Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.1017/s135561772300173x
Brenna C. McDonald
& Learning Objectives:Improvements in treatment for non-CNS cancer have greatly improved survivorship, allowing increased attention to cancer- and treatment-related sequelae. Cognitive symptoms (cancer-related cognitive impairment, or CRCI) are reported by a large percentage of cancer survivors, and can have a clinically meaningful impact on educational, vocational, and social functioning, and thus overall quality of life. Better understanding of these concerns is therefore of critical importance, and is needed to guide treatment and potential prevention strategies. Neuropsychological studies over the past 40 years have demonstrated cognitive domains commonly affected in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy, but have also shown cognitive differences in patients not treated with systemic therapy and those receiving other types of treatment (e.g., hormonal therapies) relative to non-cancer control groups. More recently, structural and functional neuroimaging research has added to our understanding of the neural substrate of these cognitive symptoms. This course will describe various neuroimaging modalities used to investigate CRCI, including examination of grey and white matter volume and structural integrity, blood flow, brain activation during cognitive processing and at rest, and structural and functional connectivity. The presentation will also review how neuroimaging findings relate to objective and self-reported cognition and clinical and treatment factors, and discuss potential approaches currently being investigated to treat CRCI. Upon conclusion of this course, learners will be able to:1.Explain commonly affected cognitive domains after non-CNS cancer and treatment2.Discuss structural and functional brain changes related to cancer, chemotherapy, and other treatments3.Describe treatment interventions being investigated to treat cancer- and treatment-related cognitive symptoms.
{"title":"CE Workshop 07: Cognitive Effects of Cancer and Treatment: “Chemobrain” and Beyond","authors":"Brenna C. McDonald","doi":"10.1017/s135561772300173x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s135561772300173x","url":null,"abstract":"& Learning Objectives:Improvements in treatment for non-CNS cancer have greatly improved survivorship, allowing increased attention to cancer- and treatment-related sequelae. Cognitive symptoms (cancer-related cognitive impairment, or CRCI) are reported by a large percentage of cancer survivors, and can have a clinically meaningful impact on educational, vocational, and social functioning, and thus overall quality of life. Better understanding of these concerns is therefore of critical importance, and is needed to guide treatment and potential prevention strategies. Neuropsychological studies over the past 40 years have demonstrated cognitive domains commonly affected in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy, but have also shown cognitive differences in patients not treated with systemic therapy and those receiving other types of treatment (e.g., hormonal therapies) relative to non-cancer control groups. More recently, structural and functional neuroimaging research has added to our understanding of the neural substrate of these cognitive symptoms. This course will describe various neuroimaging modalities used to investigate CRCI, including examination of grey and white matter volume and structural integrity, blood flow, brain activation during cognitive processing and at rest, and structural and functional connectivity. The presentation will also review how neuroimaging findings relate to objective and self-reported cognition and clinical and treatment factors, and discuss potential approaches currently being investigated to treat CRCI. Upon conclusion of this course, learners will be able to:<jats:list list-type=\"number\"><jats:list-item><jats:label>1.</jats:label>Explain commonly affected cognitive domains after non-CNS cancer and treatment</jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:label>2.</jats:label>Discuss structural and functional brain changes related to cancer, chemotherapy, and other treatments</jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:label>3.</jats:label>Describe treatment interventions being investigated to treat cancer- and treatment-related cognitive symptoms.</jats:list-item></jats:list>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139026854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.1017/s1355617723009360
Anthony Robinson, Eathan Breaux, Marissa Huber, Matthew Calamia
Objective:Previous investigations have demonstrated the clinical utility of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) Color Word Interference Test (CWIT) as an embedded validity indicator in mixed clinical samples and traumatic brain injury. The present study sought to cross-validate previously identified indicators and cutoffs in a sample of adults referred for psychoeducational testing.Participants and Methods:Archival data from 267 students and community members self-referred for a psychoeducational evaluation at a university clinic in the South were analyzed. Referrals included assessment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, specific learning disorder, autism spectrum disorder, or other disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression). Individuals were administered subtests of the D-KEFS including the CWIT and several standalone and embedded performance validity indicators as part of the evaluation. Criterion measures included The b Test, Victoria Symptom Validity Test, Medical Symptom Validity Test, Dot Counting Test, and Reliable Digit Span. Individuals who failed 0 criterion measures were included in the credible group (n = 164) and individuals failing 2 or more criterion measures were included in the non-credible group (n = 31). Because a subset of the sample were seeking external incentives (e.g., accommodations), individuals who failed only 1 of the criterion measures were excluded (n = 72). Indicators of interest included all test conditions examined separately, the inverted Stroop index (i.e., better performance on the interference trial than the word reading or color naming trials), inhibition and inhibition/switching composite, and sum of all conditions.Results:Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves were significant for all four conditions (p < .001) and the inverted stroop index (p = .032). However, only conditions 2, 3 and 4 met minimal acceptable classification accuracy (AUC = .72 - 81). ROC curves with composite indicators were also significant (p < .001), with all three composite indicators meeting minimal acceptable classification accuracy (AUC = .71- .80). At the previously identified cutoff of age corrected scale score of 6 for all four conditions, specificity was high (.88 -.91), with varying sensitivity (.23 - .45). At the previously identified cutoff of .75 for the inverted stroop index, specificity was high (.87) while sensitivity was low (.19). Composite indicators yielded high specificity (.88 - .99) at previously established cutoffs with sensitivity varying from low to moderate (.19 - .48). Increasing the cutoffs (i.e., requiring higher age corrected scale score to pass) for composite indicators increased sensitivity while still maintaining high specificity. For example, increasing the total score cutoff from 18 to 28 resulted in moderate sensitivity (.26 vs .52) with specificity of .91.Conclusions:While a cutoff of
