Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5958/2455-7145.2023.00014.0
M. Gupta, S. Kour, R. Bharat
{"title":"Improving profitability and livelihood security of marginal farmers in Kandi area of Jammu","authors":"M. Gupta, S. Kour, R. Bharat","doi":"10.5958/2455-7145.2023.00014.0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/2455-7145.2023.00014.0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79744744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Don Reicosky, David Brandt, Randall Reeder, Rattan Lal, David R. Montgomery
T he dust storm tragedy on I-55 in central Illinois on May 1, 2023, a reminder of the Dust Bowl era of the 1930s, necessitates urgent policy intervention to replace plow tillage with Conservation Agriculture (CA) involving no-tillage with crop biomass mulch, cover cropping, and complex crop rotations. System-based CA has co-benefits including control of soil erosion by wind (dust storm) and water, low risks of nonpoint source pollution including algal bloom, adaptation and mitigation of climate change, reduced incidence of drought-flood syndrome, sustained productivity, high farm income, and improved soil health. The current farm bill already contains a Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, and Growing Climate Solutions Act that can all be complemented and more effective with a healthy soil. The forthcoming farm bill should have provision to reward farmers for ecosystem services at a nominal rate, e.g., US$50 ac–1 yr–1 (~US$123.46 ha–1 y–1), through a proposed “Soil Health Act” to further CA as a solution to climate change and other environmental issues. Restoring soil health through CA is a win-win option and a major contribution to mitigating future climate extremes and food security. Ninety years after the Dust Bowl we should not need reminding that agriculture’s job is to feed people without degrading the environment, not create chaotic catastrophic events due to poor utilization and resource management. Unfortunately, the recent I-55 dust storm catastrophe in central Illinois, United States, in May of 2023 did just that and caused the loss of 8 lives, hospitalization of 37 others, loss or damage to 72 vehicles, and triggered associated environmental degradation (figure 1). This disaster was caused by low April rainfall—roughly half of normal amounts—and high winds that blew across freshly tilled fields and lofted Don Reicosky is a retired soil scientist for USDA Agricultural Research Service, North Central Soil Conservation Research Laboratory, Morris, Minnesota, and adjunct professor in the Soil Science Department, University of Minnesota. Randall Reeder is a retired agricultural engineer for Ohio State University, serves as executive director of the Ohio No-till Council, and coordinates programs for the Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference in Ada, Ohio. Rattan Lal is a distinguished professor of soil science at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. David R. Montgomery is a professor of earth and space sciences at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. David Brandt, known as the “Godfather of Soil Health,” was a conservation farmer from Carroll, Ohio, who was recognized internationally as a leader in no-till, cover crops, soil health, and regenerative agriculture. Received June 19, 2023. loosened topsoil into the air. The tragedy captures one of the more visible unintended consequences of frequent intensive tillage when farmers plow in the fall, and till again one or two times before spring planting. Less visible consequenc
