Vivian M. Wauters, K. Jarvis-Shean, Neal Williams, A. Hodson, B. Hanson, Steven C. Haring, Houston Wilson, A. Westphal, S. Solis, K. Daane, Jeffery Mitchell, A. Gaudin
Almond (Prunus amygdalus) orchard systems are highly productive and widespread in Mediterranean climates and dominate the California agricultural landscape. However, current intensive monocultural bare soil production practices limit the potential to support nonproduction functions (i.e., multifunctionality) and long-term sustainability of the orchard system (Aizen et al. 2019; Fenster et al. 2021). Managing orchards for multifunctional benefits includes maintaining ecologically and economically viable yields while prioritizing water quality, soil health, reduced input use, and support for biodiversity. Recent studies in almond demonstrate that diversification, including planted or spontaneous (resident) vegetation in orchard alleys, can improve multifunctionality by enhancing nonproduction functions in the orchard without reducing crop yield, thereby providing opportunities to enhance sustainability and resilience (Fenster et al. 2021; Morugán-Coronado et al. 2020).
杏仁(Prunus amygdalus)果园系统在地中海气候中高产且广泛分布，在加利福尼亚农业景观中占主导地位。然而，目前的集约化单一栽培裸土生产实践限制了支持果园系统非生产功能(即多功能)和长期可持续性的潜力(Aizen et al. 2019;Fenster et al. 2021)。果园管理的多功能效益包括保持生态和经济上可行的产量，同时优先考虑水质、土壤健康、减少投入使用和支持生物多样性。最近对杏仁的研究表明，多样化，包括果园小巷中的种植或自发(常驻)植被，可以通过增强果园的非生产功能而不降低作物产量来改善多功能，从而为提高可持续性和弹性提供机会(Fenster等人，2021;Morugán-Coronado et al. 2020)。
{"title":"Developing cover crop systems for California almonds: Current knowledge and uncertainties","authors":"Vivian M. Wauters, K. Jarvis-Shean, Neal Williams, A. Hodson, B. Hanson, Steven C. Haring, Houston Wilson, A. Westphal, S. Solis, K. Daane, Jeffery Mitchell, A. Gaudin","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.1109A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.1109A","url":null,"abstract":"Almond (Prunus amygdalus) orchard systems are highly productive and widespread in Mediterranean climates and dominate the California agricultural landscape. However, current intensive monocultural bare soil production practices limit the potential to support nonproduction functions (i.e., multifunctionality) and long-term sustainability of the orchard system (Aizen et al. 2019; Fenster et al. 2021). Managing orchards for multifunctional benefits includes maintaining ecologically and economically viable yields while prioritizing water quality, soil health, reduced input use, and support for biodiversity. Recent studies in almond demonstrate that diversification, including planted or spontaneous (resident) vegetation in orchard alleys, can improve multifunctionality by enhancing nonproduction functions in the orchard without reducing crop yield, thereby providing opportunities to enhance sustainability and resilience (Fenster et al. 2021; Morugán-Coronado et al. 2020).","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"8 1","pages":"5A - 11A"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78477014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Steiner, Xiaomao Lin, N. Cavallaro, G. Basso, G. Sassenrath
The effects of the atmosphere on climate, particularly the effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, have been studied and related to Earth’s temperature by physical and climate scientists since the 1800s (Fourier 1824; Arrhenius 1896). However, as industrialization rapidly increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, agriculturalists and conservationists were largely unaware of the link between fossil fuel emissions and warming in the atmosphere. Now, it is increasingly clear that the pace of climate change has been more rapid and societal impacts more severe than scientists projected.
