S outh Asia (SA), a subcontinent, is the world's most densely populated region. It consists of nine countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka (figure 1). Myanmar and Tibet are also sometimes included in the SA region but won’t be included in this article. SA is a region with common geography, history, culture, language, and religions. The SA region has the world’s highest mountain ecosystem, the Himalayas, also called the Third Pole (Chaudhary et al. 2023). It also faces serious challenges of ecological degradation, which transcend beyond political boundaries and jeopardize global peace and political stability. Important among these issues are climate change, food and nutrition insecurity, soil degradation/pollution along with extinct/endangered and peak soils, water scarcity, and eutrophication, which exacerbate the flood-drought syndrome. The latter is aggravated by denudation of the landscape, excessive grazing, and deforestation of ecologically sensitive ecoregions. Additionally, pollution of air quality is aggravated by in-field burning of crop residues and attendant emission of soot and greenhouse gases, which create positive feedbacks to global warming. Ecological degradation in SA, a complex issue, is driven by a wide range of interacting factors, including rapid population growth, urbanization, industrialization, rapid deforestation, economic growth, poverty, and a high dependence on natural resources (Sultana et al. 2022; EFSAS 2021; Chaudhary et al. 2023; Ajmal 2023). These degradation processes perpetuate the threats of undernutrition and malnutrition as well as decline in human health and well-being to a large proportion of the population. They also increase risks of political instability, civil strife, soil/climate refugees, and war among nations of the SA region (figure 2). Indeed, soil and ecological degradation is the common enemy of Rattan Lal is a distinguished university professor of soil science and is director of the CFAES Rattan Lal Center for Carbon Management and Sequestration, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Received March 27, 2023. all countries in SA, and they must cooperate, work together, and effectively address this menace. Thus, the objective of this article is to describe the common and hideous enemy of SA: soil and ecological degradation with its cascading adverse effects leading to human suffering; poverty; environmental pollution; global warming; political instability at local, regional, and global levels; and hostilities among neighboring countries. The specific hypothesis of the article is that restoring degraded soils and the polluted environment is critical to achieving human well-being and accomplishing lasting peace and harmony in SA.
南亚(SA)是一个次大陆，是世界上人口最稠密的地区。它由9个国家组成:阿富汗、孟加拉国、不丹、印度、伊朗、马尔代夫、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦和斯里兰卡(图1)。缅甸和西藏有时也被包括在南亚地区，但本文不包括在内。SA是一个拥有共同地理、历史、文化、语言和宗教的地区。南亚地区拥有世界上最高的山地生态系统，喜马拉雅山，也被称为第三极(Chaudhary et al. 2023)。中国还面临着超越政治边界、危及世界和平与政治稳定的生态退化的严峻挑战。其中重要的问题是气候变化、粮食和营养不安全、土壤退化/污染以及已灭绝/濒危和峰值土壤、水资源短缺和富营养化，这些问题加剧了水旱综合征。后者因景观的剥蚀、过度放牧和生态敏感地区的森林砍伐而加剧。此外，农田内焚烧农作物秸秆以及随之而来的烟尘和温室气体排放加剧了空气质量污染，这对全球变暖产生了正反馈。南亚的生态退化是一个复杂的问题，受到多种相互作用因素的驱动，包括人口快速增长、城市化、工业化、快速砍伐森林、经济增长、贫困和对自然资源的高度依赖(Sultana et al. 2022;欧洲食品安全署2021;Chaudhary et al. 2023;Ajmal 2023)。这些退化过程使营养不足和营养不良的威胁持续存在，并使很大一部分人口的健康和福祉下降。它们还增加了政治不稳定、内乱、土壤/气候难民和SA地区国家之间战争的风险(图2)。事实上，土壤和生态退化是Rattan Lal的共同敌人。Rattan Lal是俄亥俄州哥伦布市俄亥俄州立大学著名的土壤科学教授，也是CFAES Rattan Lal碳管理和碳吸收中心的主任。收于2023年3月27日。南非所有国家，他们必须合作，共同努力，有效地应对这一威胁。因此，本文的目的是描述森林退化的共同和可怕的敌人:土壤和生态退化及其连锁反应导致人类苦难;贫困;环境污染;全球变暖;地方、区域和全球各级的政治不稳定;邻国之间的敌对。文章的具体假设是，恢复退化的土壤和污染的环境对于实现人类福祉和实现SA的持久和平与和谐至关重要。
{"title":"Restoring South Asia’s degraded soils and ecosystems for peace and prosperity","authors":"Rattan Lal","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.0327A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.0327A","url":null,"abstract":"S outh Asia (SA), a subcontinent, is the world's most densely populated region. It consists of nine countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka (figure 1). Myanmar and Tibet are also sometimes included in the SA region but won’t be included in this article. SA is a region with common geography, history, culture, language, and religions. The SA region has the world’s highest mountain ecosystem, the Himalayas, also called the Third Pole (Chaudhary et al. 2023). It also faces serious challenges of ecological degradation, which transcend beyond political boundaries and jeopardize global peace and political stability. Important among these issues are climate change, food and nutrition insecurity, soil degradation/pollution along with extinct/endangered and peak soils, water scarcity, and eutrophication, which exacerbate the flood-drought syndrome. The latter is aggravated by denudation of the landscape, excessive grazing, and deforestation of ecologically sensitive