2023年5月1日发生在伊利诺伊州中部I-55号州际公路上的沙尘暴悲剧，让人想起了20世纪30年代的沙尘暴时代，迫切需要采取政策干预措施，用保护性农业(CA)取代犁耕，包括免耕、生物质能覆盖、覆盖种植和复杂的作物轮作。以系统为基础的农业生产具有多种协同效益，包括控制风(沙尘暴)和水对土壤的侵蚀、降低包括藻华在内的非点源污染风险、适应和减缓气候变化、减少旱涝综合征的发生率、维持生产力、提高农业收入和改善土壤健康。目前的农业法案已经包含了《清洁水法》、《清洁空气法》和《气候变化解决方案法》，这些法案都可以与健康的土壤相辅相成，更加有效。即将出台的农业法案应规定，通过拟议的“土壤卫生法”，以名义费率奖励农民提供生态系统服务，例如50美元/年(约123.46美元/年)，以进一步将农业作为气候变化和其他环境问题的解决方案。通过CA恢复土壤健康是一个双赢的选择，也是对缓解未来极端气候和粮食安全的重大贡献。沙尘暴已经过去90年了，无需提醒我们，农业的工作是在不破坏环境的情况下养活人们，而不是由于利用和资源管理不善而造成混乱的灾难性事件。不幸的是,最近I-55沙尘暴灾难在伊利诺斯州中部,美国,2023年5月正是这样做的,造成的损失8生活,住院治疗的37人,损失或损坏72辆,并引发相关环境退化(图1)。这场灾难是由于低4月rainfall-roughly一半的正常数量和大风吹过新鲜耕种田地和漂浮不Reicosky是一名退休的土壤科学家为美国农业部农业研究服务,明尼苏达州莫里斯中北部土壤保持研究实验室，明尼苏达大学土壤科学系兼职教授。兰德尔·里德(Randall Reeder)是俄亥俄州立大学的退休农业工程师，担任俄亥俄州免耕委员会的执行董事，并协调在俄亥俄州阿达市举行的保护性耕作和技术会议的项目。Rattan Lal是俄亥俄州哥伦布市俄亥俄州立大学的杰出土壤科学教授。大卫·r·蒙哥马利(David R. Montgomery)是华盛顿州西雅图市华盛顿大学地球与空间科学教授。被称为“土壤健康教父”的大卫·勃兰特是一位来自俄亥俄州卡罗尔的保护性农民，他是国际上公认的免耕、覆盖作物、土壤健康和再生农业的领导者。收于2023年6月19日。表层土壤疏松到空气中。这场悲剧反映了频繁的密集耕作的一个更明显的意想不到的后果，农民在秋天犁地，在春天播种前再犁一两次。不太明显的后果包括径流造成的土壤侵蚀，以及土壤、水和空气质量的下降，以及作为土壤健康核心的土壤有机质的流失。耕作和光秃秃的休耕农田产生的土壤粉尘对公共健康和交通安全构成严重威胁，最近的这场灾难说明了土壤管理不善的意外后果，以及对农民进行教育和农业政策改革的必要性。沙尘暴是一场大灾难;它们使当地土壤和周围环境质量以及人类和生态系统的健康和福祉退化。与极端气候有关的沙尘暴频率和强度的增加以及与之相关的死亡人数令人震惊。Tong等人(2023)报告说，在大多数年份，风尘造成的生命损失与飓风、雷暴和野火相当，2007年至2017年，美国共有232人死于风尘事件。1991年11月29日，美国历史上最大的一次与沙尘有关的公路事故发生在加利福尼亚州圣华金河谷的5号州际公路上，164辆汽车相撞，造成17人死亡，151人受伤(Tong et al. 2023;Pauley et al. 1996)。在大多数情况下，类似的坠机地点“位于农田附近，这构成了美国的主要粉尘来源”(Tong et al. 2023;Lambert et al. 2020)。需要加强土壤管理，广泛采用养护、保护和恢复土壤的CA做法。加强对农业土壤的管理将有助于人类福祉、环境质量和粮食安全。
{"title":"Plowing: Dust storms, Conservation Agriculture, and need for a “Soil Health Act”","authors":"Don Reicosky, David Brandt, Randall Reeder, Rattan Lal, David R. Montgomery","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.0619A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.0619A","url":null,"abstract":"T he dust storm tragedy on I-55 in central Illinois on May 1, 2023, a reminder of the Dust Bowl era of the 1930s, necessitates urgent policy intervention to replace plow tillage with Conservation Agriculture (CA) involving no-tillage with crop biomass mulch, cover cropping, and complex crop rotations. System-based CA has co-benefits including control of soil erosion by wind (dust storm) and water, low risks of nonpoint source pollution including algal bloom, adaptation and mitigation of climate change, reduced incidence of drought-flood syndrome, sustained productivity, high farm income, and improved soil health. The current farm bill already contains a Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, and Growing Climate Solutions Act that can all be complemented and more effective with a healthy soil. The forthcoming farm bill should have provision to reward farmers for ecosystem services at a nominal rate, e.g., US$50 ac–1 yr–1 (~US$123.46 ha–1 y–1), through a proposed “Soil Health Act” to further CA as a solution to climate change and other environmental issues. Restoring soil health through CA is a win-win option and a major contribution to mitigating future climate extremes and food security. Ninety years after the Dust Bowl we should not need reminding that agriculture’s job is to feed people without degrading the environment, not create chaotic catastrophic events due to poor utilization and resource management. Unfortunately, the recent I-55 dust storm catastrophe in central Illinois, United States, in May of 2023 did just that and caused the loss of 8 lives, hospitalization of 37 others, loss or damage to 72 vehicles, and triggered associated environmental degradation (figure 1). This disaster was caused by low April rainfall—roughly half of normal amounts—and high winds that blew across freshly tilled fields and lofted Don Reicosky is a retired soil scientist for USDA Agricultural Research Service, North Central Soil Conservation Research Laboratory, Morris, Minnesota, and adjunct professor in the Soil Science Department, University of