{"title":"Climate change impacts on soil, water, and biodiversity conservation","authors":"J. Steiner, Xiaomao Lin, N. Cavallaro, G. Basso, G. Sassenrath","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.0208A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.0208A","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of the atmosphere on climate, particularly the effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, have been studied and related to Earth’s temperature by physical and climate scientists since the 1800s (Fourier 1824; Arrhenius 1896). However, as industrialization rapidly increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, agriculturalists and conservationists were largely unaware of the link between fossil fuel emissions and warming in the atmosphere. Now, it is increasingly clear that the pace of climate change has been more rapid and societal impacts more severe than scientists projected.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"37 1","pages":"27A - 32A"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88338581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Livestock production represents a significant (14.5%) source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A large share of the emissions from livestock production is due to enteric fermentation from ruminants, which produces methane (CH4), a potent GHG. Nevertheless, livestock production remains essential for nutrition, sustainability, and food security globally. In addition to atmospheric effects, CH4 emissions represent a direct loss of dietary energy from the animal. It is, therefore, imperative that solutions are developed and implemented to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions from ruminants. Methane is produced as a result of feed fermentation in the rumen, as carbohydrates are broken down to form energy in the form of volatile fatty acids, and carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) are produced as byproducts. Carbon dioxide and H2 are then utilized by methanogenic archaea to form CH4 via the hydrogenotrophic pathway. One proposed solution for mitigating enteric CH4 emissions are feed additives. Feed additives have the potential to decrease CH4 emissions while sustaining animal production parameters, the latter a necessary condition for incorporation as a regular part of the diet. To decrease CH4 emissions, feed additives can either directly or indirectly inhibit methanogenic archaea. Additives that directly inhibit methanogenesis include 3-nitrooxypropanol (3NOP) and halogenated CH4 analogs that naturally occur in some species of macroalgae. These additives work by interfering with the enzyme that catalyzes the final step of the methanogenesis pathway. Both 3NOP and halogenated CH4 analogs show great potential, demonstrating up to a 76% and 98% reduction in CH4 yield (g kg−1 dry matter intake), respectively. Nitrates (NO3−), ionophores, plant secondary compounds, and direct fed microbials are all feed additives that indirectly inhibit methanogenesis by altering the rumen environment, primarily through the reduction in substrate availability for methanogenic archaea. These additives, however, show more variability in their CH4 reduction potential (with the exception of NO3−) due to inconsistencies in composition. In order to present the most promising and immediate solutions to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions it is necessary to focus on recent advancements as feed additive research is rapidly evolving. Thus, this analysis aims to review feed additives with the potential to reduce enteric CH4 emissions that have been studied in vivo from 2018 to 2022.
畜牧业生产是人为温室气体(GHG)排放的一个重要来源(14.5%)。畜牧生产的大部分排放是由于反刍动物的肠道发酵产生的甲烷(CH4)，这是一种强效的温室气体。然而，畜牧业生产对全球营养、可持续性和粮食安全仍然至关重要。除大气效应外，甲烷排放还直接损失了动物的膳食能量。因此，制定和实施减少反刍动物肠道甲烷排放的解决方案势在必行。甲烷是饲料在瘤胃发酵的结果，碳水化合物被分解成挥发性脂肪酸形式的能量，二氧化碳(CO2)和氢(H2)作为副产物产生。然后，二氧化碳和H2被产甲烷的古菌利用，通过氢营养途径形成CH4。减少肠道CH4排放的一个建议解决方案是饲料添加剂。饲料添加剂有可能在维持动物生产参数的同时减少甲烷排放，后者是将其作为日粮常规组成部分的必要条件。为了减少甲烷排放，饲料添加剂可以直接或间接抑制产甲烷古菌。直接抑制甲烷生成的添加剂包括天然存在于某些大型藻类中的3-硝基氧丙醇(3NOP)和卤化CH4类似物。这些添加剂通过干扰催化甲烷生成途径最后一步的酶而起作用。3NOP和卤化CH4类似物都显示出巨大的潜力，CH4产率(g kg - 1干物质摄入量)分别降低76%和98%。硝酸盐(NO3−)、离子载体、植物次生化合物和直接饲喂的微生物都是通过改变瘤胃环境间接抑制甲烷生成的饲料添加剂，主要是通过降低产甲烷古菌的底物利用率。然而，由于组成的不一致，这些添加剂在CH4还原潜力上表现出更多的可变性(NO3−除外)。为了提出最有希望和最直接的解决方案来减少肠道甲烷排放，有必要关注饲料添加剂研究的最新进展，因为饲料添加剂研究正在迅速发展。因此，本分析旨在回顾2018年至2022年在体内研究的具有减少肠道CH4排放潜力的饲料添加剂。
{"title":"Recent advances in feed additives with the potential to mitigate enteric methane emissions from ruminant livestock","authors":"L. Kelly, E. Kebreab","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.00070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.00070","url":null,"abstract":"Livestock production represents a significant (14.5%) source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A large share of the emissions from livestock production is due to enteric fermentation from ruminants, which produces methane (CH4), a potent GHG. Nevertheless, livestock production remains essential for nutrition, sustainability, and food security globally. In addition to atmospheric effects, CH4 emissions represent a direct loss of dietary energy from the animal. It is, therefore, imperative that solutions are developed and implemented to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions from ruminants. Methane is produced as a result of feed fermentation in the rumen, as carbohydrates are broken down to form energy in the form