ecoregions. Additionally, pollution of air quality is aggravated by in-field burning of crop residues and attendant emission of soot and greenhouse gases, which create positive feedbacks to global warming. Ecological degradation in SA, a complex issue, is driven by a wide range of interacting factors, including rapid population growth, urbanization, industrialization, rapid deforestation, economic growth, poverty, and a high dependence on natural resources (Sultana et al. 2022; EFSAS 2021; Chaudhary et al. 2023; Ajmal 2023). These degradation processes perpetuate the threats of undernutrition and malnutrition as well as decline in human health and well-being to a large proportion of the population. They also increase risks of political instability, civil strife, soil/climate refugees, and war among nations of the SA region (figure 2). Indeed, soil and ecological degradation is the common enemy of Rattan Lal is a distinguished university professor of soil science and is director of the CFAES Rattan Lal Center for Carbon Management and Sequestration, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Received March 27, 2023. all countries in SA, and they must cooperate, work together, and effectively address this menace. Thus, the objective of this article is to describe the common and hideous enemy of SA: soil and ecological degradation with its cascading adverse effects leading to human suffering; poverty; environmental pollution; global warming; political instability at local, regional, and global levels; and hostilities among neighboring countries. The specific hypothesis of the article is that restoring degraded soils and the polluted environment is critical to achieving human well-being and accomplishing lasting peace and harmony in SA.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"57 1","pages":"97A - 102A"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75351146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Steiner, Xiaomao Lin, N. Cavallaro, G. Basso, G. Sassenrath
The effects of the atmosphere on climate, particularly the effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, have been studied and related to Earth’s temperature by physical and climate scientists since the 1800s (Fourier 1824; Arrhenius 1896). However, as industrialization rapidly increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, agriculturalists and conservationists were largely unaware of the link between fossil fuel emissions and warming in the atmosphere. Now, it is increasingly clear that the pace of climate change has been more rapid and societal impacts more severe than scientists projected.
{"title":"Climate change impacts on soil, water, and biodiversity conservation","authors":"J. Steiner, Xiaomao Lin, N. Cavallaro, G. Basso, G. Sassenrath","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.0208A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.0208A","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of the atmosphere on climate, particularly the effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, have been studied and related to Earth’s temperature by physical and climate scientists since the 1800s (Fourier 1824; Arrhenius 1896). However, as industrialization rapidly increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, agriculturalists and conservationists were largely unaware of the link between fossil fuel emissions and warming in the atmosphere. Now, it is increasingly clear that the pace of climate change has been more rapid and societal impacts more severe than scientists projected.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"37 1","pages":"27A - 32A"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88338581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Irrigation consumes the largest share of freshwater resources, but is a necessary practice to boost agricultural output to meet increasing global demand for food and fiber. Irrigation not only impacts water quantity but can also degrade water quality. Research efforts have explored various aspects of irrigation efficiency and irrigated crop productivity, but few studies have examined how different crops collectively modulate water utilization and water quality at the watershed scale. The objective of this study was to determine how the fractions of evapotranspiration (fET) water ascribed to major crops impact water quantity and quality in irrigation return flow. In this study, long-term water quantity and quality monitoring data, collected as part of the Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP), combined with crop and evapotranspiration (ET) modeling products, were used to build relationships between water quantity and quality metrics and fET associated with major crops during the first 15 years of the CEAP Twin Falls irrigation project. Results suggest that subwatershed size and subsurface flow contribution in regional drainage tunnels influenced the observed hydrologic patterns and led to two distinct groups. Subwatersheds in group 1 were large, typically included subsurface drain tunnels, and had high return flow volumes and low sediment concentration, while those in group 2 were smaller in size, had low return flow volumes, and high sediment concentration. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that spring and summer irrigation return flow volumes normalized by subwatershed area increased as a function of fET of potato (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i>) in group 1 (regression coefficients [coef.] = 4.42 in spring and 1.54 in summer) but were inversely associated with small grains in the fall (coef. = −1.67 and −0.60 in groups 1 and 2). Spring sediment concentration had negative regression coefficients with fET of sugar beet (<i>Beta vulgaris</i>) (coef. = −911.00) and alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i>) + pasture crops (coef. = −424.85) in group 2. When statistically significant, a negative association was found between phosphorus (P) load per return flow volume and fET of alfalfa + pasture (coef. = −0.68 to −1.07), corn (<i>Zea mays</i>) (coef. = −0.64 to −0.89), dry beans (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>) (coef. = −1.25 to −1.87), and sugar beet (coef. = −1.54 to −2.83) across aggregation periods and subwatershed groups. Nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub>-N) load per return flow volume was negatively associated with potato and corn fET in group 1 especially during the spring (coef. = −31.13 for potato and −9.60 for corn) and fall (coef. = −14.54 for potato and −4.43 for corn) months but positively associated with dry beans (coef. = 4.87) over the irrigation season. While direct cause and effect were not established with this analysis, results from this study provide valuable information about various crop production systems that may impact observed hydrologi
{"title":"Patterns and associations between dominant crop productions and water quality in an irrigated watershed","authors":"S.K. Nouwakpo, D.L. Bjorneberg, C.W. Rogers","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.00176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.00176","url":null,"abstract":"Irrigation consumes the largest share of freshwater resources, but is a necessary practice to boost agricultural output to meet increasing global demand for food and fiber. Irrigation not only impacts water quantity but can also degrade water quality. Research efforts have explored various aspects of irrigation efficiency and irrigated crop productivity, but few studies have examined how different crops collectively modulate water utilization and water quality at the watershed scale. The objective of this study was to determine how the fractions of evapotranspiration (fET) water ascribed to major crops impact water quantity and quality in irrigation return flow. In this study, long-term water quantity and quality monitoring data, collected as part of the Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP), combined with crop and evapotranspiration (ET) modeling products, were used to build relationships between water quantity and quality metrics and fET associated with major crops during the first 15 years of the CEAP Twin Falls irrigation project. Results suggest that subwatershed size and subsurface flow contribution in regional drainage tunnels influenced the observed hydrologic patterns and led to two distinct groups. Subwatersheds in group 1 were large, typically included subsurface drain tunnels, and had high return flow volumes and low sediment concentration, while those in group 2 were smaller in size, had low return flow volumes, and high sediment concentration. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that spring and summer irrigation return flow volumes normalized by subwatershed area increased as a function of fET of potato (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i>) in group 1 (regression coefficients [coef.] = 4.42 in spring and 1.54 in summer) but were inversely associated with small grains in the fall (coef. = −1.67 and −0.60 in groups 1 and 2). Spring sediment concentration had negative regression coefficients with fET of sugar beet (<i>Beta vulgaris</i>) (coef. = −911.00) and alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i>) + pasture crops (coef. = −424.85) in group 2. When statistically significant, a negative association was found between phosphorus (P) load per return flow volume and fET of alfalfa + pasture (coef. = −0.68 to −1.07), corn (<i>Zea mays</i>) (coef. = −0.64 to −0.89), dry beans (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>) (coef. = −1.25 to −1.87), and sugar beet (coef. = −1.54 to −2.83) across aggregation periods and subwatershed groups. Nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub>-N) load