Minnesota. Randall Reeder is a retired agricultural engineer for Ohio State University, serves as executive director of the Ohio No-till Council, and coordinates programs for the Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference in Ada, Ohio. Rattan Lal is a distinguished professor of soil science at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. David R. Montgomery is a professor of earth and space sciences at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. David Brandt, known as the “Godfather of Soil Health,” was a conservation farmer from Carroll, Ohio, who was recognized internationally as a leader in no-till, cover crops, soil health, and regenerative agriculture. Received June 19, 2023. loosened topsoil into the air. The tragedy captures one of the more visible unintended consequences of frequent intensive tillage when farmers plow in the fall, and till again one or two times before spring planting. Less visible consequenc","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"78 1","pages":"105A - 108A"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85628543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5958/2455-7145.2023.00006.1
P. Ray, Susmita Sarmah, K. K. Mourya, R. K. Jena, G. Sharma, S. Hota, R. Sharma, Bachaspati Das, S. Ray
{"title":"Assessment of water quality of the Brahmaputra river in India for irrigation purpose","authors":"P. Ray, Susmita Sarmah, K. K. Mourya, R. K. Jena, G. Sharma, S. Hota, R. Sharma, Bachaspati Das, S. Ray","doi":"10.5958/2455-7145.2023.00006.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/2455-7145.2023.00006.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89914788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J.C. Barnes, A.A. Dayer, A.R. Gramza, M. Sketch, A.M. Dwyer, R. Iovanna
The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), the largest private lands conservation program in the United States, has contributed substantially to the health of soil, water, and wildlife of the grasslands in the Great Plains of North America. However, the program’s limited-term contracts offer no guarantee that the vegetation and associated environmental benefits produced by the program will endure when landowners are no longer enrolled. Through a survey of landowners in the southern Great Plains with current or expired CRP contracts, this study explored the role of five pathways previously linked to behavioral persistence—cognitions, motivations, resources, social influences, and behavioral inertia—in grassland persistence after participation in CRP ends. Among landowners with current CRP contracts, intentions to persist with grassland in the future were correlated with positive program experiences, the perceived ease and desirability of keeping their CRP field in grass, and intrinsic motivations to improve the beauty of their field or its value for wildlife or livestock. Reported grassland persistence among landowners with expired CRP contracts was additionally correlated with motivations to improve their field’s soil and water conditions and the availability of natural and material resources. Across both landowner groups, grassland persistence was negatively associated with the importance of financial motivations in landowners’ decision-making and positively associated with normative influences related to how others manage former CRP land in the area. These insights into the drivers of postprogram landowner behavior provide support for the role of cognitive, motivational, social, resource, and behavioral pathways in the durability of grasslands established through CRP and open multiple programmatic and policy opportunities for promoting enduring benefits for the land, people, and wildlife of the Great Plains.