of volatile fatty acids, and carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) are produced as byproducts. Carbon dioxide and H2 are then utilized by methanogenic archaea to form CH4 via the hydrogenotrophic pathway. One proposed solution for mitigating enteric CH4 emissions are feed additives. Feed additives have the potential to decrease CH4 emissions while sustaining animal production parameters, the latter a necessary condition for incorporation as a regular part of the diet. To decrease CH4 emissions, feed additives can either directly or indirectly inhibit methanogenic archaea. Additives that directly inhibit methanogenesis include 3-nitrooxypropanol (3NOP) and halogenated CH4 analogs that naturally occur in some species of macroalgae. These additives work by interfering with the enzyme that catalyzes the final step of the methanogenesis pathway. Both 3NOP and halogenated CH4 analogs show great potential, demonstrating up to a 76% and 98% reduction in CH4 yield (g kg−1 dry matter intake), respectively. Nitrates (NO3−), ionophores, plant secondary compounds, and direct fed microbials are all feed additives that indirectly inhibit methanogenesis by altering the rumen environment, primarily through the reduction in substrate availability for methanogenic archaea. These additives, however, show more variability in their CH4 reduction potential (with the exception of NO3−) due to inconsistencies in composition. In order to present the most promising and immediate solutions to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions it is necessary to focus on recent advancements as feed additive research is rapidly evolving. Thus, this analysis aims to review feed additives with the potential to reduce enteric CH4 emissions that have been studied in vivo from 2018 to 2022.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"126 1","pages":"111 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87750322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Elias, T. Tsegaye, C. Hapeman, K. Mankin, P. Kleinman, M. Cosh, D. Peck, A. Coffin, David Archer, J. Alfieri, Martha Anderson, C. Baffaut, John M. Baker, R. Bingner, D. Bjorneberg, R. Bryant, Feng Gao, Suduan Gao, P. Heilman, K. Knipper, W. Kustas, A. Leytem, Martin Locke, Gregory McCarty, A. McElrone, G. Moglen, D. Moriasi, S. O'Shaughnessy, M. Reba, P. Rice, Noah Silber-Coats, Dong Wang, Michael White, J. Dobrowolski
Emile Elias, Teferi Tsegaye, Cathleen Hapeman, Kyle Mankin, Peter Kleinman, Michael H. Cosh, Dannele Peck, Alisa Coffin, David Archer, Joseph Alfieri, Martha Anderson, Claire Baffaut, John M. Baker, Ronald Bingner, David Bjorneberg, Ray B. Bryant, Feng Gao, Suduan Gao, Philip Heilman, Kyle Knipper, William Kustas, April Leytem, Martin Locke, Gregory McCarty, Andrew J. McElrone, Glenn E. Moglen, Daniel Moriasi, Susan O'Shaughnessy, Michele L. Reba, Pamela Rice, Noah Silber-Coats, Dong Wang, Michael White, and James Dobrowolski A vision for integrated, collaborative solutions to critical water and food challenges
{"title":"A vision for integrated, collaborative solutions to critical water and food challenges","authors":"E. Elias, T. Tsegaye, C. Hapeman, K. Mankin, P. Kleinman, M. Cosh, D. Peck, A. Coffin, David Archer, J. Alfieri, Martha Anderson, C. Baffaut, John M. Baker, R. Bingner, D. Bjorneberg, R. Bryant, Feng Gao, Suduan Gao, P. Heilman, K. Knipper, W. Kustas, A. Leytem, Martin Locke, Gregory McCarty, A. McElrone, G. Moglen, D. Moriasi, S. O'Shaughnessy, M. Reba, P. Rice, Noah Silber-Coats, Dong Wang, Michael White, J. Dobrowolski","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.1220A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.1220A","url":null,"abstract":"Emile Elias, Teferi Tsegaye, Cathleen Hapeman, Kyle Mankin, Peter Kleinman, Michael H. Cosh, Dannele Peck, Alisa Coffin, David Archer, Joseph Alfieri, Martha Anderson, Claire Baffaut, John M. Baker, Ronald Bingner, David Bjorneberg, Ray B. Bryant, Feng Gao, Suduan Gao, Philip Heilman, Kyle Knipper, William Kustas, April Leytem, Martin Locke, Gregory McCarty, Andrew J. McElrone, Glenn E. Moglen, Daniel Moriasi, Susan O'Shaughnessy, Michele L. Reba, Pamela Rice, Noah Silber-Coats, Dong Wang, Michael White, and James Dobrowolski A vision for integrated, collaborative solutions to critical water and food challenges","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"39 1","pages":"63A - 68A"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86209777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Gholamrezai, H. Azadi, F. Karamian, E. Khosravi, S. M. Moghaddam, I. Goli, J. Scheffran
Smart meters have been promoted around the world as a way to support smart farming, sustainable water resource management, and increased crop productivity. Despite this promotion, farmers, particularly small-scale farmers, are not widely adopting smart meter installation. Therefore, this study employed Q-methodology to examine farmers’ perceptions from Islamabad-e-Gharb township (Kermanshah Province, Iran) toward smart meter installation on agricultural water wells. This research is a semiqualitative study, and for this reason, 21 participants were selected through a purposeful sampling method. Based on the results of Q-factor analysis, farmers’ perceptions toward the installation of the meter were categorized as three heuristic patterns including the utility of smart meter installation (variance = 34%, eigenvalue = 7.08), social and cultural