Pub Date : 2023-11-02DOI: 10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59603
G. C. Kaphle, N. P. Adhikari
This work presents a systematic study of the geometric, electronic and magnetic properties of Pd clusters pristine and mono- and bi[1]doped with Mn: Pdn, Pdn−1Mn, Pdn−2Mn2 where n ≤13. We have used the density functional formalism with the spin polarized generalized gradient approximation. From the variety of possible structures with thirteen atoms, we found the icosahedral configuration to be the most stable as compared to the hexagonal, cub-octahedral and buckled bi-planar. The change in magnetic behavior of Pd clusters after doping with Mn has been observed. This communication is an attempt to understand that behaviour.
{"title":"Unraveling the structural, electronic and magnetic properties of Mn1Pd n-1, Mn 2Pd n-2 and Pd n(n=13) clusters","authors":"G. C. Kaphle, N. P. Adhikari","doi":"10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59603","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a systematic study of the geometric, electronic and magnetic properties of Pd clusters pristine and mono- and bi[1]doped with Mn: Pdn, Pdn−1Mn, Pdn−2Mn2 where n ≤13. We have used the density functional formalism with the spin polarized generalized gradient approximation. From the variety of possible structures with thirteen atoms, we found the icosahedral configuration to be the most stable as compared to the hexagonal, cub-octahedral and buckled bi-planar. The change in magnetic behavior of Pd clusters after doping with Mn has been observed. This communication is an attempt to understand that behaviour.","PeriodicalId":500575,"journal":{"name":"Pragya Darshan प्रज्ञा दर्शन","volume":"109 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135934961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-02DOI: 10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59609
Toya Nath Adhikari
This paper presents gurukul system of education as the main concern in the quality of human beings. Education is the only means of civilizing ourselves to maintain high qualities of integrity, devotion, sincerity and an ethical and moral purpose in our national life. The goal of our national education should be to supply a constant stream of knowledge, character, fearless open minded, truthful, and patriotic people, who will become the basic material, for building up the nation. Gurukul Style of Education system is a 5000-year old Hindu tradition of transmitting higher knowledge and enlightenment to the students by yogic powers by the guru with an aim to develop the latent yogic powers of the child and build him up into a moral and spiritual power.
{"title":"A Brief Introduction to Gurukul Education","authors":"Toya Nath Adhikari","doi":"10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59609","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents gurukul system of education as the main concern in the quality of human beings. Education is the only means of civilizing ourselves to maintain high qualities of integrity, devotion, sincerity and an ethical and moral purpose in our national life. The goal of our national education should be to supply a constant stream of knowledge, character, fearless open minded, truthful, and patriotic people, who will become the basic material, for building up the nation. Gurukul Style of Education system is a 5000-year old Hindu tradition of transmitting higher knowledge and enlightenment to the students by yogic powers by the guru with an aim to develop the latent yogic powers of the child and build him up into a moral and spiritual power.","PeriodicalId":500575,"journal":{"name":"Pragya Darshan प्रज्ञा दर्शन","volume":"34 22","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135973538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-02DOI: 10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59617
Kshama Parajuli, Nicodemus Panchen, Savya Gautam
Natural Hydroxyapatite (HA) with chemical formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 is a major mineral storage form of calcium and phosphorous in bone and it has been applied in many fields. In the present study, HA was extracted from biowaste; namely the buffalo bone by alkaline hydrolysis process followed by calcination at 900°C with holding time 6 hrs. in muffle furnace. The isolated material was analyzed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) etc. The SEM image suggested the isolated material had rod shaped and agglomerated. FTIR study indicated the phosphate and hydroxide were the major functional groups along with carbonate present in it. Further, XRD analysis inferred that the isolated material was only HA phased. The specific surface area of the isolated HA was determined by methylene blue adsorption method and it was found to be 141.12 m2 /g and pH point of zero charge (pHPZC) of the extracted biomaterial was determined to be 6.8 by pH the drift method. Thus the pure HA powder was synthesized by an environmentally friendly, cost effective method and may be applicable in many fields including waste water treatment and biomedicine etc.