{"title":"78 Utility of the D-KEFS Color Word Interference Test as a Measure of Performance Validity in Adults Referred for a Psychoeducational Evaluation","authors":"Anthony Robinson, Eathan Breaux, Marissa Huber, Matthew Calamia","doi":"10.1017/s1355617723009360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723009360","url":null,"abstract":"Objective:Previous investigations have demonstrated the clinical utility of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) Color Word Interference Test (CWIT) as an embedded validity indicator in mixed clinical samples and traumatic brain injury. The present study sought to cross-validate previously identified indicators and cutoffs in a sample of adults referred for psychoeducational testing.Participants and Methods:Archival data from 267 students and community members self-referred for a psychoeducational evaluation at a university clinic in the South were analyzed. Referrals included assessment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, specific learning disorder, autism spectrum disorder, or other disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression). Individuals were administered subtests of the D-KEFS including the CWIT and several standalone and embedded performance validity indicators as part of the evaluation. Criterion measures included The b Test, Victoria Symptom Validity Test, Medical Symptom Validity Test, Dot Counting Test, and Reliable Digit Span. Individuals who failed 0 criterion measures were included in the credible group <jats:italic>(n</jats:italic> = 164) and individuals failing 2 or more criterion measures were included in the non-credible group <jats:italic>(n</jats:italic> = 31). Because a subset of the sample were seeking external incentives (e.g., accommodations), individuals who failed only 1 of the criterion measures were excluded <jats:italic>(n</jats:italic> = 72). Indicators of interest included all test conditions examined separately, the inverted Stroop index (i.e., better performance on the interference trial than the word reading or color naming trials), inhibition and inhibition/switching composite, and sum of all conditions.Results:Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves were significant for all four conditions (p < .001) and the inverted stroop index (p = .032). However, only conditions 2, 3 and 4 met minimal acceptable classification accuracy (AUC = .72 - 81). ROC curves with composite indicators were also significant (p < .001), with all three composite indicators meeting minimal acceptable classification accuracy (AUC = .71- .80). At the previously identified cutoff of age corrected scale score of 6 for all four conditions, specificity was high (.88 -.91), with varying sensitivity (.23 - .45). At the previously identified cutoff of .75 for the inverted stroop index, specificity was high (.87) while sensitivity was low (.19). Composite indicators yielded high specificity (.88 - .99) at previously established cutoffs with sensitivity varying from low to moderate (.19 - .48). Increasing the cutoffs (i.e., requiring higher age corrected scale score to pass) for composite indicators increased sensitivity while still maintaining high specificity. For example, increasing the total score cutoff from 18 to 28 resulted in moderate sensitivity (.26 vs .52) with specificity of .91.Conclusions:While a cutoff of","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139029978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective:Individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at increased risk for developing impairment across cognitive domains, although the most common deficits are thought to be related to processing speed and executive functions. One of the most common ways of evaluating cognitive functioning is through the administration of intellectual tests. While lower overall intellectual functioning in individuals with SCD compared to healthy controls has been found, the specific pattern of strengths and weaknesses across indices is not well known. Anecdotally, it has been observed at our clinic that individuals with SCD are more likely to show relative or significant weaknesses in visuospatial abilities, but this has not been formally investigated. Further, based on the extant research, individuals with SCD would likely demonstrate lower working memory and processing speed indices, but, as far as we are aware, this has not been investigated either. The purpose of the present study is to examine the intellectual profiles, including areas of relative and significant strengths and weaknesses, of children and adolescents with SCD.Participants and Methods:Participants are children and adolescents (age 6-16) with SCD who were referred for a neuropsychological evaluation at Montefiore Medical Center’s Neuropsychological Assessment Service from 2015 to 2022. These participants (N=54) were identified through a thorough review of patients seen through this service and were administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition (WISC-V; Wechsler, 2014). Mean scores were calculated for WISC-V indices. In addition, differences were calculated between WISC-V indices (e.g., VCI-VSI, etc.), and a discrepancy analysis was conducted comparing the base rates of these differences in the present sample to the WISC-V standardization sample.Results:In our sample, the mean total FSIQ of our sample was 85 (SD=14.5). The following mean scores were obtained across indices: VCI, SS=90 (SD=14.5); VSI, SS=86.5 (SD=14.9); FRI, SS=90 (15.5); WMI, SS=89 (SD=15.6); and PSI, SS=82 (SD=17.4). Many of the index score discrepancy base rates were similar to the standardization sample. However, our sample had greater discrepancies between several indices compared to the standardization sample. In particular, the following base rate discrepancies between index scores emerged as being different in our sample compared to the standardization sample: VCI>VSI and VCI>PSI. Notably, a 30+ point difference VCI>VSI was found in 6% of our sample (compared to 1.6% of the standardization sample) and a 30+ point difference between VCI>PSI was found in 12% of our sample (compared to 4.6% of the standardization sample). In addition, a 10+ point difference found between VCI>PSI was found in 50% of our sample (compared to 29% of standardization sample).Conclusions:In our sample, FSIQ and index scores fell approximately 0.5-1.33 SD below the standardization sample means, with the
{"title":"83 WISC-V Profiles in a Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease Population","authors":"Rebecca Avila-Rieger, Bryan Freilich, Nicole Feirsen, Jodi Uderman","doi":"10.1017/s1355617723001637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723001637","url":null,"abstract":"Objective:Individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at increased risk for developing impairment across cognitive domains, although the most common deficits are thought to be related to processing speed and executive functions. One of the most common ways of evaluating cognitive functioning is through the administration of intellectual tests. While lower overall intellectual functioning in individuals with SCD compared to healthy controls has been found, the specific pattern of strengths and weaknesses across indices is not well known. Anecdotally, it has been observed at our clinic that individuals with SCD are more likely to show relative or significant weaknesses in visuospatial abilities, but this has not been formally investigated. Further, based on the extant research, individuals with SCD would likely demonstrate lower working memory and processing speed indices, but, as far as we are aware, this has not been investigated either. The purpose of the present study is to examine the intellectual profiles, including areas of relative and significant strengths and weaknesses, of children and adolescents with SCD.Participants and Methods:Participants are children and adolescents (age 6-16) with SCD who were referred for a neuropsychological evaluation at Montefiore Medical Center’s Neuropsychological Assessment Service from 2015 to 2022. These participants (N=54) were identified through a thorough review of patients