inefficiency of installing smart meters (variance = 32%, eigenvalue = 6.74), and reducing income from agriculture (variance = 4.15%, eigenvalue = 19.76). Installing a smart meter (21: +4), and, indeed, pricing irrigation water are considered as management solutions for sustainable water resources management (2: +3). This number (21: +4) means, for example, people with this item (21) in the first group should pay attention to the water conservation implementation plans. Most farmers had the same opinion regarding the items such as the high cost of providing smart meters and the compulsory change from traditional to mechanized irrigation. Therefore, farmers have a common perception of the sustainable management of water resources and role of smart meters. Despite water scarcity, farmers feel they have no right to demand more water as it would mean less water for others, which would be against the principles of sustainable water management. Identifying these different perceptions can directly affect policy-making in the area of smart meter agricultural water wells. It could create policies for each one, thereby, increasing the impact of extension and reducing costs.
{"title":"Smart control of agricultural water wells in western Iran: Application of the Q-methodology","authors":"S. Gholamrezai, H. Azadi, F. Karamian, E. Khosravi, S. M. Moghaddam, I. Goli, J. Scheffran","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.00066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.00066","url":null,"abstract":"Smart meters have been promoted around the world as a way to support smart farming, sustainable water resource management, and increased crop productivity. Despite this promotion, farmers, particularly small-scale farmers, are not widely adopting smart meter installation. Therefore, this study employed Q-methodology to examine farmers’ perceptions from Islamabad-e-Gharb township (Kermanshah Province, Iran) toward smart meter installation on agricultural water wells. This research is a semiqualitative study, and for this reason, 21 participants were selected through a purposeful sampling method. Based on the results of Q-factor analysis, farmers’ perceptions toward the installation of the meter were categorized as three heuristic patterns including the utility of smart meter installation (variance = 34%, eigenvalue = 7.08), social and cultural inefficiency of installing smart meters (variance = 32%, eigenvalue = 6.74), and reducing income from agriculture (variance = 4.15%, eigenvalue = 19.76). Installing a smart meter (21: +4), and, indeed, pricing irrigation water are considered as management solutions for sustainable water resources management (2: +3). This number (21: +4) means, for example, people with this item (21) in the first group should pay attention to the water conservation implementation plans. Most farmers had the same opinion regarding the items such as the high cost of providing smart meters and the compulsory change from traditional to mechanized irrigation. Therefore, farmers have a common perception of the sustainable management of water resources and role of smart meters. Despite water scarcity, farmers feel they have no right to demand more water as it would mean less water for others, which would be against the principles of sustainable water management. Identifying these different perceptions can directly affect policy-making in the area of smart meter agricultural water wells. It could create policies for each one, thereby, increasing the impact of extension and reducing costs.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"33 1","pages":"58 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90302028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Kutos, E. Stricker, A. Cooper, R. Ryals, J. Creque, M. Machmuller, M. Kroegar, W. Silver
Rangelands contain 20% of global soil carbon (C). Past management of rangelands has resulted in significant losses of soil C, threatening the long-term productivity and sustainability of these ecosystems. Compost amendments have been proposed as a means to increase soil C sequestration while providing important cobenefits to rangeland ecosystems and land managers. Here, we review the literature on the effects of compost amendments on soil and plant characteristics and rates of soil C storage. We extracted values related to biological, physical, and chemical responses to compost applications in rangelands in eight countries and on five continents. Studies reported both short (<1 y) and long-term (>12 y) effects with compost types derived from green waste, food waste, manure, and biosolids. Generally, we found that compost amendments improved aboveground production by >40%, and belowground C content by 50%. Further benefits of compost additions included increasing aggregate stability (~42%), water retention (~18%), nutrient availability (~37% and 126% for nitrogen [N] and phosphorus [P], respectively), as well as generally reducing erosion but with high variability. We found little to no effect of compost amendments on plant diversity and very few studies investigated effects on soil microbial community and function. Both field and modeling studies demonstrated that the changes in soil C from compost amendments can result in long-term C storage. Overall, results suggest that compost amendments may contribute to rangeland resilience to climate change with the additional benefit of climate mitigation via soil C sequestration.
