Journal of Renal Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Response to Letter to the Editor: Predictors of Skeletal Muscle Index for Patients Treated With Hemodialysis","authors":"Laura Byham-Gray PhD, RDN, FNKF, Glenn Brietzke MS, RD, LD, CNSC, Rebecca Brody PhD, RD, LD, CNSC, Joachim Sackey PhD","doi":"10.1053/j.jrn.2025.03.010","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jrn.2025.03.010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Renal Nutrition","volume":"35 5","pages":"Pages 691-692"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144041707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Authors’ Reply to the Letter to the Editor","authors":"Keiko Kabasawa MD, MPH, PhD, Ribeka Takachi PhD, RD, Michihiro Hosojima MD, PhD, Kazutoshi Nakamura MD, Shoichiro Tsugane MD, PhD, Yumi Ito MD, PhD, Kunihiro Matsushita MD, PhD","doi":"10.1053/j.jrn.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jrn.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Renal Nutrition","volume":"35 5","pages":"Pages 693-695"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144096770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Availability of Exercise Program, Perceived Exercise Benefits and Barriers, and Exercise Habits in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients: A Multicenter Cross-sectional Study","authors":"Huagang Hu PhD ,&nbsp;Chanchan Wu PhD ,&nbsp;Pui Hing Chau PhD ,&nbsp;Edmond Pui Hang Choi PhD, MPhil, RN, FAAN","doi":"10.1053/j.jrn.2025.03.009","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jrn.2025.03.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Exercise resources and patients’ perceptions of exercise play a crucial role in influencing exercise participation among maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. However, limited research has explored the availability of exercise programs, patients’ exercise perceptions, and their exercise habits. This study aimed to characterize the availability of exercise programs, patients’ exercise perception, and exercise habits, as well as to examine the associations of these factors in this population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This multicenter cross-sectional study surveyed 722 MHD patients from 74 dialysis units across China. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographics, exercise habits, and responses to the Dialysis Patient-Perceived Exercise Benefits and Barriers Scale (DPEBBS) from patients. Additional information about the availability of exercise programs in dialysis units was also gathered. Data were analyzed using independent sample <em>t</em>-tests, linear mixed models, and multiple logistic regression analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Only 23.0% of dialysis units offered exercise programs. Overall, 65.7% of participants reported regular exercise. The availability of exercise programs was significantly associated with higher DPEBBS scores. MHD patients with higher DPEBBS benefits and barriers scores were more likely to exercise regularly. Furthermore, patients from dialysis units with exercise programs demonstrated significantly greater levels of exercise participation compared to those from units without such programs.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Less than one-fourth of dialysis units provide exercise programs for MHD patients, underscoring the need for broader implementation of these programs. Health-care providers and policymakers should prioritize promoting exercise programs, improving patients’ perceptions of exercise, and addressing barriers to increasing exercise participation among MHD patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Renal Nutrition","volume":"35 5","pages":"Pages 568-577"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144006048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of Skeletal Muscle Index for Patients Treated With Hemodialysis","authors":"Wei-Ti Wang MD,&nbsp;Min-Sheng Lu MD,&nbsp;Wei-Yang Lee MD,&nbsp;Ping-Chen Wang BSc,&nbsp;Chih-Chung Shiao MD","doi":"10.1053/j.jrn.2024.12.010","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jrn.2024.12.010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Renal Nutrition","volume":"35 5","pages":"Pages 690-691"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144025041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Probiotic, Prebiotic, Synbiotics, and Yogurt Supplements and Diabetic Kidney Disease: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2016","authors":"Wencong Guo MD ,&nbsp;Yancheng Song MD ,&nbsp;Yan Sun MM ,&nbsp;Changying Li MM ,&nbsp;Huasheng Du MM ,&nbsp;Qingqing You MM ,&nbsp;Yan Cai MM ,&nbsp;Yanhua Lang MBBS ,&nbsp;Leping Shao MD, PhD","doi":"10.1053/j.jrn.2025.03.008","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jrn.2025.03.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div><span><span><span>Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most prevalent of </span>chronic renal disease<span> and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide, primarily attributed to the increasing prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to investigate potential associations between the consumption of </span></span>probiotics<span>, prebiotics, </span></span>synbiotics, and yogurt and DKD, addressing a critical gap in current research concerning dietary interventions and renal health outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div><span>We conducted a cross-sectional study among adults with T2DM in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007 to 2016. Weighted univariate </span>logistic regression analysis<span><span>, subgroup analysis, and interaction analysis were conducted to assess the relationship between probiotics, </span>prebiotics<span>, synbiotics, yogurt supplements and DKD. In addition, the restricted cubic spline analysis was applied to assess potential nonlinear relationships between yogurt supplements and DKD.