per return flow volume was negatively associated with potato and corn fET in group 1 especially during the spring (coef. = −31.13 for potato and −9.60 for corn) and fall (coef. = −14.54 for potato and −4.43 for corn) months but positively associated with dry beans (coef. = 4.87) over the irrigation season. While direct cause and effect were not established with this analysis, results from this study provide valuable information about various crop production systems that may impact observed hydrologi","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135711768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Elias, T. Tsegaye, C. Hapeman, K. Mankin, P. Kleinman, M. Cosh, D. Peck, A. Coffin, David Archer, J. Alfieri, Martha Anderson, C. Baffaut, John M. Baker, R. Bingner, D. Bjorneberg, R. Bryant, Feng Gao, Suduan Gao, P. Heilman, K. Knipper, W. Kustas, A. Leytem, Martin Locke, Gregory McCarty, A. McElrone, G. Moglen, D. Moriasi, S. O'Shaughnessy, M. Reba, P. Rice, Noah Silber-Coats, Dong Wang, Michael White, J. Dobrowolski
Emile Elias, Teferi Tsegaye, Cathleen Hapeman, Kyle Mankin, Peter Kleinman, Michael H. Cosh, Dannele Peck, Alisa Coffin, David Archer, Joseph Alfieri, Martha Anderson, Claire Baffaut, John M. Baker, Ronald Bingner, David Bjorneberg, Ray B. Bryant, Feng Gao, Suduan Gao, Philip Heilman, Kyle Knipper, William Kustas, April Leytem, Martin Locke, Gregory McCarty, Andrew J. McElrone, Glenn E. Moglen, Daniel Moriasi, Susan O'Shaughnessy, Michele L. Reba, Pamela Rice, Noah Silber-Coats, Dong Wang, Michael White, and James Dobrowolski A vision for integrated, collaborative solutions to critical water and food challenges
{"title":"A vision for integrated, collaborative solutions to critical water and food challenges","authors":"E. Elias, T. Tsegaye, C. Hapeman, K. Mankin, P. Kleinman, M. Cosh, D. Peck, A. Coffin, David Archer, J. Alfieri, Martha Anderson, C. Baffaut, John M. Baker, R. Bingner, D. Bjorneberg, R. Bryant, Feng Gao, Suduan Gao, P. Heilman, K. Knipper, W. Kustas, A. Leytem, Martin Locke, Gregory McCarty, A. McElrone, G. Moglen, D. Moriasi, S. O'Shaughnessy, M. Reba, P. Rice, Noah Silber-Coats, Dong Wang, Michael White, J. Dobrowolski","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.1220A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.1220A","url":null,"abstract":"Emile Elias, Teferi Tsegaye, Cathleen Hapeman, Kyle Mankin, Peter Kleinman, Michael H. Cosh, Dannele Peck, Alisa Coffin, David Archer, Joseph Alfieri, Martha Anderson, Claire Baffaut, John M. Baker, Ronald Bingner, David Bjorneberg, Ray B. Bryant, Feng Gao, Suduan Gao, Philip Heilman, Kyle Knipper, William Kustas, April Leytem, Martin Locke, Gregory McCarty, Andrew J. McElrone, Glenn E. Moglen, Daniel Moriasi, Susan O'Shaughnessy, Michele L. Reba, Pamela Rice, Noah Silber-Coats, Dong Wang, Michael White, and James Dobrowolski A vision for integrated, collaborative solutions to critical water and food challenges","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"39 1","pages":"63A - 68A"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86209777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Kutos, E. Stricker, A. Cooper, R. Ryals, J. Creque, M. Machmuller, M. Kroegar, W. Silver
Rangelands contain 20% of global soil carbon (C). Past management of rangelands has resulted in significant losses of soil C, threatening the long-term productivity and sustainability of these ecosystems. Compost amendments have been proposed as a means to increase soil C sequestration while providing important cobenefits to rangeland ecosystems and land managers. Here, we review the literature on the effects of compost amendments on soil and plant characteristics and rates of soil C storage. We extracted values related to biological, physical, and chemical responses to compost applications in rangelands in eight countries and on five continents. Studies reported both short (<1 y) and long-term (>12 y) effects with compost types derived from green waste, food waste, manure, and biosolids. Generally, we found that compost amendments improved aboveground production by >40%, and belowground C content by 50%. Further benefits of compost additions included increasing aggregate stability (~42%), water retention (~18%), nutrient availability (~37% and 126% for nitrogen [N] and phosphorus [P], respectively), as well as generally reducing erosion but with high variability. We found little to no effect of compost amendments on plant diversity and very few studies investigated effects on soil microbial community and function. Both field and modeling studies demonstrated that the changes in soil C from compost amendments can result in long-term C storage. Overall, results suggest that compost amendments may contribute to rangeland resilience to climate change with the additional benefit of climate mitigation via soil C sequestration.