{"title":"Pathways to conservation persistence: Psychosocial drivers of durable grasslands following the Conservation Reserve Program","authors":"J.C. Barnes, A.A. Dayer, A.R. Gramza, M. Sketch, A.M. Dwyer, R. Iovanna","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.00215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.00215","url":null,"abstract":"The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), the largest private lands conservation program in the United States, has contributed substantially to the health of soil, water, and wildlife of the grasslands in the Great Plains of North America. However, the program’s limited-term contracts offer no guarantee that the vegetation and associated environmental benefits produced by the program will endure when landowners are no longer enrolled. Through a survey of landowners in the southern Great Plains with current or expired CRP contracts, this study explored the role of five pathways previously linked to behavioral persistence—cognitions, motivations, resources, social influences, and behavioral inertia—in grassland persistence after participation in CRP ends. Among landowners with current CRP contracts, intentions to persist with grassland in the future were correlated with positive program experiences, the perceived ease and desirability of keeping their CRP field in grass, and intrinsic motivations to improve the beauty of their field or its value for wildlife or livestock. Reported grassland persistence among landowners with expired CRP contracts was additionally correlated with motivations to improve their field’s soil and water conditions and the availability of natural and material resources. Across both landowner groups, grassland persistence was negatively associated with the importance of financial motivations in landowners’ decision-making and positively associated with normative influences related to how others manage former CRP land in the area. These insights into the drivers of postprogram landowner behavior provide support for the role of cognitive, motivational, social, resource, and behavioral pathways in the durability of grasslands established through CRP and open multiple programmatic and policy opportunities for promoting enduring benefits for the land, people, and wildlife of the Great Plains.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135711577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change will be the most consequential challenge to the global society and especially to agriculture in the coming decades. However, what does climate change have to do with environmental justice (EJ)? Is not EJ supposed to be about protecting disadvantaged communities from toxic chemicals?
{"title":"Environmental justice, climate change, and agriculture","authors":"A. Manale","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.0912A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.0912A","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change will be the most consequential challenge to the global society and especially to agriculture in the coming decades. However, what does climate change have to do with environmental justice (EJ)? Is not EJ supposed to be about protecting disadvantaged communities from toxic chemicals?","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"86 1","pages":"45A - 49A"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73393897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to intense droughts and water shortages, soil water deficit limits agricultural production in arid and semiarid areas, such as China’s Loess Plateau region. Yet the effects of different cover crops on soil water in these areas have received insufficient attention. This study was conducted in the Weibei rainfed highland to investigate soil water potential dynamics in an agroforestry ecosystem comprising winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and apple (Malus domestica) trees over the apple growth period (March to September of 2020). Soil water characteristic curves (SWCCs) of cropland topsoil (0 to 40 cm), orchard topsoil (0 to 40 cm), dark loessial subsoil (40 to 80 cm), and loess parent material (80 to 150 cm) were determined using the centrifuge method and water vapor equilibrium method. The van Genuchten model was used to fit SWCCs and then convert volumetric soil water content monitored in field plots to soil water potential. A quantitative analysis was conducted to evaluate soil water stress in wheat croplands and apple orchards. The model performed well in fitting SWCCs for all tested soils, yielding a robust accuracy (R2 > 0.96). Compared to apple trees, wheat was more threatened by drought. From mid-March to early July, the 0 to 100 cm soil layers of croplands all exhibited high water stress with matric suction pF > 3.98, and unavailable water occurred in the 0 to 20 cm and 0 to 80 cm soil layers in late March to late April and mid-May to mid-July, respectively. Drought threat in apple orchards increased with an increase in tree age. In young orchards (<10 y), high water stress was found only in surface soil layers (0 to 20 cm) in mid-March to late April and late May to early July, which spread to a depth of 70 cm in early June to early July. In mature orchards (10 to 20 y), high water stress was similarly observed in the surface soil layers in mid-March to early May and late May to early July, which extended to the 80 cm depth in late May to early July. In old orchards (>20 y), high water stress initially emerged in the surface soil layers in early April to mid-April and then reached the 70 cm depth in late May to mid-July, whereas unavailable water occurred in the 0 to 60 cm soil layers in mid-June to mid-July. The results indicated that soil water stress zones with low water potential were formed intermittently at different soil depths of apple orchards depending on tree age and growth stage. However, compared to wheat croplands, apple orchards were less influenced by drought stress, so that converting croplands to orchards could alleviate drought threats in the Weibei area.