{"title":"Compost amendment to enhance carbon sequestration in rangelands","authors":"S. Kutos, E. Stricker, A. Cooper, R. Ryals, J. Creque, M. Machmuller, M. Kroegar, W. Silver","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.00072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.00072","url":null,"abstract":"Rangelands contain 20% of global soil carbon (C). Past management of rangelands has resulted in significant losses of soil C, threatening the long-term productivity and sustainability of these ecosystems. Compost amendments have been proposed as a means to increase soil C sequestration while providing important cobenefits to rangeland ecosystems and land managers. Here, we review the literature on the effects of compost amendments on soil and plant characteristics and rates of soil C storage. We extracted values related to biological, physical, and chemical responses to compost applications in rangelands in eight countries and on five continents. Studies reported both short (<1 y) and long-term (>12 y) effects with compost types derived from green waste, food waste, manure, and biosolids. Generally, we found that compost amendments improved aboveground production by >40%, and belowground C content by 50%. Further benefits of compost additions included increasing aggregate stability (~42%), water retention (~18%), nutrient availability (~37% and 126% for nitrogen [N] and phosphorus [P], respectively), as well as generally reducing erosion but with high variability. We found little to no effect of compost amendments on plant diversity and very few studies investigated effects on soil microbial community and function. Both field and modeling studies demonstrated that the changes in soil C from compost amendments can result in long-term C storage. Overall, results suggest that compost amendments may contribute to rangeland resilience to climate change with the additional benefit of climate mitigation via soil C sequestration.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"49 1","pages":"163 - 177"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90231058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Irrigation consumes the largest share of freshwater resources, but is a necessary practice to boost agricultural output to meet increasing global demand for food and fiber. Irrigation not only impacts water quantity but can also degrade water quality. Research efforts have explored various aspects of irrigation efficiency and irrigated crop productivity, but few studies have examined how different crops collectively modulate water utilization and water quality at the watershed scale. The objective of this study was to determine how the fractions of evapotranspiration (fET) water ascribed to major crops impact water quantity and quality in irrigation return flow. In this study, long-term water quantity and quality monitoring data, collected as part of the Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP), combined with crop and evapotranspiration (ET) modeling products, were used to build relationships between water quantity and quality metrics and fET associated with major crops during the first 15 years of the CEAP Twin Falls irrigation project. Results suggest that subwatershed size and subsurface flow contribution in regional drainage tunnels influenced the observed hydrologic patterns and led to two distinct groups. Subwatersheds in group 1 were large, typically included subsurface drain tunnels, and had high return flow volumes and low sediment concentration, while those in group 2 were smaller in size, had low return flow volumes, and high sediment concentration. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that spring and summer irrigation return flow volumes normalized by subwatershed area increased as a function of fET of potato (Solanum tuberosum) in group 1 (regression coefficients [coef.] = 4.42 in spring and 1.54 in summer) but were inversely associated with small grains in the fall (coef. = −1.67 and −0.60 in groups 1 and 2). Spring sediment concentration had negative regression coefficients with fET of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) (coef. = −911.00) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) + pasture crops (coef. = −424.85) in group 2. When statistically significant, a negative association was found between phosphorus (P) load per return flow volume and fET of alfalfa + pasture (coef. = −0.68 to −1.07), corn (Zea mays) (coef. = −0.64 to −0.89), dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) (coef. = −1.25 to −1.87), and sugar beet (coef. = −1.54 to −2.83) across aggregation periods and subwatershed groups. Nitrate (NO3-N) load per return flow volume was negatively associated with potato and corn fET in group 1 especially during the spring (coef. = −31.13 for potato and −9.60 for corn) and fall (coef. = −14.54 for potato and −4.43 for corn) months but positively associated with dry beans (coef. = 4.87) over the irrigation season. While direct cause and effect were not established with this analysis, results from this study provide valuable information about various crop production systems that may impact observed hydrologi
