stresses imposed during stress testing. This result indicates that joints are 'pre-stressed' and have a finite level of resistance when they develop naturally on the plant. Results show that maximum bending stresses at failure [breaking strengthslope of M / (I/c)] were higher for tensile than for compressive portions of terminal joints and joint angle deflections changed more for compressive joint portions than for tensile joint portions during stress testing. The high resistance to bending for tensile portions corresponded to a larger total area of lignified xylem cells (the preponderant wood cells) in tensile portions of terminal joints. We conclude that the mechanical properties of tensile portions are not similar to compressive portions of terminal joints. Moreover, the breaking strength of joints was positively correlated with the amounts of lignified cells in joints. Overall, the results imply that each terminal joint for a cactus species has an innate resistance to failure (ability to withstand a specific level of mechanical stress) that is established during the natural development of the joint.
{"title":"Forces Necessary for Mechanical Failure of Terminal Joints of Several Species of Cylindropuntia and Opuntia (Cactaceae)","authors":"L. Evans, Z. Kahn-Jetter, Sara Butwell","doi":"10.2307/4126937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4126937","url":null,"abstract":"EVANS, L. S. (Laboratory of Plant Morphogenesis, Biological Sciences Research Laboratories, Manhattan College, the Bronx, NY 10471), Z. KAHN-JETTER (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manhattan College, the Bronx, NY 10471) AND S. BUTWELL (Laboratory of Plant Morphogenesis, Biological Sciences Research Laboratories, Manhattan College, the Bronx, NY 10471). Forces necessary for mechanical failure of terminal joints of several species of Cylindropuntia and Opuntia (Cactaceae). J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 131: 311-319. 2004.The number (plant height) and arrangement of stem segments of the nearly 200 species of Cylindropuntia and Opuntia depend upon mechanical stresses at joints between stem segments in relation to the amount of internal components in joints that withstand joint failure. Stress tests were performed on terminal joints (joints between terminal and sub-terminal stem segments) of five species of Cylindropuntia and Opuntia. For these five cactus species, moment of inertia, maximum bending stress at failure, and bending moment at joint failure values ranged from 0.22 to 50.9 10-9 m4, 1060 to 12200 kPa, and 0.45 to 2.39 N-m, respectively. Results of this study show that terminal joints with larger bending stresses prior to experimentation withstood larger stresses imposed during stress testing. This result indicates that joints are 'pre-stressed' and have a finite level of resistance when they develop naturally on the plant. Results show that maximum bending stresses at failure [breaking strengthslope of M / (I/c)] were higher for tensile than for compressive portions of terminal joints and joint angle deflections changed more for compressive joint portions than for tensile joint portions during stress testing. The high resistance to bending for tensile portions corresponded to a larger total area of lignified xylem cells (the preponderant wood cells) in tensile portions of terminal joints. We conclude that the mechanical properties of tensile portions are not similar to compressive portions of terminal joints. Moreover, the breaking strength of joints was positively correlated with the amounts of lignified cells in joints. Overall, the results imply that each terminal joint for a cactus species has an innate resistance to failure (ability to withstand a specific level of mechanical stress) that is established during the natural development of the joint.","PeriodicalId":49977,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/4126937","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69302947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BUSING, R.T. (U.S. Geological Survey, 200 SW 35h St., Corvallis, OR 97333). Red spruce dynamics in an old southern Appalachian forest. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 131: 337-342. 2004.-By the late 1980s the composition and structure of forest stands in the southern Appalachian spruce-fir zone were altered by insect infestations to Fraser fir. The response of red spruce, the sole remaining coniferous forest dominant, to this disturbance was followed over twenty years (1983-2003) in an old spruce-fir forest at Mt. Collins, Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Although diameter growth of canopy red spruce (>30 cm dbh) at six plot sites was considerable (mean 10-yr increment 2.1 cm; 1993-2003), red spruce mortality increased sharply (mean 4% yr-'; 1993-2003). Wind-related mortality of canopy red spruce was substantial after the loss of Fraser fir from the canopy circa 1985 (>70% of the dead spruce had broken or uprooted boles; 1983-2003). Wind damage to red spruce was observed at most plot sites, but it was most pronounced on exposed topographic positions, where canopy gap expansion was extensive. The elevated mortality of red spruce at Mt. Collins was not associated with reduced diameter growth. Altered canopy structure has left large red spruce vulnerable to high winds. With the loss of canopy fir and the subsequent increase in mortality of canopy spruce, total live basal area has declined to about half of its pre-disturbance level.