{"title":"Analysis of soil water potential characteristics of wheat croplands and apple orchards in an agroforestry ecosystem based on the van Genuchten model","authors":"L. Zhang, Y. Wang","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.00038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.00038","url":null,"abstract":"Due to intense droughts and water shortages, soil water deficit limits agricultural production in arid and semiarid areas, such as China’s Loess Plateau region. Yet the effects of different cover crops on soil water in these areas have received insufficient attention. This study was conducted in the Weibei rainfed highland to investigate soil water potential dynamics in an agroforestry ecosystem comprising winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and apple (Malus domestica) trees over the apple growth period (March to September of 2020). Soil water characteristic curves (SWCCs) of cropland topsoil (0 to 40 cm), orchard topsoil (0 to 40 cm), dark loessial subsoil (40 to 80 cm), and loess parent material (80 to 150 cm) were determined using the centrifuge method and water vapor equilibrium method. The van Genuchten model was used to fit SWCCs and then convert volumetric soil water content monitored in field plots to soil water potential. A quantitative analysis was conducted to evaluate soil water stress in wheat croplands and apple orchards. The model performed well in fitting SWCCs for all tested soils, yielding a robust accuracy (R2 > 0.96). Compared to apple trees, wheat was more threatened by drought. From mid-March to early July, the 0 to 100 cm soil layers of croplands all exhibited high water stress with matric suction pF > 3.98, and unavailable water occurred in the 0 to 20 cm and 0 to 80 cm soil layers in late March to late April and mid-May to mid-July, respectively. Drought threat in apple orchards increased with an increase in tree age. In young orchards (<10 y), high water stress was found only in surface soil layers (0 to 20 cm) in mid-March to late April and late May to early July, which spread to a depth of 70 cm in early June to early July. In mature orchards (10 to 20 y), high water stress was similarly observed in the surface soil layers in mid-March to early May and late May to early July, which extended to the 80 cm depth in late May to early July. In old orchards (>20 y), high water stress initially emerged in the surface soil layers in early April to mid-April and then reached the 70 cm depth in late May to mid-July, whereas unavailable water occurred in the 0 to 60 cm soil layers in mid-June to mid-July. The results indicated that soil water stress zones with low water potential were formed intermittently at different soil depths of apple orchards depending on tree age and growth stage. However, compared to wheat croplands, apple orchards were less influenced by drought stress, so that converting croplands to orchards could alleviate drought threats in the Weibei area.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"42 1","pages":"33 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86549907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Kissel, J. Gaskin, Miguel L. Cabrera, Bert R. Bock, Rattan Lal
{"title":"Agriculture as part of the solution to climate change: Incentivizing the adoption of no-till and cover crops","authors":"D. Kissel, J. Gaskin, Miguel L. Cabrera, Bert R. Bock, Rattan Lal","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.0620a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.0620a","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"5 1","pages":"103A - 104A"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87312060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeffrey E. Herrick, Jonathan M. Maynard, Brandon T. Bestelmeyer, Chelsea J. Carey, Shawn W. Salley, Keith Shepherd, Zachary P. Stewart, Skye A. Wills, Feras M. Ziadat