{"title":"Patterns and associations between dominant crop productions and water quality in an irrigated watershed","authors":"S.K. Nouwakpo, D.L. Bjorneberg, C.W. Rogers","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.00176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.00176","url":null,"abstract":"Irrigation consumes the largest share of freshwater resources, but is a necessary practice to boost agricultural output to meet increasing global demand for food and fiber. Irrigation not only impacts water quantity but can also degrade water quality. Research efforts have explored various aspects of irrigation efficiency and irrigated crop productivity, but few studies have examined how different crops collectively modulate water utilization and water quality at the watershed scale. The objective of this study was to determine how the fractions of evapotranspiration (fET) water ascribed to major crops impact water quantity and quality in irrigation return flow. In this study, long-term water quantity and quality monitoring data, collected as part of the Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP), combined with crop and evapotranspiration (ET) modeling products, were used to build relationships between water quantity and quality metrics and fET associated with major crops during the first 15 years of the CEAP Twin Falls irrigation project. Results suggest that subwatershed size and subsurface flow contribution in regional drainage tunnels influenced the observed hydrologic patterns and led to two distinct groups. Subwatersheds in group 1 were large, typically included subsurface drain tunnels, and had high return flow volumes and low sediment concentration, while those in group 2 were smaller in size, had low return flow volumes, and high sediment concentration. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that spring and summer irrigation return flow volumes normalized by subwatershed area increased as a function of fET of potato (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i>) in group 1 (regression coefficients [coef.] = 4.42 in spring and 1.54 in summer) but were inversely associated with small grains in the fall (coef. = −1.67 and −0.60 in groups 1 and 2). Spring sediment concentration had negative regression coefficients with fET of sugar beet (<i>Beta vulgaris</i>) (coef. = −911.00) and alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i>) + pasture crops (coef. = −424.85) in group 2. When statistically significant, a negative association was found between phosphorus (P) load per return flow volume and fET of alfalfa + pasture (coef. = −0.68 to −1.07), corn (<i>Zea mays</i>) (coef. = −0.64 to −0.89), dry beans (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>) (coef. = −1.25 to −1.87), and sugar beet (coef. = −1.54 to −2.83) across aggregation periods and subwatershed groups. Nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub>-N) load per return flow volume was negatively associated with potato and corn fET in group 1 especially during the spring (coef. = −31.13 for potato and −9.60 for corn) and fall (coef. = −14.54 for potato and −4.43 for corn) months but positively associated with dry beans (coef. = 4.87) over the irrigation season. While direct cause and effect were not established with this analysis, results from this study provide valuable information about various crop production systems that may impact observed hydrologi","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135711768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Boardman, B. Evans, D. Favis-Mortlock, I. Foster, K. Vandaele
M any so-called new developments in soil erosion research are in fact “evolutionary” in character— they are built on research foundations established during past decades. We need look no further than Hugh Hammond Bennett’s (1939) Soil Conservation to realize that we stand on the shoulders of giants. However, the significance of concepts such as “connectivity” has changed as perspectives have shifted during the last 50 years, from the experimental plot and field to the catchment (Boardman et al. 2022). Also, increased technical expertise in computing, geographic information systems (GIS), and remote sensing has certainly opened new possibilities. In this short personal perspective, we aim to review new developments from a European viewpoint. We start by noting that soil erosion research in Europe is firmly rooted in geomorphology, in contrast to the mainly agronomic foundations of North American erosion research.