{"title":"Compost amendment to enhance carbon sequestration in rangelands","authors":"S. Kutos, E. Stricker, A. Cooper, R. Ryals, J. Creque, M. Machmuller, M. Kroegar, W. Silver","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.00072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.00072","url":null,"abstract":"Rangelands contain 20% of global soil carbon (C). Past management of rangelands has resulted in significant losses of soil C, threatening the long-term productivity and sustainability of these ecosystems. Compost amendments have been proposed as a means to increase soil C sequestration while providing important cobenefits to rangeland ecosystems and land managers. Here, we review the literature on the effects of compost amendments on soil and plant characteristics and rates of soil C storage. We extracted values related to biological, physical, and chemical responses to compost applications in rangelands in eight countries and on five continents. Studies reported both short (<1 y) and long-term (>12 y) effects with compost types derived from green waste, food waste, manure, and biosolids. Generally, we found that compost amendments improved aboveground production by >40%, and belowground C content by 50%. Further benefits of compost additions included increasing aggregate stability (~42%), water retention (~18%), nutrient availability (~37% and 126% for nitrogen [N] and phosphorus [P], respectively), as well as generally reducing erosion but with high variability. We found little to no effect of compost amendments on plant diversity and very few studies investigated effects on soil microbial community and function. Both field and modeling studies demonstrated that the changes in soil C from compost amendments can result in long-term C storage. Overall, results suggest that compost amendments may contribute to rangeland resilience to climate change with the additional benefit of climate mitigation via soil C sequestration.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"49 1","pages":"163 - 177"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90231058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Gholamrezai, H. Azadi, F. Karamian, E. Khosravi, S. M. Moghaddam, I. Goli, J. Scheffran
Smart meters have been promoted around the world as a way to support smart farming, sustainable water resource management, and increased crop productivity. Despite this promotion, farmers, particularly small-scale farmers, are not widely adopting smart meter installation. Therefore, this study employed Q-methodology to examine farmers’ perceptions from Islamabad-e-Gharb township (Kermanshah Province, Iran) toward smart meter installation on agricultural water wells. This research is a semiqualitative study, and for this reason, 21 participants were selected through a purposeful sampling method. Based on the results of Q-factor analysis, farmers’ perceptions toward the installation of the meter were categorized as three heuristic patterns including the utility of smart meter installation (variance = 34%, eigenvalue = 7.08), social and cultural inefficiency of installing smart meters (variance = 32%, eigenvalue = 6.74), and reducing income from agriculture (variance = 4.15%, eigenvalue = 19.76). Installing a smart meter (21: +4), and, indeed, pricing irrigation water are considered as management solutions for sustainable water resources management (2: +3). This number (21: +4) means, for example, people with this item (21) in the first group should pay attention to the water conservation implementation plans. Most farmers had the same opinion regarding the items such as the high cost of providing smart meters and the compulsory change from traditional to mechanized irrigation. Therefore, farmers have a common perception of the sustainable management of water resources and role of smart meters. Despite water scarcity, farmers feel they have no right to demand more water as it would mean less water for others, which would be against the principles of sustainable water management. Identifying these different perceptions can directly affect policy-making in the area of smart meter agricultural water wells. It could create policies for each one, thereby, increasing the impact of extension and reducing costs.