{"title":"Facile Extraction of Natural Hydroxyapatite (HA) from Biowaste and Its Characterizations","authors":"Kshama Parajuli, Nicodemus Panchen, Savya Gautam","doi":"10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59617","url":null,"abstract":"Natural Hydroxyapatite (HA) with chemical formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 is a major mineral storage form of calcium and phosphorous in bone and it has been applied in many fields. In the present study, HA was extracted from biowaste; namely the buffalo bone by alkaline hydrolysis process followed by calcination at 900°C with holding time 6 hrs. in muffle furnace. The isolated material was analyzed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) etc. The SEM image suggested the isolated material had rod shaped and agglomerated. FTIR study indicated the phosphate and hydroxide were the major functional groups along with carbonate present in it. Further, XRD analysis inferred that the isolated material was only HA phased. The specific surface area of the isolated HA was determined by methylene blue adsorption method and it was found to be 141.12 m2 /g and pH point of zero charge (pHPZC) of the extracted biomaterial was determined to be 6.8 by pH the drift method. Thus the pure HA powder was synthesized by an environmentally friendly, cost effective method and may be applicable in many fields including waste water treatment and biomedicine etc.","PeriodicalId":500575,"journal":{"name":"Pragya Darshan प्रज्ञा दर्शन","volume":"29 14","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135972856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-02DOI: 10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59606
Umesh Pd. Acharya
This study is based on the role of civil society in community development in Nepal. It is mainly prepared by using secondary sources. Data is obtained through articles/newspapers/clubs of the organization. The role of civil society in training and skill development, group formation and mobilization is assessed to be satisfactory. In the areas of health and hygiene, education, drinking water, transport and communication too, the role is likely to improve in the coming days. The relationship between groups and individuals in the community has appeared to be good. Most civil societies agree on good relationships between groups and individuals. The main problems of civil society are issues of the sustainability of their activities and political bias. Organizations depend on donor funds and activities as they propose; so there is duplication of programs and activities in the community. The activities are very short and do not have a fixed duration required by the community; it is due to the dependence of the donor for the fund. Civil society is the main subject and agent of community development. It knows the cultural, social, political and geographical situation. The process of social mobilization and mobilization of resources is the pioneering path of civil development. Group training and mobilization are found to be very good in the community. Therefore, this study shows a great need for civil society in community development. The function of civil society is very respectable. People want to expand their activities but the civil society cannot expand because of lack of funds. The ground of honor developed by civil societies in terms group formation, social mobilization, resource mobilization, and saving habits in groups is remarkable. Civil society (CS) in Nepal has played an important role in the economic and political transformation of the country over the past three decades. As Nepal changes into a three-tier federal government system, the environment in which civil society organizations (CSOs) operate is also changing.
