Pub Date : 2024-07-11DOI: 10.9734/psij/2024/v28i4843
Soro Boubacar, Tchouadep Guy Serge, Sourabie Idrissa, K. E. Tchedre, Son Souleymane, Zerbo Issa, Zoungrana Martial
The performance of a photovoltaic solar cell depends on a number of external and internal factors. It then appears imperative that investigations be carried out to identify the factors favourable or unfavourable to the proper operation of the photovoltaic cell. It is in this context that we study the influence of an external variable electric field on the electric parameters of a photovoltaic solar cell under light concentration of 50 suns. After the presentation of the model of a photovoltaic solar cell used in our study and formulated the assumptions, we have established the expressions of electric parameters as function of the external electric field E0. Then, by using numerical simulation with MATCAD software, we plotted the curves of electric parameters versus the external electric field. From analysis of the curves, it appears that the short-circuit photocurrent density, electric power, fill factor and conversion efficiency increases with the increase in the intensity of the external electric field. On the other hand, it appears a drop in open circuit photovoltage and series resistance with the increase in the intensity of the external electric field.
{"title":"Impact of External Electric Field on the Performance Parameters of PV Solar Cells under High Light Concentration","authors":"Soro Boubacar, Tchouadep Guy Serge, Sourabie Idrissa, K. E. Tchedre, Son Souleymane, Zerbo Issa, Zoungrana Martial","doi":"10.9734/psij/2024/v28i4843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2024/v28i4843","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of a photovoltaic solar cell depends on a number of external and internal factors. It then appears imperative that investigations be carried out to identify the factors favourable or unfavourable to the proper operation of the photovoltaic cell. It is in this context that we study the influence of an external variable electric field on the electric parameters of a photovoltaic solar cell under light concentration of 50 suns. After the presentation of the model of a photovoltaic solar cell used in our study and formulated the assumptions, we have established the expressions of electric parameters as function of the external electric field E0. Then, by using numerical simulation with MATCAD software, we plotted the curves of electric parameters versus the external electric field. From analysis of the curves, it appears that the short-circuit photocurrent density, electric power, fill factor and conversion efficiency increases with the increase in the intensity of the external electric field. On the other hand, it appears a drop in open circuit photovoltage and series resistance with the increase in the intensity of the external electric field.","PeriodicalId":499891,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"51 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141658396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-28DOI: 10.9734/psij/2024/v28i3827
M. Rweyemamu, Yesaya Sungita, S. Ndovi, Hamisi Mahingi, Alphonce Mgina
The objective of this study was to assess the radioactivity levels in soils from Mbeya City and their associated health risks. Samples were collected from selected locations. Then, the samples were analyzed by using an HPGe detector to determine the concentrations of 232Th, 226Ra, and 40K. The concentrations were used to compute the radiation indices. The concentrations ranged from 13.98±1.99 to 275.93±25.88 Bq/kg for 232Th, 5.69±1.48 to 107.49±10.61 Bq/kg for 226Ra and 195.76±21.17 to 1,710.00±161.32 Bq/kg for 40K with an average of 169.55 Bq/kg, 71.86 Bq/kg and 998.42 Bq/kg, respectively. The radium equivalent ranged from 41.10 to 583.93 Bq/kg with an average of 391.19 Bq/kg. The gamma dose rate ranged from 42.97 to 691.85 nGyhr-1 with an average of 467.57 nGyhr-1. The indoor effective dose ranged from 0.21 to 3.39 mSv/y, with an average of 2.29 mSv/y while the outdoor effective dose ranged from 0.05 to 0.85 mSv/y, with an average of 0.57 mSv/y. The internal hazard index ranged from 0.13 to 1.84 Bq/kg with an average of 1.25 Bq/kg while the external hazard index ranged from 0.11 to 1.58 Bq/kg with an average of 1.06.Bq/kg. The results indicate elevated levels of background radiation above the world average and the hazard indices above the ICRP and UNSCEAR recommendations. Therefore, control measures were recommended to protect the public against possible health risks.