{"title":"Smart control of agricultural water wells in western Iran: Application of the Q-methodology","authors":"S. Gholamrezai, H. Azadi, F. Karamian, E. Khosravi, S. M. Moghaddam, I. Goli, J. Scheffran","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.00066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.00066","url":null,"abstract":"Smart meters have been promoted around the world as a way to support smart farming, sustainable water resource management, and increased crop productivity. Despite this promotion, farmers, particularly small-scale farmers, are not widely adopting smart meter installation. Therefore, this study employed Q-methodology to examine farmers’ perceptions from Islamabad-e-Gharb township (Kermanshah Province, Iran) toward smart meter installation on agricultural water wells. This research is a semiqualitative study, and for this reason, 21 participants were selected through a purposeful sampling method. Based on the results of Q-factor analysis, farmers’ perceptions toward the installation of the meter were categorized as three heuristic patterns including the utility of smart meter installation (variance = 34%, eigenvalue = 7.08), social and cultural inefficiency of installing smart meters (variance = 32%, eigenvalue = 6.74), and reducing income from agriculture (variance = 4.15%, eigenvalue = 19.76). Installing a smart meter (21: +4), and, indeed, pricing irrigation water are considered as management solutions for sustainable water resources management (2: +3). This number (21: +4) means, for example, people with this item (21) in the first group should pay attention to the water conservation implementation plans. Most farmers had the same opinion regarding the items such as the high cost of providing smart meters and the compulsory change from traditional to mechanized irrigation. Therefore, farmers have a common perception of the sustainable management of water resources and role of smart meters. Despite water scarcity, farmers feel they have no right to demand more water as it would mean less water for others, which would be against the principles of sustainable water management. Identifying these different perceptions can directly affect policy-making in the area of smart meter agricultural water wells. It could create policies for each one, thereby, increasing the impact of extension and reducing costs.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"33 1","pages":"58 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90302028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Livestock production represents a significant (14.5%) source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A large share of the emissions from livestock production is due to enteric fermentation from ruminants, which produces methane (CH4), a potent GHG. Nevertheless, livestock production remains essential for nutrition, sustainability, and food security globally. In addition to atmospheric effects, CH4 emissions represent a direct loss of dietary energy from the animal. It is, therefore, imperative that solutions are developed and implemented to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions from ruminants. Methane is produced as a result of feed fermentation in the rumen, as carbohydrates are broken down to form energy in the form of volatile fatty acids, and carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) are produced as byproducts. Carbon dioxide and H2 are then utilized by methanogenic archaea to form CH4 via the hydrogenotrophic pathway. One proposed solution for mitigating enteric CH4 emissions are feed additives. Feed additives have the potential to decrease CH4 emissions while sustaining animal production parameters, the latter a necessary condition for incorporation as a regular part of the diet. To decrease CH4 emissions, feed additives can either directly or indirectly inhibit methanogenic archaea. Additives that directly inhibit methanogenesis include 3-nitrooxypropanol (3NOP) and halogenated CH4 analogs that naturally occur in some species of macroalgae. These additives work by interfering with the enzyme that catalyzes the final step of the methanogenesis pathway. Both 3NOP and halogenated CH4 analogs show great potential, demonstrating up to a 76% and 98% reduction in CH4 yield (g kg−1 dry matter intake), respectively. Nitrates (NO3−), ionophores, plant secondary compounds, and direct fed microbials are all feed additives that indirectly inhibit methanogenesis by altering the rumen environment, primarily through the reduction in substrate availability for methanogenic archaea. These additives, however, show more variability in their CH4 reduction potential (with the exception of NO3−) due to inconsistencies in composition. In order to present the most promising and immediate solutions to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions it is necessary to focus on recent advancements as feed additive research is rapidly evolving. Thus, this analysis aims to review feed additives with the potential to reduce enteric CH4 emissions that have been studied in vivo from 2018 to 2022.