{"title":"Role of Civil Society in Community Development of Nepal","authors":"Umesh Pd. Acharya","doi":"10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59606","url":null,"abstract":"This study is based on the role of civil society in community development in Nepal. It is mainly prepared by using secondary sources. Data is obtained through articles/newspapers/clubs of the organization. The role of civil society in training and skill development, group formation and mobilization is assessed to be satisfactory. In the areas of health and hygiene, education, drinking water, transport and communication too, the role is likely to improve in the coming days. The relationship between groups and individuals in the community has appeared to be good. Most civil societies agree on good relationships between groups and individuals. The main problems of civil society are issues of the sustainability of their activities and political bias. Organizations depend on donor funds and activities as they propose; so there is duplication of programs and activities in the community. The activities are very short and do not have a fixed duration required by the community; it is due to the dependence of the donor for the fund. Civil society is the main subject and agent of community development. It knows the cultural, social, political and geographical situation. The process of social mobilization and mobilization of resources is the pioneering path of civil development. Group training and mobilization are found to be very good in the community. Therefore, this study shows a great need for civil society in community development. The function of civil society is very respectable. People want to expand their activities but the civil society cannot expand because of lack of funds. The ground of honor developed by civil societies in terms group formation, social mobilization, resource mobilization, and saving habits in groups is remarkable. Civil society (CS) in Nepal has played an important role in the economic and political transformation of the country over the past three decades. As Nepal changes into a three-tier federal government system, the environment in which civil society organizations (CSOs) operate is also changing.","PeriodicalId":500575,"journal":{"name":"Pragya Darshan प्रज्ञा दर्शन","volume":"33 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135973263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-02DOI: 10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59612
D. Parajuli, N. Murali, K. Samatha, N. L. Sahu, B. R. Sharma
We have developed a straightforward and uncomplicated technique for creating alkaline exchange membranes (AEMs) that possess both high alkaline durability and improved ionic conductivity. This method provides an appealing alternative to conventional approaches, notably by eliminating the need for the use of the carcinogenic reagent chloromethyl methyl ether, typically employed in AEM preparation. Examination of the membranes via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals a consistently smooth surface. Augmenting the ion-exchange material's weight percentage in the casting solution results in enhanced water content, ion exchange capacity, and electrical conductivity. Importantly, our approach entirely circumvents the use of the hazardous chloromethy l methyl ether reagent, commonly associated with AEM preparation. TGA for thermal stability and chemical stability, conductivity with impedance data, and electrochemical tests are going on. The outcomes of this study present an appealing alternative to traditional methods for AEM synthesis.
{"title":"Anion Exchange Membrane Functionalized by Phenol-formaldehyde Resins: Functional Group, Morphology, and Absorption Analysis","authors":"D. Parajuli, N. Murali, K. Samatha, N. L. Sahu, B. R. Sharma","doi":"10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59612","url":null,"abstract":"We have developed a straightforward and uncomplicated technique for creating alkaline exchange membranes (AEMs) that possess both high alkaline durability and improved ionic conductivity. This method provides an appealing alternative to conventional approaches, notably by eliminating the need for the use of the carcinogenic reagent chloromethyl methyl ether, typically employed in AEM preparation. Examination of the membranes via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals a consistently smooth surface. Augmenting the ion-exchange material's weight percentage in the casting solution results in enhanced water content, ion exchange capacity, and electrical conductivity. Importantly, our approach entirely circumvents the use of the hazardous chloromethy l methyl ether reagent, commonly associated with AEM preparation. TGA for thermal stability and chemical stability, conductivity with impedance data, and electrochemical tests are going on. The outcomes of this study present an appealing alternative to traditional methods for AEM synthesis.","PeriodicalId":500575,"journal":{"name":"Pragya Darshan प्रज्ञा दर्शन","volume":"33 16","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135973420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-02DOI: 10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59602
Mani Bhadra Gautam
Mythic realities in Newar arts and cultural representations of the socio-cultural activities noted in the folklores, tales, practices and performances in Patan and Kirtipur are mysteries. Ritual activities like Lakhe Dances, Jatras and other rituals are related with the historical events, facts and imaginary-mysterious beliefs. Myth is an excavating tool for meaning making of the artistic, cultural and historical sayings noted in the tales that can catch out the themes observing the coverage of crafts in applying the artistic and literary techniques. Newar Arts, Newa Dance, Dhime Dance, Lakhe Dance and other magical activities and rituals of Patan and Kirtipur are culturally connected with mythic realities of folklores. The cultural study helps to study the arts, culture and literature and myth making in creating the meanings through library and internet-based resources and it is also prepared on the basis of field visit reports and therefore this study applies both the qualitative and quantitative approaches. Objective of this article is to expose the mythical images and it analyzes present events in field-based method studying the human emotions, feelings and their cultural practices. It also investigates on the subjects of religious activities, socio-cultural practices and cultural representations of the past reality and present changes in a different way. This article presents a brief sketch of a new perspective on cultural orientation to mythical world as myth and mystery reflecting on the past activities and creating the meanings in the present. Cultural study is one of the tools to excavate Patan and Kirtipur’s history and so in this article Stuart Hall’s ideas are applicable.