{"title":"Assessment of the Natural Radioactivity Levels in Soils and the Associated Health Risks to the Public in Mbeya City, Tanzania","authors":"M. Rweyemamu, Yesaya Sungita, S. Ndovi, Hamisi Mahingi, Alphonce Mgina","doi":"10.9734/psij/2024/v28i3827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2024/v28i3827","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to assess the radioactivity levels in soils from Mbeya City and their associated health risks. Samples were collected from selected locations. Then, the samples were analyzed by using an HPGe detector to determine the concentrations of 232Th, 226Ra, and 40K. The concentrations were used to compute the radiation indices. The concentrations ranged from 13.98±1.99 to 275.93±25.88 Bq/kg for 232Th, 5.69±1.48 to 107.49±10.61 Bq/kg for 226Ra and 195.76±21.17 to 1,710.00±161.32 Bq/kg for 40K with an average of 169.55 Bq/kg, 71.86 Bq/kg and 998.42 Bq/kg, respectively. The radium equivalent ranged from 41.10 to 583.93 Bq/kg with an average of 391.19 Bq/kg. The gamma dose rate ranged from 42.97 to 691.85 nGyhr-1 with an average of 467.57 nGyhr-1. The indoor effective dose ranged from 0.21 to 3.39 mSv/y, with an average of 2.29 mSv/y while the outdoor effective dose ranged from 0.05 to 0.85 mSv/y, with an average of 0.57 mSv/y. The internal hazard index ranged from 0.13 to 1.84 Bq/kg with an average of 1.25 Bq/kg while the external hazard index ranged from 0.11 to 1.58 Bq/kg with an average of 1.06.Bq/kg. The results indicate elevated levels of background radiation above the world average and the hazard indices above the ICRP and UNSCEAR recommendations. Therefore, control measures were recommended to protect the public against possible health risks.","PeriodicalId":499891,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"53 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140373176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study focuses on the operating cost of the electric pump used to extract water from the Artois mine owned by Société des Mines de l'AÏR. Exploitation of the SOMAÏR Artois mine uranium deposit is to be increased from the 20 m level to the 80, 100 or 120 m level; in the current phase of certain pits, access to the uranium deposit can only be achieved by a means that can draw off the water encountered. It is therefore essential to set up a drainage system to manage and evacuate the various water inflows. The main source of incoming water is the nearby water table, which is drained directly onto the mining unit. The current drainage system has two sumps capable of storing the various water inflows without incident. The energy balance for the three (3) years of pumping was drawn up using the electricity consumption data received. Peaks appear in August for the year 2021, followed by January 2020 and May 2022. The results show that specific energy is high, resulting in higher power consumption than water production. According to the graph of performance curves P = f(Q), the power ratings obtained for flows corresponding to the 24 m head are 25 kW at a flow rate Q = 49 l/s for pump 261; 35 kW, at a flow rate Q = 59 l/s for pump 259 and 35 kW at a flow rate Q = 105 l/s for pump 234.