{"title":"Practical guidance for deciding whether to account for soil variability when managing for land health, agricultural production, and climate resilience","authors":"Jeffrey E. Herrick, Jonathan M. Maynard, Brandon T. Bestelmeyer, Chelsea J. Carey, Shawn W. Salley, Keith Shepherd, Zachary P. Stewart, Skye A. Wills, Feras M. Ziadat","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.0706a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.0706a","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"141 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135712565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 4R Plus approach to agricultural nutrient management—ensuring that the “right source” of nutrients is used at the “right rate,” “right time,” in the “right place,” and combined with appropriate in-field and edge-of-field practices—is posited to lead to win-win outcomes for farmers and the environment. While industry and conservation organizations are promoting the approach, farmers have not yet adopted 4R Plus practices at rates sufficient to meet the state’s nutrient reduction goals. We employed multilevel modeling with survey data from 6,006 Iowa farmers to examine the complex relationships among individual- and county-level social, economic, and ecological factors associated with 4R Plus practice adoption. We found that adoption was associated with clusters of factors at both the individual and county levels. At the individual level, the variable crop area was positively associated with predicting use of all 4R Plus practices except Right Rate. Farmers’ perceived lack of agronomic capacity to address nutrient losses was negatively associated with use of all 4R Plus practices but the Right Source. At the county level, farmers in counties with a higher percentage of rented land were less likely to have adopted Right Time, Right Source, and Edge-of-Field practices. Those farming in counties with a greater average slope were more likely to adopt Plus practices, such as cover crops and terraces. County-level crop insurance coverage rate was negatively associated with In-Field and Edge-of-Field Plus practices. Overall, this study provides quantitative support for qualitative studies that call for conservation programs to simultaneously address factors operating at multiple scales to improve outcomes. Programs that combine local, direct assistance to farmers with broader efforts to remove structural barriers may be more likely to be effective at facilitating conservation adoption than those operating at one scale alone. Specific to 4R Plus programming, efforts that simultaneously help farmers address farm-level capacity barriers and improve policies and programs (e.g., crop insurance) to ensure encouragement rather than hindrance of practice adoption would likely lead to better environmental outcomes.
{"title":"Individual- and county-level factors associated with farmers’ use of 4R Plus nutrient management practices","authors":"J. G. Arbuckle, Lisa A. Schulte, S. Upadhaya","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.00002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.00002","url":null,"abstract":"The 4R Plus approach to agricultural nutrient management—ensuring that the “right source” of nutrients is used at the “right rate,” “right time,” in the “right place,” and combined with appropriate in-field and edge-of-field practices—is posited to lead to win-win outcomes for farmers and the environment. While industry and conservation organizations are promoting the approach, farmers have not yet adopted 4R Plus practices at rates sufficient to meet the state’s nutrient reduction goals. We employed multilevel modeling with survey data from 6,006 Iowa farmers to examine the complex relationships among individual- and county-level social, economic, and ecological factors associated with 4R Plus practice adoption. We found that adoption was associated with clusters of factors at both the individual and county levels. At the individual level, the variable crop area was positively associated with predicting use of all 4R Plus practices except Right Rate. Farmers’ perceived lack of agronomic capacity to address nutrient losses was negatively associated with use of all 4R Plus practices but the Right Source. At the county level, farmers in counties with a higher percentage of rented land were less likely to have adopted Right Time, Right Source, and Edge-of-Field practices. Those farming in counties with a greater average slope were more likely to adopt Plus practices, such as cover crops and terraces. County-level crop insurance coverage rate was negatively associated with In-Field and Edge-of-Field Plus practices. Overall, this study provides quantitative support for qualitative studies that call for conservation programs to simultaneously address factors operating at multiple scales to improve outcomes. Programs that combine local, direct assistance to farmers with broader efforts to remove structural barriers may be more likely to be effective at facilitating conservation adoption than those operating at one scale alone. Specific to 4R Plus programming, efforts that simultaneously help farmers address farm-level capacity barriers and improve policies and programs (e.g., crop insurance) to ensure encouragement rather than hindrance of practice adoption would likely lead to better environmental outcomes.