任何所谓的土壤侵蚀研究的新发展实际上都是“进化的”——它们建立在过去几十年建立的研究基础之上。只要看看休·哈蒙德·班尼特(Hugh Hammond Bennett, 1939)的《土壤保护》(Soil Conservation)，我们就会意识到，我们站在巨人的肩膀上。然而，“连通性”等概念的重要性在过去50年中随着视角的转变而发生了变化，从试验田和田野转移到集水区(Boardman et al. 2022)。此外，计算机、地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感方面技术专长的增加无疑开辟了新的可能性。在这个简短的个人观点中，我们的目标是从欧洲的角度来回顾新的发展。我们首先注意到，欧洲的土壤侵蚀研究牢牢扎根于地貌学，而北美的土壤侵蚀研究则主要以农艺为基础。
{"title":"Progress in soil erosion research: A European perspective","authors":"J. Boardman, B. Evans, D. Favis-Mortlock, I. Foster, K. Vandaele","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.0223A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.0223A","url":null,"abstract":"M any so-called new developments in soil erosion research are in fact “evolutionary” in character— they are built on research foundations established during past decades. We need look no further than Hugh Hammond Bennett’s (1939) Soil Conservation to realize that we stand on the shoulders of giants. However, the significance of concepts such as “connectivity” has changed as perspectives have shifted during the last 50 years, from the experimental plot and field to the catchment (Boardman et al. 2022). Also, increased technical expertise in computing, geographic information systems (GIS), and remote sensing has certainly opened new possibilities. In this short personal perspective, we aim to review new developments from a European viewpoint. We start by noting that soil erosion research in Europe is firmly rooted in geomorphology, in contrast to the mainly agronomic foundations of North American erosion research.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"14 1","pages":"69A - 74A"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74215524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5958/2455-7145.2023.00009.7
Prashant Singh, A. Mishra, Smita Jaiswal, Love Kumar, Amit Kumar
{"title":"Comparison of the performances of SALTCALC and LEACHMOD models for simulating the drainage and soil salinity conditions","authors":"Prashant Singh, A. Mishra, Smita Jaiswal, Love Kumar, Amit Kumar","doi":"10.5958/2455-7145.2023.00009.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/2455-7145.2023.00009.7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75999908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O ne of the largest concentrations of acid sulfate soils in the world is found in the Vietnam Mekong River Delta, a large low-lying river plain scarcely above sea level, covering 1.6 million ha (4.0 million ac; figure 1) (van Mensvoort 1996; Vietnam Ministry of Agriculture 1978; Huu et al. 2022). Acid sulfate soils have high concentrations of aluminum (Al), sulfates (SO4 2–), and iron (Fe), and when drained produce sulfuric acid (H2SO4) that reduces soil pH below 4 (van Mensvoort 1996; Huu et al. 2022). These metals accumulate in the topsoil during the tropical dry season and are toxic to plant root growth and development and suppress yields making them some of the most difficult soils in which to grow agricultural crops. Yet, the Vietnam Mekong Delta produces 50% of Vietnam’s rice crop; 95% of rice exports; 65% of aquaculture production; 60% of exported fish; and 70% of the country’s fruit production (Loc et al. 2021). One of the keys to acid sulfate soil productivity is water-soil adaptive management that maintains crop-specific balance between reducing and oxidizing conditions in the plant rootzone at critical vegetative, bloom, and fruit development stages (Hanhart et al. 1997). More than 50 years ago vast areas of this delta were covered permanently by wetlands, brackish lagoons, tidal marshes, and mangrove forests. The prevailing winds of the southwest monsoon season brought predictable continuous heavy rains, a consistent 20-fold increase in Mekong River discharge and extensive prolonged flooding inundating lowlands for months (Adamson et al. 2009; Taylor 2014; Ngan et al. 2018). The monsoon is followed by a dry season when the rains stop and farmers adapt their cropping systems by growing flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in the wet season and digging ditches and canals to drain the floodwater and convey fresh water from the Mekong (Song Tien) Lois Wright Morton is professor emeritus of rural sociology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States. Nghia Khoi Nguyen is associate professor in soil and environmental microbiology, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam. M. Scott Demyan is associate professor of soil and environmental mineralogy, School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States. Received March 21, 2023. and Bassac (Song Hau) rivers and their tributaries to their fields for dry season crop irrigation. A changing climate—sea level rise, a stronger and increasingly variable SW monsoon, and more frequent and prolonged drought (Adamson et al. 2009)—in concert with amplified tidal effects and saltwater intrusion reaching 50 to 130 km (31 to 81 mi) upstream into the main rivers since February of 2020 threaten freshwater resources (Loc et al. 2021; World Bank 2022). A growing population, land use decisions, saline soils, loss of mangrove coastal protection,