{"title":"Study of the Operating Cost of the Electric Pump for Mine Dewatering: Case of the SOMAÏR Uranium Mine","authors":"Ousman Mahamadou, Haladou Atto Abdoulkader, Boureima Seibou, Maman Hassan Abdourazakou, S. Harouna, Illou Issoufa Souleymane, Idrissa Hamadou Marou","doi":"10.9734/psij/2024/v28i2821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2024/v28i2821","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the operating cost of the electric pump used to extract water from the Artois mine owned by Société des Mines de l'AÏR. Exploitation of the SOMAÏR Artois mine uranium deposit is to be increased from the 20 m level to the 80, 100 or 120 m level; in the current phase of certain pits, access to the uranium deposit can only be achieved by a means that can draw off the water encountered. It is therefore essential to set up a drainage system to manage and evacuate the various water inflows. The main source of incoming water is the nearby water table, which is drained directly onto the mining unit. The current drainage system has two sumps capable of storing the various water inflows without incident. The energy balance for the three (3) years of pumping was drawn up using the electricity consumption data received. Peaks appear in August for the year 2021, followed by January 2020 and May 2022. The results show that specific energy is high, resulting in higher power consumption than water production. According to the graph of performance curves P = f(Q), the power ratings obtained for flows corresponding to the 24 m head are 25 kW at a flow rate Q = 49 l/s for pump 261; 35 kW, at a flow rate Q = 59 l/s for pump 259 and 35 kW at a flow rate Q = 105 l/s for pump 234.","PeriodicalId":499891,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"31 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140081769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-27DOI: 10.9734/psij/2024/v28i1820
Benjamin Kiema, Ousmane Coulibaly, Emmanuel Ouedraogo
Once all construction materials have been formulated, it is necessary to find a suitable environment in which to store them before using them in the building. Generally speaking, in developing countries, materials are not preserved under the real conditions of temperature and humidity and are exposed to often severe climatic conditions. This has an impact on the behaviour of these materials. With this in mind, we conducted our study on concrete and cement bricks, the two materials most commonly used in building construction in Africa. The overall objective of our study is to analyse the effect of storage environments, particularly ambient conditions of temperature and hygrometry, on the thermal and mechanical properties of concrete and cement bricks in a dry tropical climate. To achieve this objective, we first analysed the quality of the materials used to formulate the concrete and cinder block samples. Next, we chose a formulation method that would enable us to obtain the optimum proportions of aggregates. Finally, the thermal and mechanical parameters were measured using the KD2-Pro device and a mechanical press, respectively. The concrete and cinder block samples were stored for 28 days and 10 days respectively in the open air under ambient climatic conditions (35°C on average),in a water tank (29°C on average) and in a climatic chamber (20°C and 53% relative humidity). Results ranged from 1.126 (± 0.003) to 1.289 (± 0.023) W.m-1. K-1 for thermal conductivity. Mechanical test results ranged from 3.93 (±0.45) to 4.13 (±0.27) MPa for flexural strength and 16.42 (±0.17) to 17.95 (±0.21) MPa for compressive strength. The lowest thermal conductivity was obtained in the climatic chamber, with a value of 1.126(±0.0032)W.m-1.K-1.The best compressive strength of concrete and the best flexural strength of cement blocks were obtained for samples stored in the climatic chamber. For the best mechanical and thermal behaviour of these two materials, we recommend a temperature not exceeding 20°C as the storage environment in a dry tropical climate.
{"title":"Study of The Influence of Storage Media on the Thermo-mechanical Behavior of Concrete and Cement Blocks","authors":"Benjamin Kiema, Ousmane Coulibaly, Emmanuel Ouedraogo","doi":"10.9734/psij/2024/v28i1820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2024/v28i1820","url":null,"abstract":"Once all construction materials have been formulated, it is necessary to find a suitable environment in which to store them before using them in the building. Generally speaking, in developing countries, materials are not preserved under the real conditions of temperature and humidity and are exposed to often severe climatic conditions. This has an impact on the behaviour of these materials. With this in mind, we conducted our study on concrete and cement bricks, the two materials most commonly used in building construction in Africa. The overall objective of our study is to analyse the effect of storage environments, particularly ambient conditions of temperature and hygrometry, on the thermal and mechanical properties of concrete and cement bricks in a dry tropical climate. To achieve this objective, we first analysed the quality of the materials used to formulate the concrete and cinder block samples. Next, we chose a formulation method that would enable us to obtain the optimum proportions of aggregates. Finally, the thermal and mechanical parameters were measured using the KD2-Pro device and a mechanical press, respectively. The concrete and cinder block samples were stored for 28 days and 10 days respectively in the open air under ambient climatic conditions (35°C on average),in a water tank (29°C on average) and in a climatic chamber (20°C and 53% relative humidity). Results ranged from 1.126 (± 0.003) to 1.289 (± 0.023) W.m-1. K-1 for thermal conductivity. Mechanical test results ranged from 3.93 (±0.45) to 4.13 (±0.27) MPa for flexural strength and 16.42 (±0.17) to 17.95 (±0.21) MPa for compressive strength. The lowest thermal conductivity was obtained in the climatic chamber, with a value of 1.126(±0.0032)W.m-1.K-1.The best compressive strength of concrete and the best flexural strength of cement blocks were obtained for samples stored in the climatic chamber. For the best mechanical and thermal behaviour of these two materials, we recommend a temperature not exceeding 20°C as the storage environment in a dry tropical climate.","PeriodicalId":499891,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140427566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study covers the technical and economic aspects of the electrical part of a drinking water supply system in the village of GARIN MAIGARI. This village is located in the Maradi region of Niger. The Mini AEP to be installed in the village has been sized in order to carry out the work. In the Maradi region, the average price of water is 500 FCFA/m3 for thermal AEPs and 375 FCFA/m3 for solar AEPs. On the Garin Maigari AEP, installations need to be monitored regularly to avoid exorbitant repair costs. If all the water were sold, the price per cubic meter would be 87 FCFA. The water supply system is economically profitable from the sale of 40% of daily production. For quantities of water sold at more than 40% of the pump's daily output, the price per cubic meter is therefore less than 220 FCFA. This price provides the necessary financial resources for after-sales service.