{"title":"Mythic of Newar Arts, Literature, Tales, Oral Histories and Rituals in Patan and Kritipur: Cultural Study","authors":"Mani Bhadra Gautam","doi":"10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59602","url":null,"abstract":"Mythic realities in Newar arts and cultural representations of the socio-cultural activities noted in the folklores, tales, practices and performances in Patan and Kirtipur are mysteries. Ritual activities like Lakhe Dances, Jatras and other rituals are related with the historical events, facts and imaginary-mysterious beliefs. Myth is an excavating tool for meaning making of the artistic, cultural and historical sayings noted in the tales that can catch out the themes observing the coverage of crafts in applying the artistic and literary techniques. Newar Arts, Newa Dance, Dhime Dance, Lakhe Dance and other magical activities and rituals of Patan and Kirtipur are culturally connected with mythic realities of folklores. The cultural study helps to study the arts, culture and literature and myth making in creating the meanings through library and internet-based resources and it is also prepared on the basis of field visit reports and therefore this study applies both the qualitative and quantitative approaches. Objective of this article is to expose the mythical images and it analyzes present events in field-based method studying the human emotions, feelings and their cultural practices. It also investigates on the subjects of religious activities, socio-cultural practices and cultural representations of the past reality and present changes in a different way. This article presents a brief sketch of a new perspective on cultural orientation to mythical world as myth and mystery reflecting on the past activities and creating the meanings in the present. Cultural study is one of the tools to excavate Patan and Kirtipur’s history and so in this article Stuart Hall’s ideas are applicable.","PeriodicalId":500575,"journal":{"name":"Pragya Darshan प्रज्ञा दर्शन","volume":"32 14","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135973271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-02DOI: 10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59600
Pitambar Acharya, Sudip Pokhrel
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a common but urgent mental health problem during disease outbreaks. With the outbreak of COVID-19’s second wave, educational institutions were closed, and the students had to remain confined to online teaching[1]learning, which might create many psychological problems. This study assesses the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among university youth students due to COVID-19. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 176 (response rate: 76.5%) university students studying at the Central Department of Education. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) questionnaire was used to assess anxiety disorder. Students were selected using a simple random sampling technique and sent the questionnaire link created in the Kobo toolbox to them requesting voluntary participation. The collected responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression to find the GAD prevalence and associated factors. A study found that 47.7% of university students had generalized anxiety disorder due to COVID-19. Older participants had a lower likelihood of anxiety disorder compared to those under 30 (OR 0.267). Buddhists had higher odds than Hindus (OR 5.237), and students in Bagmati and Lumbini Provinces had higher odds than those in Koshi Province (OR 8.116 and OR 6.086, respectively). Students not infected with COVID-19 had higher odds of anxiety disorder than infected students (OR 7.564), and those not vaccinated had higher odds than those vaccinated (OR 2.883). Taken together, age, religion, province of residence, COVID-19 vaccination status, and perceived risk due to COVID-19 played a role in determining the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among students.