畜牧业生产是人为温室气体(GHG)排放的一个重要来源(14.5%)。畜牧生产的大部分排放是由于反刍动物的肠道发酵产生的甲烷(CH4)，这是一种强效的温室气体。然而，畜牧业生产对全球营养、可持续性和粮食安全仍然至关重要。除大气效应外，甲烷排放还直接损失了动物的膳食能量。因此，制定和实施减少反刍动物肠道甲烷排放的解决方案势在必行。甲烷是饲料在瘤胃发酵的结果，碳水化合物被分解成挥发性脂肪酸形式的能量，二氧化碳(CO2)和氢(H2)作为副产物产生。然后，二氧化碳和H2被产甲烷的古菌利用，通过氢营养途径形成CH4。减少肠道CH4排放的一个建议解决方案是饲料添加剂。饲料添加剂有可能在维持动物生产参数的同时减少甲烷排放，后者是将其作为日粮常规组成部分的必要条件。为了减少甲烷排放，饲料添加剂可以直接或间接抑制产甲烷古菌。直接抑制甲烷生成的添加剂包括天然存在于某些大型藻类中的3-硝基氧丙醇(3NOP)和卤化CH4类似物。这些添加剂通过干扰催化甲烷生成途径最后一步的酶而起作用。3NOP和卤化CH4类似物都显示出巨大的潜力，CH4产率(g kg - 1干物质摄入量)分别降低76%和98%。硝酸盐(NO3−)、离子载体、植物次生化合物和直接饲喂的微生物都是通过改变瘤胃环境间接抑制甲烷生成的饲料添加剂，主要是通过降低产甲烷古菌的底物利用率。然而，由于组成的不一致，这些添加剂在CH4还原潜力上表现出更多的可变性(NO3−除外)。为了提出最有希望和最直接的解决方案来减少肠道甲烷排放，有必要关注饲料添加剂研究的最新进展，因为饲料添加剂研究正在迅速发展。因此，本分析旨在回顾2018年至2022年在体内研究的具有减少肠道CH4排放潜力的饲料添加剂。
{"title":"Recent advances in feed additives with the potential to mitigate enteric methane emissions from ruminant livestock","authors":"L. Kelly, E. Kebreab","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2023.00070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.00070","url":null,"abstract":"Livestock production represents a significant (14.5%) source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A large share of the emissions from livestock production is due to enteric fermentation from ruminants, which produces methane (CH4), a potent GHG. Nevertheless, livestock production remains essential for nutrition, sustainability, and food security globally. In addition to atmospheric effects, CH4 emissions represent a direct loss of dietary energy from the animal. It is, therefore, imperative that solutions are developed and implemented to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions from ruminants. Methane is produced as a result of feed fermentation in the rumen, as carbohydrates are broken down to form energy in the form of volatile fatty acids, and carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) are produced as byproducts. Carbon dioxide and H2 are then utilized by methanogenic archaea to form CH4 via the hydrogenotrophic pathway. One proposed solution for mitigating enteric CH4 emissions are feed additives. Feed additives have the potential to decrease CH4 emissions while sustaining animal production parameters, the latter a necessary condition for incorporation as a regular part of the diet. To decrease CH4 emissions, feed additives can either directly or indirectly inhibit methanogenic archaea. Additives that directly inhibit methanogenesis include 3-nitrooxypropanol (3NOP) and halogenated CH4 analogs that naturally occur in some species of macroalgae. These additives work by interfering with the enzyme that catalyzes the final step of the methanogenesis pathway. Both 3NOP and halogenated CH4 analogs show great potential, demonstrating up to a 76% and 98% reduction in CH4 yield (g kg−1 dry matter intake), respectively. Nitrates (NO3−), ionophores, plant secondary compounds, and direct fed microbials are all feed additives that indirectly inhibit methanogenesis by altering the rumen environment, primarily through the reduction in substrate availability for methanogenic archaea. These additives, however, show more variability in their CH4 reduction potential (with the exception of NO3−) due to inconsistencies in composition. In order to present the most promising and immediate solutions to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions it is necessary to focus on recent advancements as feed additive research is rapidly evolving. Thus, this analysis aims to review feed additives with the potential to reduce enteric CH4 emissions that have been studied in vivo from 2018 to 2022.","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"126 1","pages":"111 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87750322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5958/2455-7145.2023.00014.0
M. Gupta, S. Kour, R. Bharat
{"title":"Improving profitability and livelihood security of marginal farmers in Kandi area of Jammu","authors":"M. Gupta, S. Kour, R. Bharat","doi":"10.5958/2455-7145.2023.00014.0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/2455-7145.2023.00014.0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79744744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5958/2455-7145.2023.00006.1
P. Ray, Susmita Sarmah, K. K. Mourya, R. K. Jena, G. Sharma, S. Hota, R. Sharma, Bachaspati Das, S. Ray
{"title":"Assessment of water quality of the Brahmaputra river in India for irrigation purpose","authors":"P. Ray, Susmita Sarmah, K. K. Mourya, R. K. Jena, G. Sharma, S. Hota, R. Sharma, Bachaspati Das, S. Ray","doi":"10.5958/2455-7145.2023.00006.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/2455-7145.2023.00006.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89914788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Don Reicosky, David Brandt, Randall Reeder, Rattan Lal, David R. Montgomery