BUSING, R.T.(美国地质调查局，200 SW 35h St, Corvallis, OR 97333)。阿巴拉契亚南部古老森林中的红云杉动态。托里·博特。社会科学，131:337-342。2004.-到20世纪80年代末，南阿巴拉契亚云杉带的林分组成和结构被弗雷泽冷杉的虫害所改变。在大烟山国家公园柯林斯山的一个古老的云杉森林中，研究了红杉对这种干扰的反应，红杉是唯一剩余的针叶林优势，持续了20多年(1983-2003)。虽然6个样地林冠红杉的直径增长(bbb30 cm dbh)相当可观(平均10年增长2.1 cm;1993-2003年)，红云杉死亡率急剧上升(平均每年4%;1993 - 2003)。1985年前后，弗雷泽冷杉从林冠上消失后，林冠红云杉的风致死亡率很高(约70%的死亡云杉有断裂或连根拔起的孔洞;1983 - 2003)。红云杉的风害在大部分样地均有发生，但在林隙扩张较大的暴露地形位置风害最为明显。科林斯山红杉死亡率的升高与直径生长的降低无关。树冠结构的改变使大型红云杉容易受到大风的影响。随着冠层冷杉的消失和随后冠层云杉死亡率的增加，总活基面积下降到干扰前水平的一半左右。
{"title":"Red spruce dynamics in an old southern Appalachian forest","authors":"R. Busing","doi":"10.2307/4126939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4126939","url":null,"abstract":"BUSING, R.T. (U.S. Geological Survey, 200 SW 35h St., Corvallis, OR 97333). Red spruce dynamics in an old southern Appalachian forest. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 131: 337-342. 2004.-By the late 1980s the composition and structure of forest stands in the southern Appalachian spruce-fir zone were altered by insect infestations to Fraser fir. The response of red spruce, the sole remaining coniferous forest dominant, to this disturbance was followed over twenty years (1983-2003) in an old spruce-fir forest at Mt. Collins, Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Although diameter growth of canopy red spruce (>30 cm dbh) at six plot sites was considerable (mean 10-yr increment 2.1 cm; 1993-2003), red spruce mortality increased sharply (mean 4% yr-'; 1993-2003). Wind-related mortality of canopy red spruce was substantial after the loss of Fraser fir from the canopy circa 1985 (>70% of the dead spruce had broken or uprooted boles; 1983-2003). Wind damage to red spruce was observed at most plot sites, but it was most pronounced on exposed topographic positions, where canopy gap expansion was extensive. The elevated mortality of red spruce at Mt. Collins was not associated with reduced diameter growth. Altered canopy structure has left large red spruce vulnerable to high winds. With the loss of canopy fir and the subsequent increase in mortality of canopy spruce, total live basal area has declined to about half of its pre-disturbance level.","PeriodicalId":49977,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/4126939","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69302966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
DECANDIDO, R. (Department of Biology, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031) AND E. E. LAMONT (Institute of Sytematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458). The historical and extant vascular flora of Pelham Bay Park, Bronx County, New York 1947-1998. J. Torrey Bot. Society 131: 368-386. 2004.-This vascular flora of Pelham Bay Park, Bronx County, New York is based on collections made by H.E. Ahles in 1946-47 and by the authors from March of 1994 through October of 1998. Altogether, 123 families, 471 genera and 956 species are reported here. Of these 956 species, 583 (61.0%) are native, 321 (33.6%) non-native and 52 (5.4%) either planted or introduced and not spreading to any degree. The largest families were the Asteraceae (120 species) and the Poaceae (106 species), and the largest genera were Carex, Polygonum and Aster. The park's current flora is analyzed by habitat and four plant communities are described and discussed. Most of the extant plant species diversity occurs in two habitats: 255 species were found primarily in the woodland community, and 288 species usually occurred in the grassland/ meadow community. According to current criteria in New York, 27 native species collected in 1994-98 are considered uncommon, rare, threatened or endangered in the state. The most pernicious non-native species that occur in PBPK are: Acer platanoides, Alliaria petiolata, Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, and Rhamnus frangula. The future of the remaining natural areas of Pelham Bay Park will depend upon the degree biologists make people aware of the significant plant species diversity remaining in New York City's second largest park.