{"title":"Technico-economic Study of the Electrical Part of Drinking Water Supply System in the Village of Garin Maigari, Niger Center","authors":"Ousman Mahamadou, Haladou Atto Abdoulkader, Boureima Seibou, Maman Hassan Abdourazakou, Harouna Souley, Illou Issoufa Souleymane, Abou Salha Ahamadou","doi":"10.9734/psij/2024/v28i1819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2024/v28i1819","url":null,"abstract":"This study covers the technical and economic aspects of the electrical part of a drinking water supply system in the village of GARIN MAIGARI. This village is located in the Maradi region of Niger. The Mini AEP to be installed in the village has been sized in order to carry out the work. In the Maradi region, the average price of water is 500 FCFA/m3 for thermal AEPs and 375 FCFA/m3 for solar AEPs. On the Garin Maigari AEP, installations need to be monitored regularly to avoid exorbitant repair costs. If all the water were sold, the price per cubic meter would be 87 FCFA. The water supply system is economically profitable from the sale of 40% of daily production. For quantities of water sold at more than 40% of the pump's daily output, the price per cubic meter is therefore less than 220 FCFA. This price provides the necessary financial resources for after-sales service.","PeriodicalId":499891,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"32 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140435548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-11DOI: 10.9734/psij/2024/v28i1816
F. C. Hoh
The origin of nuclear force is assigned to Coulomb interactions between quarks, u and d, in neighboring nucleons, replacing the current unspecified “residual” strong interaction assignment. The deuteron binding energy is correctly estimated using quasi-classical models for nucleons based upon SSI, the scalar strong interaction hadron theory. The next lightest nuclei are analogously treated. The Coulomb binding energies depend upon the small, in principle observable, internucleon distances between such u and d quarks whose positions in their respective host nucleons however depend upon intranucleon strong u - d potential that span over larger “hidden” distances.
核力的起源被归结为相邻核子中夸克（u 和 d）之间的库仑相互作用，取代了目前未明确的 "残余 "强相互作用归结。利用基于标量强相互作用强子理论（SSI）的核子准经典模型，对氘核结合能进行了正确估算。接下来的最轻原子核也得到了类似的处理。库仑结合能取决于这些 u 和 d 夸克之间很小的、原则上可以观测到的核子内距离，而这些夸克在各自的主核子中的位置则取决于跨越更大 "隐蔽 "距离的核子内强 u - d 势。
{"title":"On u-d Quark Coulomb Origin of Nuclear Force","authors":"F. C. Hoh","doi":"10.9734/psij/2024/v28i1816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2024/v28i1816","url":null,"abstract":"The origin of nuclear force is assigned to Coulomb interactions between quarks, u and d, in neighboring nucleons, replacing the current unspecified “residual” strong interaction assignment. The deuteron binding energy is correctly estimated using quasi-classical models for nucleons based upon SSI, the scalar strong interaction hadron theory. The next lightest nuclei are analogously treated. The Coulomb binding energies depend upon the small, in principle observable, internucleon distances between such u and d quarks whose positions in their respective host nucleons however depend upon intranucleon strong u - d potential that span over larger “hidden” distances.","PeriodicalId":499891,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139626403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.9734/psij/2023/v27i6813
Timbe N’Djédanoum, Alain Ignassou Djinet, Gandema Soumaïla, F. Ouedraogo, B. Naon, François Zougmoré
The aim of this study is to carry out a physico-chemical characterization of three arid soils. Soil samples were taken from a horizon of 0-20 cm and analyzed as follows: texture, electrical conductivity, maximum water retention capacity and natural moisture content were determined at the Laboratory of Soils-Water-Plants (LASEP) in Chad. On the other hand, the organic matter rate, soil reaction, total and assimilable phosphorus, total nitrogen, total potassium, CEC, exchangeable bases, and C/N ratio were determined at the National Soil Office (BUNASOL) in Burkina Faso. XLSTAT software version 7.5.2 was used for this work, and