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"47 1","pages":"412 - 429"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83251042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Moore, D. Manter, M. Bowman, M. Hunter, E. Bruner, S. McClelland
The US agricultural sector is proposed as one opportunity to contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions—reductions that are needed to limit atmospheric warming to be more in line with the US Nationally Determined Contribution to the Paris Agreement. Improved management of agricultural soils can both mitigate GHG emissions and increase carbon (C) sequestration, but disagreement exists regarding what levels of adoption are possible and to what extent they may mitigate net GHG emissions. In this paper, we provide a framework for setting reasonable, short-term conservation practice adoption targets and quantifying the associated net emissions reductions. Our framework was constructed using USDA-based publicly available inventory data and mitigation potentials from the COMET-Planner tool scaled to nine farm resource regions. The framework includes 2017 levels of conservation practice adoption and two 10-year growth scenarios: business-as-usual (BAU) and accelerated adoption rates. We evaluated six cropland management practices and practices associated with Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) establishment. Based on existing (2017) census data, we estimated that 134.2 million tonnes (Mt) carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) per year have been or continue to be reduced through the adoption of conservation management practices on a cumulative total of 133.5 million hectares (Mha) of cropland. Under the BAU scenario, we estimated an additional 6.2 Mha y−1 of adoption could result in a reduction potential of 48.7 Mt CO2e y−1. Under the accelerated scenario, we estimated an additional 13.1 Mha y−1 of adoption could result in a reduction potential of 118.5 Mt of CO2e y−1 over the next 10 years. This framework highlights three key outcomes: (1) agriculture has had a substantial impact on GHG mitigation through existing/historical adoption of six cropland management practices and conversion of lands to the CRP; (2) these shifts in adoption provide an important baseline to make future projections of changes in practice adoption given regional trends and the resulting GHG mitigation potentials; and (3) disaggregating national estimates to the farm resource region level can help to inform and prioritize programs and policies consistent with existing climate goals. Estimates reported here reflect the current state of national modeling efforts and agricultural inventory sources. As new data such as the pending 2022 Ag Census report and model enhancements are made, the framework we outline here can be used to revise and update the estimates to improve accuracy and applicability.
美国农业部门被提议为减少温室气体(GHG)排放做出贡献的一个机会——减少温室气体排放是限制大气变暖所必需的，以更符合美国对《巴黎协定》的国家自主贡献。改善农业土壤管理既可以减少温室气体排放，又可以增加碳(C)固存，但在可能采用何种水平以及在多大程度上可以减少温室气体净排放方面存在分歧。在本文中，我们提供了一个框架，以制定合理的，短期的保护实践采用目标和量化相关的净减排。我们的框架是使用基于美国农业部的公开库存数据和COMET-Planner工具的缓解潜力构建的，该工具扩展到9个农场资源区域。该框架包括2017年的保护实践采用水平和两个10年增长情景:一切照旧(BAU)和加速采用率。我们评估了6种与保护保护区计划(CRP)建立相关的农田管理实践。根据现有的(2017年)普查数据，我们估计，通过采取保护管理措施，每年已经或继续减少1.342亿吨二氧化碳当量(CO2e)，累计总数为1.335亿公顷(Mha)农田。在BAU情景下，我们估计额外的6.2 Mha / y - 1的采用可能导致4870 Mha / y - 1二氧化碳当量的减少潜力。在加速情景下，我们估计，在未来10年内，额外采用13.1 Mha y - 1可能导致减少1.185 mmt CO2e y - 1的潜力。该框架强调了三个关键成果:(1)通过现有/历史上采用的六种农田管理做法和将土地转为CRP，农业对温室气体减排产生了重大影响;(2)在考虑区域趋势和由此产生的温室气体减缓潜力的情况下，这些采用情况的变化为今后预测实践采用情况的变化提供了重要的基线;(3)将国家估计分解到农业资源区域水平，有助于为符合现有气候目标的计划和政策提供信息并确定优先次序。这里报告的估计数反映了国家建模工作和农业库存来源的现状。随着新数据(如即将发布的2022年农业人口普查报告和模型增强)的出现，我们在这里概述的框架可用于修改和更新估算，以提高准确性和适用性。
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