seen through this service and were administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition (WISC-V; Wechsler, 2014). Mean scores were calculated for WISC-V indices. In addition, differences were calculated between WISC-V indices (e.g., VCI-VSI, etc.), and a discrepancy analysis was conducted comparing the base rates of these differences in the present sample to the WISC-V standardization sample.Results:In our sample, the mean total FSIQ of our sample was 85 (SD=14.5). The following mean scores were obtained across indices: VCI, SS=90 (SD=14.5); VSI, SS=86.5 (SD=14.9); FRI, SS=90 (15.5); WMI, SS=89 (SD=15.6); and PSI, SS=82 (SD=17.4). Many of the index score discrepancy base rates were similar to the standardization sample. However, our sample had greater discrepancies between several indices compared to the standardization sample. In particular, the following base rate discrepancies between index scores emerged as being different in our sample compared to the standardization sample: VCI>VSI and VCI>PSI. Notably, a 30+ point difference VCI>VSI was found in 6% of our sample (compared to 1.6% of the standardization sample) and a 30+ point difference between VCI>PSI was found in 12% of our sample (compared to 4.6% of the standardization sample). In addition, a 10+ point difference found between VCI>PSI was found in 50% of our sample (compared to 29% of standardization sample).Conclusions:In our sample, FSIQ and index scores fell approximately 0.5-1.33 SD below the standardization sample means, with the","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139030184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.1017/s1355617723009177
Yonah Joffe, Catherine Dion, Emily F Matusz, Shawna Amini, Patrick J Tighe, Michael E Robinson, Catherine Price
Objective:Widespread musculoskeletal pain disorders like fibromyalgia are often accompanied by varying levels of cognitive dysfunction. Fibromyalgia research suggests that around the time of diagnosis, typically 30-50 years of age, many patients are already showing cognitive difficulties on various neuropsychological assessments. It is unknown, however, how older adults with fibromyalgia perform on rapid cognitive screeners in clinical settings. The present study compared older adults with and without fibromyalgia on a digitized version of a classic neuropsychological screener, the clock drawing test.Participants and Methods:Participants aged 65+ were recruited as part of a larger IRB-approved and federally funded investigation within the preoperative surgical center at the University of Florida (UF) and UF Health. Participant data were obtained with Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) waiver and honest broker medical extraction from January 2018 to December 2019 (N=14,807). Based on medical record diagnostic code, participants were categorized into fibromyalgia or non-fibromyalgia groups, then propensity score matched based on age, ethnicity, race, sex, and years of education. The final sample contained 718 older adults (mean age= 71.3±4.89, education years= 13.7±2.62, female= 98.1%, white= 87.9%) (n=359 in each group). All participants completed the command and copy condition of the digital Clock Drawing Test (dCDT). Variables of interest for both conditions included: total completion time (TCT), pre-first hand latency (PFHL), clock face area (CFA), and digit misplacement. These variables were chosen to represent two latency and two graphomotor variables. A natural log transformation was applied to all dCDT variables to achieve normality of the distribution.Results:We confirmed that there was no significant group difference in age, ethnicity, race, sex, and years of education following the propensity match. Fibromyalgia patients had higher comorbidity scores on American Society of Anesthesiologists Classification (ASA) (p= 0.003). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant group difference in TCT for both command [F(1,637)= 5.13, p= 0.024, d=0.178] and copy conditions [F(1,466)= 4.03, p= 0.045, d=0.179j. Controlling for ASA, a repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that groups still differed in TCT in the command condition [F(1,630)= 4.21, p= 0.041, n2= 0.007; Fibromyalgia > Non-Fibromyalgia], but not in the copy condition.Conclusions:In our sample, older adults with fibromyalgia showed slower TCT to command by approximately three seconds compared to non-fibromyalgia peers. Since TCT to command taps into multiple domains of cognitive functioning, our results are consistent with previous work demonstrating poorer performance across many cognitive domains in fibromyalgia. Future research should continue investigating digi
{"title":"59 A Preliminary Investigation of Digital Clock Drawing in Fibromyalgia Patients Versus Non-Fibromyalgia Peers","authors":"Yonah Joffe, Catherine Dion, Emily F Matusz, Shawna Amini, Patrick J Tighe, Michael E Robinson, Catherine Price","doi":"10.1017/s1355617723009177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723009177","url":null,"abstract":"Objective:Widespread musculoskeletal pain disorders like fibromyalgia are often accompanied by varying levels of cognitive dysfunction. Fibromyalgia research suggests that around the time of diagnosis, typically 30-50 years of age, many patients are already showing cognitive difficulties on various neuropsychological assessments. It is unknown, however, how older adults with fibromyalgia perform on rapid cognitive screeners in clinical settings. The present study compared older adults with and without fibromyalgia on a digitized version of a classic neuropsychological screener, the clock drawing test.Participants and Methods:Participants aged 65+ were recruited as part of a larger IRB-approved and federally funded investigation within the preoperative surgical center at the University of Florida (UF) and UF Health. Participant data were obtained with Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) waiver and honest broker medical extraction from January 2018 to December 2019 (N=14,807). Based on medical record diagnostic code, participants were categorized into fibromyalgia or non-fibromyalgia groups, then propensity score matched based on age, ethnicity, race, sex, and years of education. The final sample contained 718 older adults (mean age= 71.3±4.89, education years= 13.7±2.62, female= 98.1%, white= 87.9%) (n=359 in each group). All participants completed the command and copy condition of the digital Clock Drawing Test (dCDT). Variables of interest for both conditions included: total completion time (TCT), pre-first hand latency (PFHL), clock face area (CFA), and digit misplacement. These variables were chosen to represent two latency and two graphomotor variables. A natural log transformation was applied to all dCDT variables to achieve normality of the distribution.Results:We confirmed that there was no significant group difference in age, ethnicity, race, sex, and years of education following the propensity match. Fibromyalgia patients had higher comorbidity scores on American Society of Anesthesiologists Classification (ASA) <jats:italic>(p=</jats:italic> 0.003). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant group difference in TCT for both command [F(1,637)= 5.13, p= 0.024, d=0.178] and copy conditions [F(1,466)= 4.03, <jats:italic>p=</jats:italic> 0.045, d=0.179j. Controlling for ASA, a repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that groups still differed in TCT in the command condition [F(1,630)= 4.21, p= 0.041, n<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>= 0.007; Fibromyalgia > Non-Fibromyalgia], but not in the copy condition.Conclusions:In our sample, older adults with fibromyalgia showed slower TCT to command by approximately three seconds compared to non-fibromyalgia peers. Since TCT to command taps into multiple domains of cognitive functioning, our results are consistent with previous work demonstrating poorer performance across many cognitive domains in fibromyalgia. Future research should continue investigating digi","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139026777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.1017/s1355617723007762