T he dust storm tragedy on I-55 in central Illinois on May 1, 2023, a reminder of the Dust Bowl era of the 1930s, necessitates urgent policy intervention to replace plow tillage with Conservation Agriculture (CA) involving no-tillage with crop biomass mulch, cover cropping, and complex crop rotations. System-based CA has co-benefits including control of soil erosion by wind (dust storm) and water, low risks of nonpoint source pollution including algal bloom, adaptation and mitigation of climate change, reduced incidence of drought-flood syndrome, sustained productivity, high farm income, and improved soil health. The current farm bill already contains a Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, and Growing Climate Solutions Act that can all be complemented and more effective with a healthy soil. The forthcoming farm bill should have provision to reward farmers for ecosystem services at a nominal rate, e.g., US$50 ac–1 yr–1 (~US$123.46 ha–1 y–1), through a proposed “Soil Health Act” to further CA as a solution to climate change and other environmental issues. Restoring soil health through CA is a win-win option and a major contribution to mitigating future climate extremes and food security. Ninety years after the Dust Bowl we should not need reminding that agriculture’s job is to feed people without degrading the environment, not create chaotic catastrophic events due to poor utilization and resource management. Unfortunately, the recent I-55 dust storm catastrophe in central Illinois, United States, in May of 2023 did just that and caused the loss of 8 lives, hospitalization of 37 others, loss or damage to 72 vehicles, and triggered associated environmental degradation (figure 1). This disaster was caused by low April rainfall—roughly half of normal amounts—and high winds that blew across freshly tilled fields and lofted Don Reicosky is a retired soil scientist for USDA Agricultural Research Service, North Central Soil Conservation Research Laboratory, Morris, Minnesota, and adjunct professor in the Soil Science Department, University of Minnesota. Randall Reeder is a retired agricultural engineer for Ohio State University, serves as executive director of the Ohio No-till Council, and coordinates programs for the Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference in Ada, Ohio. Rattan Lal is a distinguished professor of soil science at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. David R. Montgomery is a professor of earth and space sciences at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. David Brandt, known as the “Godfather of Soil Health,” was a conservation farmer from Carroll, Ohio, who was recognized internationally as a leader in no-till, cover crops, soil health, and regenerative agriculture. Received June 19, 2023. loosened topsoil into the air. The tragedy captures one of the more visible unintended consequences of frequent intensive tillage when farmers plow in the fall, and till again one or two times before spring planting. Less visible consequenc
2023年5月1日发生在伊利诺伊州中部I-55号州际公路上的沙尘暴悲剧，让人想起了20世纪30年代的沙尘暴时代，迫切需要采取政策干预措施，用保护性农业(CA)取代犁耕，包括免耕、生物质能覆盖、覆盖种植和复杂的作物轮作。以系统为基础的农业生产具有多种协同效益，包括控制风(沙尘暴)和水对土壤的侵蚀、降低包括藻华在内的非点源污染风险、适应和减缓气候变化、减少旱涝综合征的发生率、维持生产力、提高农业收入和改善土壤健康。目前的农业法案已经包含了《清洁水法》、《清洁空气法》和《气候变化解决方案法》，这些法案都可以与健康的土壤相辅相成，更加有效。即将出台的农业法案应规定，通过拟议的“土壤卫生法”，以名义费率奖励农民提供生态系统服务，例如50美元/年(约123.46美元/年)，以进一步将农业作为气候变化和其他环境问题的解决方案。通过CA恢复土壤健康是一个双赢的选择，也是对缓解未来极端气候和粮食安全的重大贡献。沙尘暴已经过去90年了，无需提醒我们，农业的工作是在不破坏环境的情况下养活人们，而不是由于利用和资源管理不善而造成混乱的灾难性事件。不幸的是,最近I-55沙尘暴灾难在伊利诺斯州中部,美国,2023年5月正是这样做的,造成的损失8生活,住院治疗的37人,损失或损坏72辆,并引发相关环境退化(图1)。这场灾难是由于低4月rainfall-roughly一半的正常数量和大风吹过新鲜耕种田地和漂浮不Reicosky是一名退休的土壤科学家为美国农业部农业研究服务,明尼苏达州莫里斯中北部土壤保持研究实验室，明尼苏达大学土壤科学系兼职教授。兰德尔·里德(Randall Reeder)是俄亥俄州立大学的退休农业工程师，担任俄亥俄州免耕委员会的执行董事，并协调在俄亥俄州阿达市举行的保护性耕作和技术会议的项目。Rattan Lal是俄亥俄州哥伦布市俄亥俄州立大学的杰出土壤科学教授。大卫·r·蒙哥马利(David R. Montgomery)是华盛顿州西雅图市华盛顿大学地球与空间科学教授。被称为“土壤健康教父”的大卫·勃兰特是一位来自俄亥俄州卡罗尔的保护性农民，他是国际上公认的免耕、覆盖作物、土壤健康和再生农业的领导者。收于2023年6月19日。表层土壤疏松到空气中。这场悲剧反映了频繁的密集耕作的一个更明显的意想不到的后果，农民在秋天犁地，在春天播种前再犁一两次。不太明显的后果包括径流造成的土壤侵蚀，以及土壤、水和空气质量的下降，以及作为土壤健康核心的土壤有机质的流失。耕作和光秃秃的休耕农田产生的土壤粉尘对公共健康和交通安全构成严重威胁，最近的这场灾难说明了土壤管理不善的意外后果，以及对农民进行教育和农业政策改革的必要性。沙尘暴是一场大灾难;它们使当地土壤和周围环境质量以及人类和生态系统的健康和福祉退化。与极端气候有关的沙尘暴频率和强度的增加以及与之相关的死亡人数令人震惊。Tong等人(2023)报告说，在大多数年份，风尘造成的生命损失与飓风、雷暴和野火相当，2007年至2017年，美国共有232人死于风尘事件。1991年11月29日，美国历史上最大的一次与沙尘有关的公路事故发生在加利福尼亚州圣华金河谷的5号州际公路上，164辆汽车相撞，造成17人死亡，151人受伤(Tong et al. 2023;Pauley et al. 1996)。在大多数情况下，类似的坠机地点“位于农田附近，这构成了美国的主要粉尘来源”(Tong et al. 2023;Lambert et al. 2020)。需要加强土壤管理，广泛采用养护、保护和恢复土壤的CA做法。加强对农业土壤的管理将有助于人类福祉、环境质量和粮食安全。
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