世界上酸性硫酸盐土壤浓度最高的地区之一是越南湄公河三角洲，这是一个几乎不高于海平面的大型低洼河流平原，占地160万公顷(400万英亩)。图1)(van Mensvoort 1996;越南农业部1978;Huu et al. 2022)。酸性硫酸盐土壤含有高浓度的铝(Al)、硫酸盐(SO4 2 -)和铁(Fe)，排干时会产生硫酸(H2SO4)，使土壤pH值降至4以下(van Mensvoort 1996;Huu et al. 2022)。这些金属在热带干旱季节积聚在表层土壤中，对植物根系的生长和发育有害，并抑制产量，使其成为最难种植农作物的土壤之一。然而，越南湄公河三角洲生产了越南50%的水稻作物;95%的大米出口;水产养殖产量的65%;60%的出口鱼类;占该国水果产量的70% (Loc等人，2021年)。酸性硫酸盐土壤生产力的关键之一是水-土壤适应性管理，在关键的营养、开花和果实发育阶段，维持植物根区还原性和氧化性条件之间的作物特异性平衡(Hanhart等人，1997)。50多年前，这个三角洲的大片地区被湿地、咸淡泻湖、潮汐沼泽和红树林永久覆盖。西南季风季节的盛行风带来了可预测的持续暴雨，湄公河流量持续增加20倍，洪水淹没低地数月(Adamson et al. 2009;泰勒2014年;Ngan et al. 2018)。季风过后是旱季，这时雨水停止，农民调整他们的种植制度，在雨季种植洪水水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种，并挖掘沟渠和运河以排出洪水并从湄公河输送淡水(Song Tien)。Lois Wright Morton是美国爱荷华州艾姆斯市爱荷华州立大学农业与生命科学学院、社会与刑事司法系农村社会学名誉教授。Nghia Khoi Nguyen，越南芹苴市芹苴大学农学院土壤与环境微生物学副教授。M. Scott Demyan，美国俄亥俄州哥伦布市俄亥俄州立大学环境与自然资源学院土壤与环境矿物学副教授。收于2023年3月21日。和巴塞河(宋口河)及其支流到他们的田地用于旱季作物灌溉。不断变化的气候——海平面上升、更强且日益变化的西南季风、更频繁和更长时间的干旱(Adamson等人，2009年)——再加上潮汐效应的放大，以及自2020年2月以来流入主要河流上游50至130公里(31至81英里)的盐水入侵，威胁着淡水资源(Loc等人，2021年;世界银行(2022)。不断增长的人口、土地利用决策、盐碱地、红树林海岸保护丧失、湿地退化、上游水坝影响的水和沉积物流动动态以及河流沉积物的开采，都对三角洲农业继续提供丰富的食物和营养的能力构成挑战。图1越南湄公河三角洲盐碱地和酸性硫酸盐土壤地图。越南湄公河三角洲半岛的盐渍土壤以深紫色(沿海红树林土壤)和两种淡紫色为代表:强盐渍土壤和中度和轻度盐渍土壤(淡紫色)。酸性硫酸盐土壤以蓝色阴影表示，深蓝色的盐影响潜在的酸性硫酸盐土壤，其中盐水入侵到达淡水区域;中蓝色强酸性硫酸盐土壤;浅蓝色，中度和轻度硫酸盐土壤。冲积土(绿色)、灰色退化土和源自旧冲积土的灰色退化gleyic土(非常浅绿色)分布在湄公河主河和巴萨克河及其支流沿线。1:1,000,000规模。图片由越南农业部提供(1978年)。
{"title":"Salinity and acid sulfate soils of the Vietnam Mekong Delta: Agricultural management and adaptation","authors":"L. Morton, N. Nguyen, M. S. Demyan","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.0321A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.0321A","url":null,"abstract":"O ne of the largest concentrations of acid sulfate soils in the world is found in the Vietnam Mekong River Delta, a large low-lying river plain scarcely above sea level, covering 1.6 million ha (4.0 million ac; figure 1) (van Mensvoort 1996; Vietnam Ministry of Agriculture 1978; Huu et al. 2022). Acid sulfate soils have high concentrations of aluminum (Al), sulfates (SO4 2–), and iron (Fe), and when drained produce sulfuric acid (H2SO4) that reduces soil pH below 4 (van Mensvoort 1996; Huu et al. 2022). These metals accumulate in the topsoil during the tropical dry season and are toxic to plant root growth and development and suppress yields making them some of the most difficult soils in which to grow agricultural crops. Yet, the Vietnam Mekong Delta produces 50% of Vietnam’s rice crop; 95% of rice exports; 65% of aquaculture production; 60% of exported fish; and 70% of the country’s fruit production (Loc et al. 2021). One of the keys to acid sulfate soil productivity is water-soil adaptive management that maintains crop-specific balance between reducing and oxidizing conditions in the plant rootzone at critical vegetative, bloom, and fruit development stages (Hanhart et al. 1997). More than 50 years ago vast areas of this delta were covered permanently by wetlands, brackish lagoons, tidal marshes, and mangrove forests. The prevailing winds of the southwest monsoon season brought predictable continuous heavy rains, a consistent 20-fold increase in Mekong River discharge and extensive prolonged flooding inundating lowlands for months (Adamson et al. 2009; Taylor 2014; Ngan et al. 2018). The monsoon is followed by a dry season when the rains stop and farmers adapt their cropping systems by growing flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in the wet season and digging ditches and canals to drain the floodwater and convey fresh water from the Mekong (Song Tien) Lois Wright Morton is professor emeritus of rural sociology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States. Nghia Khoi Nguyen is associate professor in soil and environmental microbiology, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam. M. Scott Demyan is associate professor of soil and environmental mineralogy, School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States. Received March 21, 2023. and Bassac (Song Hau) rivers and their tributaries to their fields for dry season crop irrigation. A changing climate—sea level rise, a stronger and increasingly variable SW monsoon, and more frequent and prolonged drought (Adamson et al. 2009)—in concert with amplified tidal effects and saltwater intrusion reaching 50 to 130 km (31 to 81 mi) upstream into the main rivers since February of 2020 threaten freshwater resources (Loc et al. 2021; World Bank 2022). A growing population, land use decisions, saline soils, loss of mangrove coastal protection, ","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"66 1","pages":"85A - 92A"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76287142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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