Abigail M Ernst, Blake A Gimbel, Mary E Anthony, Donovan J Roediger, Erik de Water, Bryon A Mueller, Sarah N Mattson, Kelvin O Lim, Jeffrey R Wozniak
Objective:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition associated with deficits in cognitive functioning (executive functioning [EF], attention, working memory, etc.), behavioral impairments, and abnormalities in brain structure including cortical and subcortical volumes. Rates of comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are high in children with FASD and contribute to significant functional impairments. Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) includes a cluster of symptoms (e.g. underactive/slow-moving, confusion, fogginess, daydreaming) found to be related to but distinct from ADHD, and previous research suggests that it may be common in FASD. We explored SCT by examining the relationship between SCT and both brain volumes (corpus callosum, caudate, and hippocampus) and objective EF measures in children with FASD vs. typically developing controls.Participants and Methods:This is a secondary analysis of a larger longitudinal CIFASD study that consisted of 35 children with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and 30 controls between the ages of 9 to 18 at follow-up. Children completed a set of cognitive assessments (WISC-IV, DKEFS, & NIH Toolbox) and an MRI scan, while parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), which includes a SCT scale. We examined group differences between PAE and controls in relation to SCT symptoms, EF scores, and subcortical volumes. Then, we performed within-and between-group comparisons with and without controlling for total intracranial volume, age, attention problems, and ADHD problems between SCT and subcortical brain volumes. Finally, we performed correlations between SCT and EF measures for both groups.Results:Compared to controls, participants with PAE showed significantly more SCT symptoms on the CBCL (t [57] = 3.66, p = 0.0006), more parent-rated attention problems and ADHD symptoms, lower scores across several EF measures (DKEFS Trail-Making and Verbal Fluency; WISC-IV Digit Span, Symbol Search, and Coding; effect sizes ranging from 0.44 to 1.16), and smaller regional volumes in the caudate, hippocampus, and posterior areas of the corpus callosum. In the PAE group, a smaller hippocampus was associated with more SCT symptoms (controlling for parent-rated attention problems and ADHD problems, age, and intracranial volume). However, in the control group, a larger mid posterior and posterior corpus callosum were significantly associated with more SCT symptoms (controlling for parent-rated attention problems, intracranial volume, and age; r [24] = 0.499, p = 0.009; r [24] = 0.517, p = 0.007). In terms of executive functioning, children in the PAE group with more SCT symptoms performed worse on letter sequencing of the Trail-Making subtest (controlling attention problems & ADHD symptoms). In comparison, those in the control group
{"title":"1 Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Children and Adolescents with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Associations with Executive Function and Subcortical Volumes","authors":"Abigail M Ernst, Blake A Gimbel, Mary E Anthony, Donovan J Roediger, Erik de Water, Bryon A Mueller, Sarah N Mattson, Kelvin O Lim, Jeffrey R Wozniak","doi":"10.1017/s1355617723007762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723007762","url":null,"abstract":"Objective:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition associated with deficits in cognitive functioning (executive functioning [EF], attention, working memory, etc.), behavioral impairments, and abnormalities in brain structure including cortical and subcortical volumes. Rates of comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are high in children with FASD and contribute to significant functional impairments. Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) includes a cluster of symptoms (e.g. underactive/slow-moving, confusion, fogginess, daydreaming) found to be related to but distinct from ADHD, and previous research suggests that it may be common in FASD. We explored SCT by examining the relationship between SCT and both brain volumes (corpus callosum, caudate, and hippocampus) and objective EF measures in children with FASD vs. typically developing controls.Participants and Methods:This is a secondary analysis of a larger longitudinal CIFASD study that consisted of 35 children with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and 30 controls between the ages of 9 to 18 at follow-up. Children completed a set of cognitive assessments (WISC-IV, DKEFS, & NIH Toolbox) and an MRI scan, while parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), which includes a SCT scale. We examined group differences between PAE and controls in relation to SCT symptoms, EF scores, and subcortical volumes. Then, we performed within-and between-group comparisons with and without controlling for total intracranial volume, age, attention problems, and ADHD problems between SCT and subcortical brain volumes. Finally, we performed correlations between SCT and EF measures for both groups.Results:Compared to controls, participants with PAE showed significantly more SCT symptoms on the CBCL (t [57] = 3.66, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.0006), more parent-rated attention problems and ADHD symptoms, lower scores across several EF measures (DKEFS Trail-Making and Verbal Fluency; WISC-IV Digit Span, Symbol Search, and Coding; effect sizes ranging from 0.44 to 1.16), and smaller regional volumes in the caudate, hippocampus, and posterior areas of the corpus callosum. In the PAE group, a smaller hippocampus was associated with more SCT symptoms (controlling for parent-rated attention problems and ADHD problems, age, and intracranial volume). However, in the control group, a larger mid posterior and posterior corpus callosum were significantly associated with more SCT symptoms (controlling for parent-rated attention problems, intracranial volume, and age; <jats:italic>r</jats:italic> [24] = 0.499, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.009; <jats:italic>r</jats:italic> [24] = 0.517, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.007). In terms of executive functioning, children in the PAE group with more SCT symptoms performed worse on letter sequencing of the Trail-Making subtest (controlling attention problems & ADHD symptoms). In comparison, those in the control group ","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139026827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.1017/s1355617723000929
Holly A Aleksonis, Naveen Thourani, Tricia Z King