{"title":"Generalized Anxiety Disorder Among University Students Due To COVID-19","authors":"Pitambar Acharya, Sudip Pokhrel","doi":"10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59600","url":null,"abstract":"Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a common but urgent mental health problem during disease outbreaks. With the outbreak of COVID-19’s second wave, educational institutions were closed, and the students had to remain confined to online teaching[1]learning, which might create many psychological problems. This study assesses the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among university youth students due to COVID-19. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 176 (response rate: 76.5%) university students studying at the Central Department of Education. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) questionnaire was used to assess anxiety disorder. Students were selected using a simple random sampling technique and sent the questionnaire link created in the Kobo toolbox to them requesting voluntary participation. The collected responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression to find the GAD prevalence and associated factors. A study found that 47.7% of university students had generalized anxiety disorder due to COVID-19. Older participants had a lower likelihood of anxiety disorder compared to those under 30 (OR 0.267). Buddhists had higher odds than Hindus (OR 5.237), and students in Bagmati and Lumbini Provinces had higher odds than those in Koshi Province (OR 8.116 and OR 6.086, respectively). Students not infected with COVID-19 had higher odds of anxiety disorder than infected students (OR 7.564), and those not vaccinated had higher odds than those vaccinated (OR 2.883). Taken together, age, religion, province of residence, COVID-19 vaccination status, and perceived risk due to COVID-19 played a role in determining the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among students.","PeriodicalId":500575,"journal":{"name":"Pragya Darshan प्रज्ञा दर्शन","volume":"4 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135933850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
यो लेख बौद्ध परम्परा सम्बन्धि एक कार्यशाला गोष्ठीमा सहभागी हुँदा प्रशिक्षकले प्रस्तुत गरिएका विचार तथा उच्चारित पाण्डुलिपि तथा लेखका आधारमा तयार पारिएको हो। यो लेखको उद्देश्य हामीले पाए र वुझेजति पाठकलाई बुझाउने तथा बुझाइमा फरक परको भए सुझाव तथा सल्लाह लिई परिष्कुत लेख तयार पार्नु नै हो । यसमा बुद्ध धर्मको परिचय, गौतम बुद्धको पवित्र जन्मस्थलः लुम्बिनी, बौद्ध धर्मका सम्प्रदायहरूः हियान/हिनयान वा थेरवाद, महायान वज्रयानमहायानको उपशाखा, नाथ परम्परा अवलोकितेश्वर, थेरवाद र महायानबीचको भिन्नता, चौथो अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय बौद्ध सम्मेलन (१५–२१ नोभेम्बर १९५६) काठमाडा,ैभारतका संविधान