tests for comparison of means were carried out using the Fischer method with a threshold of 5%. The results of these analyses give for each soil in this order (% clay, % silt, % sand), Dandi (19.5%, 17.5%, 63%), Karal (17%, 7.5%, 75.5%) and Mani (14%, 7%, 79%), all these three soils have a sandy-silty texture. The organic matter levels obtained overall are low: Dandi (0.68 mg/100 g dry matter), Karal (0.61 mg/100 g dry matter), Mani (0.61 mg/100 g dry matter), these results confirm the aridity of these soils. Total phosphorus levels in Dandi, Karal and Mani are 182.50 mg/100 g, 265.50 mg/100 g and 388 mg/100 g dry matter respectively, while assimilable phosphorus levels are 13.08 mg/100 g, 42.33 mg/100 g and 18.10mg/100g dry matter respectively. The three soils have a slightly basic pH-water: Dandi (8.07), Karal (7.29), Mani (7.03) as for the pH-KCl, they are as follows: Dandi (6.28), Karal (6.33) and Mani (6.03). Soil C/N ratios vary from 7.83 to 17.05, CEC from 12.82 to 23 meq/100 g, electrical conductivity from 160.50 to 666.50 µS/cm and maximum water retention capacity from 34.66 to 45.22%. Moisture levels ranged from 2.77 to 4.40% and saturation levels were Mani (19.50%), Dandi (41.09%) and Karal (53.43%). The sum of the bases, meanwhile, varies as follows Dandi (1205.55 mg/100 g dry matter), Mani (2094.68 dry matter) and Karal (2162 mg/100 g dry matter). The total potassium obtained in each of the soil samples is as follows: Dandi (480.50 mg/100 g of dry matter), Karal (483 mg/100 g of dry matter) and Mani (325 mg/100 g of dry matter) and finally, the total nitrogen content varied from 0.02 to 0.04 mg/100 g of dry matter.
{"title":"Statistical Analysis of the Physico-Chemical Characterization of Three Arid Soils in the Hadjer-Lamis Region, Chad","authors":"Timbe N’Djédanoum, Alain Ignassou Djinet, Gandema Soumaïla, F. Ouedraogo, B. Naon, François Zougmoré","doi":"10.9734/psij/2023/v27i6813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2023/v27i6813","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to carry out a physico-chemical characterization of three arid soils. Soil samples were taken from a horizon of 0-20 cm and analyzed as follows: texture, electrical conductivity, maximum water retention capacity and natural moisture content were determined at the Laboratory of Soils-Water-Plants (LASEP) in Chad. On the other hand, the organic matter rate, soil reaction, total and assimilable phosphorus, total nitrogen, total potassium, CEC, exchangeable bases, and C/N ratio were determined at the National Soil Office (BUNASOL) in Burkina Faso. XLSTAT software version 7.5.2 was used for this work, and tests for comparison of means were carried out using the Fischer method with a threshold of 5%. The results of these analyses give for each soil in this order (% clay, % silt, % sand), Dandi (19.5%, 17.5%, 63%), Karal (17%, 7.5%, 75.5%) and Mani (14%, 7%, 79%), all these three soils have a sandy-silty texture. The organic matter levels obtained overall are low: Dandi (0.68 mg/100 g dry matter), Karal (0.61 mg/100 g dry matter), Mani (0.61 mg/100 g dry matter), these results confirm the aridity of these soils. Total phosphorus levels in Dandi, Karal and Mani are 182.50 mg/100 g, 265.50 mg/100 g and 388 mg/100 g dry matter respectively, while assimilable phosphorus levels are 13.08 mg/100 g, 42.33 mg/100 g and 18.10mg/100g dry matter respectively. The three soils have a slightly basic pH-water: Dandi (8.07), Karal (7.29), Mani (7.03) as for the pH-KCl, they are as follows: Dandi (6.28), Karal (6.33) and Mani (6.03). Soil C/N ratios vary from 7.83 to 17.05, CEC from 12.82 to 23 meq/100 g, electrical conductivity from 160.50 to 666.50 µS/cm and maximum water retention capacity from 34.66 to 45.22%. Moisture levels ranged from 2.77 to 4.40% and saturation levels were Mani (19.50%), Dandi (41.09%) and Karal (53.43%). The sum of the bases, meanwhile, varies as follows Dandi (1205.55 mg/100 g dry matter), Mani (2094.68 dry matter) and Karal (2162 mg/100 g dry matter). The total potassium obtained in each of the soil samples is as follows: Dandi (480.50 mg/100 g of dry matter), Karal (483 mg/100 g of dry matter) and Mani (325 mg/100 g of dry matter) and finally, the total nitrogen content varied from 0.02 to 0.04 mg/100 g of dry matter.","PeriodicalId":499891,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":" 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138963543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.9734/psij/2023/v27i6812