Objective:Survivors of childhood brain tumor are historically thought to perform worse on measures of executive functioning, including cognitive flexibility (CF; e.g., set-shifting), when compared to their peers. Commonly utilized measures, such as subtests from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS), have baseline conditions that attempt to measure performances independent of but critical for CF tasks (e.g., motor speed on trail making, letter fluency on verbal fluency). However, in research, conditions measuring CF are often included in analyses without accounting for these important baseline conditions. The aim of the current study is to explore differences in CF performance between survivors and their healthy peers when controlling for baseline conditions. The variance explained by each baseline condition on CF condition performance in survivors is also explored.Participants and Methods:A sample of 107 long-term survivors of childhood brain tumor (Mage=21.81, SD=5.99, 50.5% female) and 142 healthy controls (Mage= 23.25, SD=6.61, 61.3% female) were administered the Trail Making Test (TMT), Color-Word Interference (CWI), and Verbal Fluency (VF) subtests from the D-KEFS. For the TMT, baseline conditions include visually scanning for a target, motor speed, and letter and number sequencing. For the CWI subtest, baseline conditions include rapid color naming, word reading, and reading words in a different colored ink. On the VF subtest, baseline conditions include rapidly naming words with a specific letter and from a specific category. An analysis of covariance was conducted for each subtest to determine if groups differed in performance on the CF condition (i.e., Number-Letter Switching, Inhibition/Switching, Category Switching Accuracy) when controlling for baseline conditions. In survivors only, linear regressions investigated the amount of variance explained by each baseline condition on the CF conditions of each subtest.Results:Groups did not differ in CF performance of each subtest when controlling for baseline conditions (ps>.10). Across subtests, baseline conditions significantly predicted CF performance in survivors. On the TMT, Letter Sequencing (p=.003, unique-R2=.05), but not Visual Scanning, Number Sequencing, or Motor Speed, was a significant predictor of Number-Letter Sequencing performance (p<.001, R2=.50). On the CWI subtest, Word Reading (p<.001, unique-R2=.09) and Inhibition (p<.001, unique-R2=.05), but not Color Naming, were significant predictors of Inhibition/Switching performance (p<.001, R2=.67). On the VF subtest, Letter Fluency (p=.009, unique-R2=.06) and Category Fluency (p<.001, unique-R2=.08) were significant predictors of Category Switching Accuracy performance (p<.001, R2
{"title":"9 Exploration of Predictors of Cognitive Flexibility Performance in Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Brain Tumor","authors":"Holly A Aleksonis, Naveen Thourani, Tricia Z King","doi":"10.1017/s1355617723000929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723000929","url":null,"abstract":"Objective:Survivors of childhood brain tumor are historically thought to perform worse on measures of executive functioning, including cognitive flexibility (CF; e.g., set-shifting), when compared to their peers. Commonly utilized measures, such as subtests from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS), have baseline conditions that attempt to measure performances independent of but critical for CF tasks (e.g., motor speed on trail making, letter fluency on verbal fluency). However, in research, conditions measuring CF are often included in analyses without accounting for these important baseline conditions. The aim of the current study is to explore differences in CF performance between survivors and their healthy peers when controlling for baseline conditions. The variance explained by each baseline condition on CF condition performance in survivors is also explored.Participants and Methods:A sample of 107 long-term survivors of childhood brain tumor (Mage=21.81, SD=5.99, 50.5% female) and 142 healthy controls (Mage= 23.25, SD=6.61, 61.3% female) were administered the Trail Making Test (TMT), Color-Word Interference (CWI), and Verbal Fluency (VF) subtests from the D-KEFS. For the TMT, baseline conditions include visually scanning for a target, motor speed, and letter and number sequencing. For the CWI subtest, baseline conditions include rapid color naming, word reading, and reading words in a different colored ink. On the VF subtest, baseline conditions include rapidly naming words with a specific letter and from a specific category. An analysis of covariance was conducted for each subtest to determine if groups differed in performance on the CF condition (i.e., Number-Letter Switching, Inhibition/Switching, Category Switching Accuracy) when controlling for baseline conditions. In survivors only, linear regressions investigated the amount of variance explained by each baseline condition on the CF conditions of each subtest.Results:Groups did not differ in CF performance of each subtest when controlling for baseline conditions (ps>.10). Across subtests, baseline conditions significantly predicted CF performance in survivors. On the TMT, Letter Sequencing <jats:italic>(p</jats:italic>=.003, unique-R<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>=.05), but not Visual Scanning, Number Sequencing, or Motor Speed, was a significant predictor of Number-Letter Sequencing performance (p<.001, R<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>=.50). On the CWI subtest, Word Reading (p<.001, unique-R<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>=.09) and Inhibition (p<.001, unique-R<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>=.05), but not Color Naming, were significant predictors of Inhibition/Switching performance (p<.001, R<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>=.67). On the VF subtest, Letter Fluency <jats:italic>(p</jats:italic>=.009, unique-R<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>=.06) and Category Fluency (p<.001, unique-R<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>=.08) were significant predictors of Category Switching Accuracy performance (p<.001, R<jats:sup>2</jat","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139030150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.1017/s1355617723001807
Alice Gavarrete Olvera, Jet M. J. Vonk, Adam M. Brickman, Desiree Byrd, Miguel Arce Renteria
Objective:Code-switching is when bilingual individuals alternate between two languages in the same conversation. Some studies find that code-switching frequency is associated with executive functioning, while others do not. Individual attitudes towards bilingual language use and code-switching may explain the inconsistency in the literature. For instance, greater positive attitudes towards code-switching may be associated with more likelihood to engage in that practice and thus strengthen the cognitive benefit in executive function. Additionally, code-switching between English and Spanish has been stigmatized in the U.S., therefore it is unclear what sociocultural factors may predict positive attitudes. In this study, we assessed Latinx bilinguals’ attitudes on code-switching and investigated their relationship with code-switching frequency, sociodemographic and linguistic factors, and executive functioning.Participants and Methods:Participants were 525 community-dwelling English-Spanish bilingual Latinx adults from the Offspring study (Mage= 55.38 (10.42); Meducation= 12.62 (3.34); 71% women; 41% tested in English, 75% immigrant). A language history questionnaire assessed for bilingualism and code-switching frequency. Participants completed 7 questions on code-switching attitudes on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree (e.g., “switching between languages in a conversation is an important part of my identity”), that were summed for a total score with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes. Executive functioning was assessed with the NIH Toolbox Cognition battery, verbal fluencies, and the digit span test. Sociodemographic and linguistic factors included age, sex, education, immigrant status, parental years of education, English and Spanish proficiency (average score on self-reported ratings on speaking, reading, writing, and understanding), and testing language. General linear models evaluated the association of code-switching attitudes on executive function, after adjusting for relevant covariates.Results:Positive code-switching attitudes were correlated with greater code-switching, r(499)=.33, p<.001. Younger age r(499)=-.11, being born in the US t(493)=-2.05, greater English proficiency r(497)=.15, and English dominance t(499)=2.22, were associated with more positive code-switching attitudes (all p’s <.05). Sex, education, parental years of education, and Spanish proficiency were not associated with code-switching attitudes. Overall models of attitudes with executive function indicated that positive code-switching attitudes were associated with worse visual working memory (b = -0.08, t(169) = -2.75, 95% CI [0.14, -0.02]) after adjusting for age, sex, education, immigration status, parental years of education and testing language. Code-switching attitudes were not significantly associated with other executive function measures.Conclusions:Among a community-based sample of bilingual middle-aged