निर्माता बाबा साहेव डा. भिमराव अम्बेडकरको नेपाल भ्रमण, नेपालमा थेरवाद र छलफल सहितको निष्कर्श निकालिएको छ । प्राप्त लेख तथा पाण्डुलिपिका अनुसार बुद्ध लुम्बिनिमै जन्मे पनि समग्र नेपालमा यसको प्रभाव पछि मात्र परेको देखिन्छ । नेपालमा सनातनी हिन्दू पछि बुद्ध धर्मको प्रचार बढेसँगै बुद्धको महापरिनिर्माण पछि मात्रै हिन्दूहरुनै महायानी बज्रायानी भएको र प्रवजित भएको देखिन्छ । अहिले पनि अधिकांश नेपाली बौद्धहरु सनातनि तथा प्रकृति पूजा निकट सांसारिक जीवन पद्धति अंगालेको देखिन्छ । यस धर्मका अनुसार जसले ज्ञान प्राप्तिपछि अरूलाई पनि बाँड्छन्, तिनिहरुलाई बुद्ध भनिन्छ, ज्ञान प्राप्त गर्छन् तर अरूलाई बाँडदैनन् भने तिनिहरुलाई प्रत्येकबुद्ध तथा ज्ञान प्राप्त गरेर पूर्णतया उपयोग गर्छन् भने तिनिहरुलाई अर्हत भनिन्छ । यसैका आधारमा पहिलोलाई हिनायान, दोश्रोलाई महायान तथा तेश्रोलाई बज्रयानी भनिएको छ । बज्रयानी भित्रै अवलोकितेश्वर तथा नाथ परम्परा रहेको पनि दाबि गरिन्छ जो शिव भगवानसँग नजिक मानिन्छन् । नेपालमा हिनायान राणाकालको अन्त्यतिर मात्रै चर्चाका आयो । त्यसपछिका सरकार तथा पश्चिमाहरुले हिनायान वा थेरबादलाई प्राथमिकतामा राखेको देखिन्छ । नेपालमा सनातनि पूर्वीय सभ्यतामा दोश्रो शताब्दीतिरबाट थपिएको यो यानी सभ्यतालाई जोगाई नेपाललाई सनातनी हिन्दू तथा बौद्घ सभ्यताको केन्द्र बनाउनु पर्ने देखिन्छ । समग्रमा बुद्धको ज्ञानलाई धर्म, सम्प्रदायमा मात्र सिमित नराखि जिवनपद्धतिमैढाल्न महायानी परम्परालाई अगाडि बढाउनु पर्ने देखिन्छ ।
यो लेख बौद्ध परम्परा सम्बन्धि एकार्यशला गो ष्ठीमा सहभागी हुँदा प्रशिक्षकले प्रस्तुत गरिएका विचार तथा उच्चारित पाण्डुलिपि तथा लेखका आधारमा तया परारिएकोहो陋 यो लेखको उद्देश्य हामीले पाए र वुझेजति पाठकलाई बुझाउने तथा बुझाइमा फरक पकरो भए सुझाव तथा स्लाल हिई परिष्कुत लेख तयार पार्नु नै हो । यसमा बुद्ध धर्मको परिचय、गौतम बुद्धको पवित्र जन्मस्थलः लुम्बिनी, बौद्ध धर्मका सम्प्रदायहरूः हियान/हिनयान वा थेरवाद, महायान वज्रयानमहायानको उपशाखा, नाथ परम्परा अवलोकितेश्वर、थेरवाद र महायानबीचको भिन्नता, चौथो, अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय बौद्ध सम्मेलन (१५-२१ नोभेम्बर १९५६) काठमाडा,ैभारतका संविधान निर्माता बाबासाहेव डा.भिमराव अम्बेडकरको नेपाल भ्रमण、नेपालमा थेरवाद र छलफल सहितको निष्कर्श निकालिएको छ । प्राप्त लख तथा पाण्डुलिपिका अनुसार बुद्ध लुम्बिनिमै जन्मे निसमग्रनेपालमा यसको प्रभाव पछि मात्र परेको देखिन्छ । नेपालमासनातनी हिन्दू पछि बुद्धर ध्मको प्रचा बढरेसँगै बुद्धको मापरिनिर्माणपछि मात्रै हिन्दूहरुनै महायानी बज्रायानीक भएो र प्रवजित भएको देखिन्छ । अहिले पनि अधिकंाश नेपाली बौद्धहरु सनातनि तथाप्रकृति पूजा निकट सांसारिक जीवन पद्धति अंगालेको देखिन्छ । यस धर्मका अनुसार जसले ज्ञान प्राप्तिपछि अरूलाई पनिाँड्छन्、तिनिहरुलाई बुद्ध भनिन्छ、ज्ञान प्राप्त गर्छन् तर अरूलाई बाँडदैनन् भने तिनिहरुलाई प्रत्येकबुद्ध तथा ज्ञान प्राप्त गरेर पूर्णतया उपयोग गर्छन् भने तिनिहरुलाई अर्हत भनिन्छ । यसैका आधारमा पहिलोलाई हिनायान,दोश्रोलाई महायान तथा तेश्रोलाई बज्रयानी भनिएको छ । बज्रयानी भित्रै अवलोकितेश्वर तथा नाथ परम्रा र हेको नि दाबि गरिन्छ जोशिव भगवानसँग नजिक मानिन्छन् । नेपालमा हिनायान राणाकालको अन्त्यतिर मात्रै चर्चाका आयो त्यसपछिका सरकार तथा पश्चिमारहुलेहिनायान वा थेरबादलाई प्राथमिकतामाराखेको देखिन्छ । नेपालमासनातनि पूर्वीय सभ्यतामा दोश्रो शताब्दीतिरबाट थपिएको यो यानीसभ्यतालाई जोगाई नेपालाई सनातनी हिन्दू तथा बौद्घ सभ्यताको केन्द्र बनाउनु पर्ने देखिन्छ । समग्रमा बुद्धको ज्ञानलाई धर्म、सम्प्रदायमा मात्र सिमित नराखि जिवनपद्धतिमैढाल्न महायानी परम्परालाई अगाडि बढाउनु पर्ने देखिन्छ ।