DECANDIDO, R.(纽约城市大学城市学院生物系，纽约，NY 10031)和E. E. LAMONT(系统植物学研究所，纽约植物园，布朗克斯，NY 10458)。纽约布朗克斯县佩勒姆湾公园历史上和现存的维管植物群(1947-1998)。托里·博特。社会131:368-386。2004.这幅维管植物区系图是由H.E. Ahles于1946年至1947年和作者于1994年3月至1998年10月收集的。共有123科471属956种。956种中，本地种583种(61.0%)，非本地种321种(33.6%)，外来种52种(5.4%)。最大的科是菊科(120种)和禾本科(106种)，最大的属是草属、蓼属和紫菀属。根据栖息地分析了公园现有的植物群，并对四个植物群落进行了描述和讨论。现存植物物种多样性主要分布于林地群落255种，草地/草甸群落288种。根据纽约目前的标准，1994-98年收集的27种本地物种被认为是不常见的，稀有的，受威胁的或濒危的。在PBPK中发生的最有害的非本地物种是:高原槭，小叶Alliaria petiolata，蛇耳opsis brevipedculata和鼠李。佩勒姆湾公园剩余自然区域的未来将取决于生物学家让人们意识到纽约市第二大公园中现存的重要植物物种多样性的程度。
{"title":"The Historical and Extant Vascular Flora of Pelham Bay Park, Bronx County, New York 1947-1998","authors":"R. Decandido, E. Lamont","doi":"10.2307/4126941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4126941","url":null,"abstract":"DECANDIDO, R. (Department of Biology, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031) AND E. E. LAMONT (Institute of Sytematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458). The historical and extant vascular flora of Pelham Bay Park, Bronx County, New York 1947-1998. J. Torrey Bot. Society 131: 368-386. 2004.-This vascular flora of Pelham Bay Park, Bronx County, New York is based on collections made by H.E. Ahles in 1946-47 and by the authors from March of 1994 through October of 1998. Altogether, 123 families, 471 genera and 956 species are reported here. Of these 956 species, 583 (61.0%) are native, 321 (33.6%) non-native and 52 (5.4%) either planted or introduced and not spreading to any degree. The largest families were the Asteraceae (120 species) and the Poaceae (106 species), and the largest genera were Carex, Polygonum and Aster. The park's current flora is analyzed by habitat and four plant communities are described and discussed. Most of the extant plant species diversity occurs in two habitats: 255 species were found primarily in the woodland community, and 288 species usually occurred in the grassland/ meadow community. According to current criteria in New York, 27 native species collected in 1994-98 are considered uncommon, rare, threatened or endangered in the state. The most pernicious non-native species that occur in PBPK are: Acer platanoides, Alliaria petiolata, Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, and Rhamnus frangula. The future of the remaining natural areas of Pelham Bay Park will depend upon the degree biologists make people aware of the significant plant species diversity remaining in New York City's second largest park.","PeriodicalId":49977,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/4126941","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69303026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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