{"title":"6 Code-switching, Language Attitudes, and Executive Function in Latinx Bilinguals","authors":"Alice Gavarrete Olvera, Jet M. J. Vonk, Adam M. Brickman, Desiree Byrd, Miguel Arce Renteria","doi":"10.1017/s1355617723001807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723001807","url":null,"abstract":"Objective:Code-switching is when bilingual individuals alternate between two languages in the same conversation. Some studies find that code-switching frequency is associated with executive functioning, while others do not. Individual attitudes towards bilingual language use and code-switching may explain the inconsistency in the literature. For instance, greater positive attitudes towards code-switching may be associated with more likelihood to engage in that practice and thus strengthen the cognitive benefit in executive function. Additionally, code-switching between English and Spanish has been stigmatized in the U.S., therefore it is unclear what sociocultural factors may predict positive attitudes. In this study, we assessed Latinx bilinguals’ attitudes on code-switching and investigated their relationship with code-switching frequency, sociodemographic and linguistic factors, and executive functioning.Participants and Methods:Participants were 525 community-dwelling English-Spanish bilingual Latinx adults from the Offspring study (Mage= 55.38 (10.42); Meducation= 12.62 (3.34); 71% women; 41% tested in English, 75% immigrant). A language history questionnaire assessed for bilingualism and code-switching frequency. Participants completed 7 questions on code-switching attitudes on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree (e.g., “switching between languages in a conversation is an important part of my identity”), that were summed for a total score with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes. Executive functioning was assessed with the NIH Toolbox Cognition battery, verbal fluencies, and the digit span test. Sociodemographic and linguistic factors included age, sex, education, immigrant status, parental years of education, English and Spanish proficiency (average score on self-reported ratings on speaking, reading, writing, and understanding), and testing language. General linear models evaluated the association of code-switching attitudes on executive function, after adjusting for relevant covariates.Results:Positive code-switching attitudes were correlated with greater code-switching, r(499)=.33, p<.001. Younger age r(499)=-.11, being born in the US t(493)=-2.05, greater English proficiency r(497)=.15, and English dominance t(499)=2.22, were associated with more positive code-switching attitudes (all p’s <.05). Sex, education, parental years of education, and Spanish proficiency were not associated with code-switching attitudes. Overall models of attitudes with executive function indicated that positive code-switching attitudes were associated with worse visual working memory (b = -0.08, t(169) = -2.75, 95% CI [0.14, -0.02]) after adjusting for age, sex, education, immigration status, parental years of education and testing language. Code-switching attitudes were not significantly associated with other executive function measures.Conclusions:Among a community-based sample of bilingual middle-aged ","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139026687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.1017/s1355617723008007
Stephanie Hernandez, Lisa Bendixen, Sharlene Jeffers
Objective:An effective support system for families with children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) consists of multiple methods of educational and therapeutic delivery. Such methods are adapted to meet a family’s needs and needs of the time, like the COVID-19 pandemic. Individualized Educational Plan (IEP) are established by schools to support success in academics for children with ASD. IEPs can vary depending on the district and accessibility, thus, the effective implementation and communication between this support system is important for its success. The current case study examines academic and therapeutic outcomes of an IEP implementation during hybrid learning of a child with ASD and their family.Participants and Methods:Purposeful sampling identified a participant from a previous IRB approved study through the UNLV Educational Psychology program that interviewed parents on their remote learning experience. A qualitative case study was applied to further investigate student outcomes. Parent interview and the child’s progress report were coded and analyzed systematically. The identified family included correspondence from the mother (Lisa, 37) and her son (Noah, 9). Noah attended third grade at a Charter School and was diagnosed with ASD in 2019. His IEP included 80% in General Education (online) with Special Education assistance (in person; reading, writing, and mathematics) and Occupational (OT), Speech/Language (SLP), and Physical Therapy (PT) (hybrid).Results:Noah began hybrid learning in October 2020, with in-person learning two days a week and remote learning everyday for two to three hours each day. Progress report and interview were collected in April 2021 at the halfway point of his IEP implementation which described Noah’s current special education and therapy services goals/outcomes in March 2021. This included 11 goals that were observed and assessed in OT (2), PT(2), Reading (2), Writing (1), Math (2), and SLP (2). Noah progressed in 9 of 11 goals, with 1 being met and 8 classified as satisfactory by displaying some improvement in respective skills mid year. The remaining OT (2) goals showed no definitive conclusion. Lisa mentioned that lack of direct observation of particular skills and too many online classes to attend led to inconclusive outcomes. Lisa and Noah came across difficulties while engaging in OT online sessions encountering emotional stress when adjusting to the mode of delivery. Lisa expressed positive emotions when referring to the support system and described it as collaborative with adequate attention to multiple aspects of his development. She voiced understanding of her’s and other professionals’ role and the extent of their abilities in the context of the pandemic.Conclusions:Of the 11 IEP goals, there was adequate progress for the child amid hybrid learning. The parent preferred that OT be delivered in person as certain procedures require direct contact and affected outcomes. Hybrid learning has allowed