{"title":"बुद्धको ज्ञानले के दिन्छ – सम्प्रदाय, धर्म, वा जीवनपद्धति ?","authors":"दिपेन्द्र Dipendra पराजुली Parajuli, विन्दु Bindu पौडेल Poudel","doi":"10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59628","url":null,"abstract":"यो लेख बौद्ध परम्परा सम्बन्धि एक कार्यशाला गोष्ठीमा सहभागी हुँदा प्रशिक्षकले प्रस्तुत गरिएका विचार तथा उच्चारित पाण्डुलिपि तथा लेखका आधारमा तयार पारिएको हो। यो लेखको उद्देश्य हामीले पाए र वुझेजति पाठकलाई बुझाउने तथा बुझाइमा फरक परको भए सुझाव तथा सल्लाह लिई परिष्कुत लेख तयार पार्नु नै हो । यसमा बुद्ध धर्मको परिचय, गौतम बुद्धको पवित्र जन्मस्थलः लुम्बिनी, बौद्ध धर्मका सम्प्रदायहरूः हियान/हिनयान वा थेरवाद, महायान वज्रयानमहायानको उपशाखा, नाथ परम्परा अवलोकितेश्वर, थेरवाद र महायानबीचको भिन्नता, चौथो अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय बौद्ध सम्मेलन (१५–२१ नोभेम्बर १९५६) काठमाडा,ैभारतका संविधान निर्माता बाबा साहेव डा. भिमराव अम्बेडकरको नेपाल भ्रमण, नेपालमा थेरवाद र छलफल सहितको निष्कर्श निकालिएको छ । प्राप्त लेख तथा पाण्डुलिपिका अनुसार बुद्ध लुम्बिनिमै जन्मे पनि समग्र नेपालमा यसको प्रभाव पछि मात्र परेको देखिन्छ । नेपालमा सनातनी हिन्दू पछि बुद्ध धर्मको प्रचार बढेसँगै बुद्धको महापरिनिर्माण पछि मात्रै हिन्दूहरुनै महायानी बज्रायानी भएको र प्रवजित भएको देखिन्छ । अहिले पनि अधिकांश नेपाली बौद्धहरु सनातनि तथा प्रकृति पूजा निकट सांसारिक जीवन पद्धति अंगालेको देखिन्छ । यस धर्मका अनुसार जसले ज्ञान प्राप्तिपछि अरूलाई पनि बाँड्छन्, तिनिहरुलाई बुद्ध भनिन्छ, ज्ञान प्राप्त गर्छन् तर अरूलाई बाँडदैनन् भने तिनिहरुलाई प्रत्येकबुद्ध तथा ज्ञान प्राप्त गरेर पूर्णतया उपयोग गर्छन् भने तिनिहरुलाई अर्हत भनिन्छ । यसैका आधारमा पहिलोलाई हिनायान, दोश्रोलाई महायान तथा तेश्रोलाई बज्रयानी भनिएको छ । बज्रयानी भित्रै अवलोकितेश्वर तथा नाथ परम्परा रहेको पनि दाबि गरिन्छ जो शिव भगवानसँग नजिक मानिन्छन् । नेपालमा हिनायान राणाकालको अन्त्यतिर मात्रै चर्चाका आयो । त्यसपछिका सरकार तथा पश्चिमाहरुले हिनायान वा थेरबादलाई प्राथमिकतामा राखेको देखिन्छ । नेपालमा सनातनि पूर्वीय सभ्यतामा दोश्रो शताब्दीतिरबाट थपिएको यो यानी सभ्यतालाई जोगाई नेपाललाई सनातनी हिन्दू तथा बौद्घ सभ्यताको केन्द्र बनाउनु पर्ने देखिन्छ । समग्रमा बुद्धको ज्ञानलाई धर्म, सम्प्रदायमा मात्र सिमित नराखि जिवनपद्धतिमैढाल्न महायानी परम्परालाई अगाडि बढाउनु पर्ने देखिन्छ ।","PeriodicalId":500575,"journal":{"name":"Pragya Darshan प्रज्ञा दर्शन","volume":"34 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135973411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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