B. J. Ekah, J. U. Akwagiobe, C. N. Uda, U. J. Ekah, C. V. Akpan, E. C. Christopher
The aim of this study was to determine the prevailing noise levels at major markets in Calabar, Nigeria. Data was collected by measuring noise levels in three different markets using RS232 digital sound level meter with measuring range of 32- 80 dB for low range, 50 – 100 dB for medium range and 80-130dB for high range and the analysis was done using OriginPro software. The results obtained were compared with the World Health Organization regulatory standard and it showed that the average daily noise level value produced at Watt and Marian markets were 73.0 dB and 71.5 dB individually, which were beyond the safe limit recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for commercial areas while the daily average noise level produced at Goldie market was moderate and within the safe limit.
{"title":"Noise Level Evaluation at Major Markets in Calabar, Nigeria","authors":"B. J. Ekah, J. U. Akwagiobe, C. N. Uda, U. J. Ekah, C. V. Akpan, E. C. Christopher","doi":"10.9734/psij/2023/v27i6812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2023/v27i6812","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine the prevailing noise levels at major markets in Calabar, Nigeria. Data was collected by measuring noise levels in three different markets using RS232 digital sound level meter with measuring range of 32- 80 dB for low range, 50 – 100 dB for medium range and 80-130dB for high range and the analysis was done using OriginPro software. The results obtained were compared with the World Health Organization regulatory standard and it showed that the average daily noise level value produced at Watt and Marian markets were 73.0 dB and 71.5 dB individually, which were beyond the safe limit recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for commercial areas while the daily average noise level produced at Goldie market was moderate and within the safe limit.","PeriodicalId":499891,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138997321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.9734/psij/2023/v27i6810
H. Gebreslassie, Daniel Berhe
Recently the government of Ethiopia has introduced potassium as fertilizer through the introduction of various K containing blended fertilizers. However, the optimum application rate and time of application on specific crop and soil type has not been studied yet. So, a field experiment was conducted to determine the optimum rate of potassium and its application time for wheat yield and yield components in Cambisols of Enderta district South Eastern zone of Tigray. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with 4 levels of potassium (0, 40, 60 and 80 of K2O kg/ha) with and without split application including control in three replications. Results depicted that except harvest index all the yield and yield components of wheat were influenced by potassium fertilization. Moreover, split application of K significantly affected the yield and yield components of wheat as compared to single application of full dose of K. In line with this, the highest grain and straw yields of wheat were obtained at 80 kg/ha K2O levels and statistically similar with the split application levels of 40 and 60 kg/ha K2O. This implies that the 40 kg/ha K2O at split application is economically feasible (optimum) level of K for wheat production in the Cambisols of the area studied. The highest agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity were also obtained at the level of 40 kg/ha K2O in split forms. Hence, potassium fertilization is important and should be applied in split methods rather than at full single dose at planting for increasing wheat yield and improving agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity in the Cambisols of Enderta districts.