{"title":"25 The Hybrid Learning Environment During Covid-19: A Case Study on IEP Implementation for a Student with Autism Spectrum Disorder","authors":"Stephanie Hernandez, Lisa Bendixen, Sharlene Jeffers","doi":"10.1017/s1355617723008007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723008007","url":null,"abstract":"Objective:An effective support system for families with children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) consists of multiple methods of educational and therapeutic delivery. Such methods are adapted to meet a family’s needs and needs of the time, like the COVID-19 pandemic. Individualized Educational Plan (IEP) are established by schools to support success in academics for children with ASD. IEPs can vary depending on the district and accessibility, thus, the effective implementation and communication between this support system is important for its success. The current case study examines academic and therapeutic outcomes of an IEP implementation during hybrid learning of a child with ASD and their family.Participants and Methods:Purposeful sampling identified a participant from a previous IRB approved study through the UNLV Educational Psychology program that interviewed parents on their remote learning experience. A qualitative case study was applied to further investigate student outcomes. Parent interview and the child’s progress report were coded and analyzed systematically. The identified family included correspondence from the mother (Lisa, 37) and her son (Noah, 9). Noah attended third grade at a Charter School and was diagnosed with ASD in 2019. His IEP included 80% in General Education (online) with Special Education assistance (in person; reading, writing, and mathematics) and Occupational (OT), Speech/Language (SLP), and Physical Therapy (PT) (hybrid).Results:Noah began hybrid learning in October 2020, with in-person learning two days a week and remote learning everyday for two to three hours each day. Progress report and interview were collected in April 2021 at the halfway point of his IEP implementation which described Noah’s current special education and therapy services goals/outcomes in March 2021. This included 11 goals that were observed and assessed in OT (2), PT(2), Reading (2), Writing (1), Math (2), and SLP (2). Noah progressed in 9 of 11 goals, with 1 being met and 8 classified as satisfactory by displaying some improvement in respective skills mid year. The remaining OT (2) goals showed no definitive conclusion. Lisa mentioned that lack of direct observation of particular skills and too many online classes to attend led to inconclusive outcomes. Lisa and Noah came across difficulties while engaging in OT online sessions encountering emotional stress when adjusting to the mode of delivery. Lisa expressed positive emotions when referring to the support system and described it as collaborative with adequate attention to multiple aspects of his development. She voiced understanding of her’s and other professionals’ role and the extent of their abilities in the context of the pandemic.Conclusions:Of the 11 IEP goals, there was adequate progress for the child amid hybrid learning. The parent preferred that OT be delivered in person as certain procedures require direct contact and affected outcomes. Hybrid learning has allowed","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139026734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.1017/s1355617723003983
Hannah L Weiss, Paul Collins, Samuel Klein, Monica Luciana
Objective:The present study explored how individual differences and development of gray matter architecture in inferior frontal gyri (IFG), anterior cingulate (ACC), and inferior parietal lobe (IPL) relate to development of response inhibition as measured by both the Stop Signal Task (SST) and the Go/No-Go (GNG) task in a longitudinal sample of healthy adolescents and young adults. Reliability of behavioral and neural measures was also explored.Participants and Methods:A total of 145 individuals contributed data from the second through fifth timepoints of an accelerated longitudinal study focused on adolescent brain and behavioral development at the University of Minnesota. At baseline, participants were 9 to 23 years of age and were typically-developing. Assessment waves were spaced approximately 2 years apart. Behavioral measures of response inhibition collected at each assessment included GNG Commission Errors (CE) and the SST Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT). Structural T1 MRI scans were collected on a Siemens 3 T Tim Trio and processed with the longitudinal Freesurfer 6.0 pipeline to yield cortical thickness (CT) and surface area values. Regions of interest based on the Desikan-Killiany-Tourville atlas included IFG regions (pars opercularis (PO) and pars triangularis (PT)), ACC and IPL. The cuneus and global brain measures were evaluated as control regions. Retest stability of all measures was calculated using the psych package in R. Mixed linear effects modeling using the lme4 R package identified whether age-based trajectories for SSRTs and GNG CEs best fit linear, quadratic, or inverse curve. Then, disaggregated between- and within-subjects effects of regional cortical architecture measures were added to longitudinal behavioral models to identify individual differences and developmental effects, respectively.Results:Both response inhibition metrics demonstrated fair reliability and were best fit by an inverse age trajectory. Neural measures demonstrated excellent retest stability (all ICCs > 0.834). Age-based analyses of regional CT identified heterogeneous patterns of development, including linear trajectories for ACC and inverse age trajectories for bilateral PT. Individuals with thinner left PO showed worse performance on both response inhibition tasks. SSRTs were related to individual differences in right PO thickness and surface area. A developmental pattern was observed for right PT cortical thickness, where thinning over time was related to better GNG performance. Lower surface area of the right PT was related to worse GNG performance. No individual differences or developmental patterns were observed for the ACC, IPL, cuneus, or global metrics.Conclusions:This study examined the adolescent development of response inhibition and its association with cortical architecture in the IFG, ACC and IPL. Separate response inhibition tasks demonstrated similar developmental patterns with steepest improvements in early adolescence and relat
{"title":"80 Longitudinal Development of Response Inhibition in Adolescence and Young Adulthood and Associations with Gray Matter Architecture","authors":"Hannah L Weiss, Paul Collins, Samuel Klein, Monica Luciana","doi":"10.1017/s1355617723003983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723003983","url":null,"abstract":"Objective:The present study explored how individual differences and development of gray matter architecture in inferior frontal gyri (IFG), anterior cingulate (ACC), and inferior parietal lobe (IPL) relate to development of response inhibition as measured by both the Stop Signal Task (SST) and the Go/No-Go (GNG) task in a longitudinal sample of healthy adolescents and young adults. Reliability of behavioral and neural measures was also explored.Participants and Methods:A total of 145 individuals contributed data from the second through fifth timepoints of an accelerated longitudinal study focused on adolescent brain and behavioral development at the University of Minnesota. At baseline, participants were 9 to 23 years of age and were typically-developing. Assessment waves were spaced approximately 2 years apart. Behavioral measures of response inhibition collected at each assessment included GNG Commission Errors (CE) and the SST Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT). Structural T1 MRI scans were collected on a Siemens 3 T Tim Trio and processed with the longitudinal Freesurfer 6.0 pipeline to yield cortical thickness (CT) and surface area values. Regions of interest based on the Desikan-Killiany-Tourville atlas included IFG regions (pars opercularis (PO) and pars triangularis (PT)), ACC and IPL. The cuneus and global brain measures were evaluated as control regions. Retest stability of all measures was calculated using the psych package in R. Mixed linear effects modeling using the lme4 R package identified whether age-based trajectories for SSRTs and GNG CEs best fit linear, quadratic, or inverse curve. Then, disaggregated between- and within-subjects effects of regional cortical architecture measures were added to longitudinal behavioral models to identify individual differences and developmental effects, respectively.Results:Both response inhibition metrics demonstrated fair reliability and were best fit by an inverse age trajectory. Neural measures demonstrated excellent retest stability (all ICCs > 0.834). Age-based analyses of regional CT identified heterogeneous patterns of development, including linear trajectories for ACC and inverse age trajectories for bilateral PT. Individuals with thinner left PO showed worse performance on both response inhibition tasks. SSRTs were related to individual differences in right PO thickness and surface area. A developmental pattern was observed for right PT cortical thickness, where thinning over time was related to better GNG performance. Lower surface area of the right PT was related to worse GNG performance. No individual differences or developmental patterns were observed for the ACC, IPL, cuneus, or global metrics.Conclusions:This study examined the adolescent development of response inhibition and its association with cortical architecture in the IFG, ACC and IPL. Separate response inhibition tasks demonstrated similar developmental patterns with steepest improvements in early adolescence and relat","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139026917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.1017/s1355617723006720
Julie E Gretler, Madeline D.W. Noland, Laura Lazzeroni, Arthur Noda, Jerome A Yesavage, Lisa M Kinoshita
Objective:Both Apolipoprotein z4 (APOz4) and Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor val66met (BDNF-met) have been implicated as cognitive risk polymorphisms and may signal a more rapid trajectory of cognitive decline (Boots et al., 2017; Lim et al., 2015). The presence of both risk alleles may additively result in greater cognitive difficulties (Cechova et al., 2020), specifically executive functioning (Sapkota et al., 2017). As executive functioning difficulties can be associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD; Woon et al., 2017), individuals with PTSD who carry these polymorphisms may be at higher risk for decline in executive functioning. In this study, we examined the cross-sectional and longitudinal impact of these alleles on executive functioning performance in Veterans with PTSD.Participants and Methods:Seventy community-dwelling male Veterans were enrolled as part of a larger study at VAPAHCS and consented to genetic analysis. A current or lifetime history of PTSD (score > 40 on the CAPS-IV; Blake et al., 1995) was required for study participation. Trail Making Test B (TMT-B; Army Individual Test Battery, 1994) was used to assess executive functioning. TMT-B was part of a comprehensive neuropsychological battery administered at baseline and yearly over the following three years. Mean age and education were 61 years old (SD = 4.5; range = 55-78) and 14 years (SD = 2.3; range = 8-20), respectively.The majority of the sample was White (71%) and were from the Korean and Vietnam War eras.Results:APOz4 and BDNF-met were present in 29% and 27% of the sample, respectively; both were present in six participants. Regression models were fitted separately for TMT-B raw time-to-complete and number of errors, both cross-sectionally at screening and then longitudinally. The presence of BDNF-met was a significant predictor of TMT-B time and number of errors in both models (Time: ß = 0.09, p = 0.03 and ß = 0.11, p < 0.01; Errors: IRR = 2.4, p = 0.01 and IRR = 1.9, p = 0.01), while APOz4 only predicted errors longitudinally (IRR = 1.8, p = 0.03). There was no significant allelic interaction; however, the presence of both alleles additively multiplied TMT-B errors by approximately 3.7 times at screening (IRR = 3.7; p = 0.01) and 3.3 times longitudinally (IRR = 3.3; p < 0.01).Conclusions:Altogether, these results are suggestive of an adverse, additive, effect of the APOz4 and BDNF-met polymorphisms on executive functioning, in particular error-proneness, with their combined presence tripling the errors made on TMT-B cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Consistent with previous research, the TMT-B error analysis increases detection of cognitive impairment, similar to other clinical samples (Varjacic et al., 2018). While TMT-B errors
{"title":"1 The Impact of APOzA and BDNF val66met on Executive Function in Older Veterans with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder","authors":"Julie E Gretler, Madeline D.W. Noland, Laura Lazzeroni, Arthur Noda, Jerome A Yesavage, Lisa M Kinoshita","doi":"10.1017/s1355617723006720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723006720","url":null,"abstract":"Objective:Both <jats:italic>Apolipoprotein</jats:italic> z4 (APOz4) and <jats:italic>Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor</jats:italic> val66met (BDNF-met) have been implicated as cognitive risk polymorphisms and may signal a more rapid trajectory of cognitive decline (Boots et al., 2017; Lim et al., 2015). The presence of both risk alleles may additively result in greater cognitive difficulties (Cechova et al., 2020), specifically executive functioning (Sapkota et al., 2017). As executive functioning difficulties can be associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD; Woon et al., 2017), individuals with PTSD who carry these polymorphisms may be at higher risk for decline in executive functioning. In this study, we examined the cross-sectional and longitudinal impact of these alleles on executive functioning performance in Veterans with PTSD.Participants and Methods:Seventy community-dwelling male Veterans were enrolled as part of a larger study at VAPAHCS and consented to genetic analysis. A current or lifetime history of PTSD (score > 40 on the CAPS-IV; Blake et al., 1995) was required for study participation. Trail Making Test B (TMT-B; Army Individual Test Battery, 1994) was used to assess executive functioning. TMT-B was part of a comprehensive neuropsychological battery administered at baseline and yearly over the following three years. Mean age and education were 61 years old (SD = 4.5; range = 55-78) and 14 years (SD = 2.3; range = 8-20), respectively.The majority of the sample was White (71%) and were from the Korean and Vietnam War eras.Results:<jats:italic>APO</jats:italic>z4 and <jats:italic>BDNF</jats:italic>-met were present in 29% and 27% of the sample, respectively; both were present in six participants. Regression models were fitted separately for TMT-B raw time-to-complete and number of errors, both cross-sectionally at screening and then longitudinally. The presence of BDNF-met was a significant predictor of TMT-B time and number of errors in both models (Time: <jats:italic>ß</jats:italic> = 0.09, p = 0.03 and <jats:italic>ß</jats:italic> = 0.11, p < 0.01; Errors: IRR = 2.4, p = 0.01 and IRR = 1.9, p = 0.01), while APOz4 only predicted errors longitudinally (IRR = 1.8, p = 0.03). There was no significant allelic interaction; however, the presence of both alleles additively multiplied TMT-B errors by approximately 3.7 times at screening (IRR = 3.7; p = 0.01) and 3.3 times longitudinally (IRR = 3.3; p < 0.01).Conclusions:Altogether, these results are suggestive of an adverse, additive, effect of the <jats:italic>APO</jats:italic>z4 and <jats:italic>BDNF</jats:italic>-met polymorphisms on executive functioning, in particular error-proneness, with their combined presence tripling the errors made on TMT-B cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Consistent with previous research, the TMT-B error analysis increases detection of cognitive impairment, similar to other clinical samples (Varjacic et al., 2018). While TMT-B errors ","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139030151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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