{"title":"Potassium Fertilization and Application Time for Wheat Yield Improvement in Cambisols of Enderta Districts, South Eastern, Tigray","authors":"H. Gebreslassie, Daniel Berhe","doi":"10.9734/psij/2023/v27i6810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2023/v27i6810","url":null,"abstract":"Recently the government of Ethiopia has introduced potassium as fertilizer through the introduction of various K containing blended fertilizers. However, the optimum application rate and time of application on specific crop and soil type has not been studied yet. So, a field experiment was conducted to determine the optimum rate of potassium and its application time for wheat yield and yield components in Cambisols of Enderta district South Eastern zone of Tigray. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with 4 levels of potassium (0, 40, 60 and 80 of K2O kg/ha) with and without split application including control in three replications. Results depicted that except harvest index all the yield and yield components of wheat were influenced by potassium fertilization. Moreover, split application of K significantly affected the yield and yield components of wheat as compared to single application of full dose of K. In line with this, the highest grain and straw yields of wheat were obtained at 80 kg/ha K2O levels and statistically similar with the split application levels of 40 and 60 kg/ha K2O. This implies that the 40 kg/ha K2O at split application is economically feasible (optimum) level of K for wheat production in the Cambisols of the area studied. The highest agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity were also obtained at the level of 40 kg/ha K2O in split forms. Hence, potassium fertilization is important and should be applied in split methods rather than at full single dose at planting for increasing wheat yield and improving agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity in the Cambisols of Enderta districts.","PeriodicalId":499891,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"20 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138972801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.9734/psij/2023/v27i6809
Opio Peter, Akullo Lydia, Bwayo Edward
This study assessed the influence of thermodynamic arrow of time on entropy for boiled cooling water (physical process), the universe and the air (natural process). This was done by determining the entropies of boiled water, the universe and air. This was achieved by using 1.5 litres of pure water, a 2 liter electric kettle, a digital thermometer, a digital weighing scale and a stop watch. The entropy values of boiled water as it was cooling, was in negatives, that of the universe was in negatives and positives and that of air (natural process) was positive. This showed that for any physical process, (boiled cooling water and the universe) thermodynamic arrow of time does not influence entropy in the positive direction while as for a natural process (air), thermodynamic arrow of time influences entropy in the positive direction. The boiledcooling water was a non-spontaneous process, the universe was both non-spontaneous and spontaneous and the air was a spontaneous process. The study has shown that thermodynamic arrow of time influences only entropies of natural process in the forward direction but for the physical process, the entropy can be influenced both backwards and forwardwise.
{"title":"Influence of Thermodynamic Arrow of Time on Entropy","authors":"Opio Peter, Akullo Lydia, Bwayo Edward","doi":"10.9734/psij/2023/v27i6809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2023/v27i6809","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed the influence of thermodynamic arrow of time on entropy for boiled cooling water (physical process), the universe and the air (natural process). This was done by determining the entropies of boiled water, the universe and air. This was achieved by using 1.5 litres of pure water, a 2 liter electric kettle, a digital thermometer, a digital weighing scale and a stop watch. The entropy values of boiled water as it was cooling, was in negatives, that of the universe was in negatives and positives and that of air (natural process) was positive. This showed that for any physical process, (boiled cooling water and the universe) thermodynamic arrow of time does not influence entropy in the positive direction while as for a natural process (air), thermodynamic arrow of time influences entropy in the positive direction. The boiledcooling water was a non-spontaneous process, the universe was both non-spontaneous and spontaneous and the air was a spontaneous process. The study has shown that thermodynamic arrow of time influences only entropies of natural process in the forward direction but for the physical process, the entropy can be influenced both backwards and forwardwise.","PeriodicalId":499891,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"105 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138981500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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