</span></span></div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study included 2,665 individuals, of whom 1,044 (39.2%) had a diagnosis of DKD. Multivariable logistic regression indicated an independent association between probiotic, prebiotic, synbiotic, or yogurt intake and a reduced risk of DKD after adjusting for covariates (odds ratio = 0.71, 95% confidence interval: 0.52-0.96, <em>P</em><span><span><span><span> = .03). Subgroup analysis results indicated inconsistencies in the correlations between DKD and probiotics, prebiotics, </span>synbiotics, or yogurt. Interaction analysis showed that age, gender, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, estimated </span>glomerular filtration rate, </span>body mass index<span>, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or antibiotic therapy had no significantly influence on the positive correlation (all </span></span><em>P</em> &gt; .05). The restricted cubic spline model indicated no nonlinear relationship between yogurt intake and DKD.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our findings indicated significant inverse associations between probiotic, prebiotic, synbiotics, or yogurt supplements and DKD prevalence in T2DM patients. Further large-scale studies with extended follow-up periods are warranted to confirm these findings and develop evidence-based dietary guidelines for clinical practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Renal Nutrition","volume":"35 5","pages":"Pages 616-627"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144047911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Incident Chronic Kidney Disease in a Korean Population","authors":"Yunmin Han MSc ,&nbsp;Sungjae Yoon MSc ,&nbsp;Soomin Lee MSc ,&nbsp;Younghwan Choi MSc ,&nbsp;Geonhui Kim PhD ,&nbsp;Duck-chul Lee PhD ,&nbsp;Youngwon Kim PhD ,&nbsp;Ga-young Lim PhD ,&nbsp;Ria Kwon PhD ,&nbsp;Yoosoo Chang MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Seungho Ryu MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Jeonggyu Kang MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Yeon Soo Kim MD, PhD","doi":"10.1053/j.jrn.2024.12.009","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jrn.2024.12.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This large cohort study aimed to examine the overall associations of physical activity (PA) and estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (eCRF) with incident chronic kidney disease (CKD).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study included a total of 274,292 participants (mean age, 37.9 ± 8.0 years; 41% women) using data collected from the Kangbuk Samsung Health Study. The participants were categorized into three groups: PA (inactive, insufficiently active, and active) and eCRF(low, middle, high). Furthermore, subgroup analyses were conducted to examine the differences in the risks of CKD incidence by age and sex. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 932 participants (0.34%) developed CKD. PA level was not associated with CKD risk in the overall cohort. However, younger participants (&lt;45 years) showed lower CKD risks, with HRs of 0.53 (95% CI: 0.36-0.79) and 0.73 (95% CI: 0.53-1.00) for insufficiently active and active individuals, respectively. Similarly, men exhibited reduced CKD risks, with HRs of 0.77 (95% CI: 0.59-1.00) and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.66-1.00) in these groups. Additionally, those in the high eCRF group had a 20% reduced CKD risk (HR, 0.80; 95% CI: 0.67-0.96) compared to the low eCRF group.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The associations between PA or eCRF and incident CKD showed differences according to age and sex.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Renal Nutrition","volume":"35 4","pages":"Pages 501-509"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143015114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability Between Sarcopenia Diagnosis by EWGSOP 1 and EWGSOP 2 Criteria and Association With Clinical Parameters in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients","authors":"Laura Tavares Guimarães RD ,&nbsp;Maryanne Zilli Canedo da Silva RD, PhD ,&nbsp;Nayrana do Carmo Soares Reis RD, PhD ,&nbsp;Jacqueline Costa Teixeira Caramori MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Barbara Perez Vogt RD, PhD","doi":"10.1053/j.jrn.2025.03.005","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jrn.2025.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To analyze the reliability between the sarcopenia criteria proposed by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) 1 and 2 and to verify the association of clinical parameters with sarcopenia diagnosis in patients on maintenance hemodialysis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Cross-sectional analysis including adult patients on maintenance hemodialysis. The assessment of lean mass was performed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and the appendicular lean mass index was calculated. The assessment of muscle strength was performed using a handgrip dynamometer. The cutoff values considered for sarcopenia diagnosis were proposed by the EWGSOP 1 and EWGSOP 2 criteria.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>124 patients were included. The frequency of sarcopenia diagnosis was higher according to EWGSOP 1 (25.8%) than according to EWGSOP 2 (12.9%). The frequency of sarcopenia diagnoses diminished in both sexes. The reliability between the two criteria was moderate (κ = 0.597; <em>P</em> &lt; .001), and 87.1% of patients were classified equally by both criteria. In EWGSOP 1, the presence of diabetes and serum iron was significantly higher in the group with sarcopenia, and in EWGSOP 2 there was no such difference.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The frequency of sarcopenia diagnosis in patients on hemodialysis was higher by EWGSOP 1 compared to EWGSOP 2, and the reliability between the criteria was moderate. Sarcopenia diagnosed by EWGSOP 1 was associated with diabetes and serum iron, which are factors that may be associated with sarcopenia pathogenesis. EWGSOP 2 was not associated with the clinical parameters assessed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Renal Nutrition","volume":"35 4","pages":"Pages 539-544"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143665221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Acute Effect of Dark Chocolate on Blood Pressure and Renal Hemodynamics as Assessed With Doppler Ultrasound in Healthy Volunteers","authors":"Louise Gargiulo MS,&nbsp;Marielle Hendriks-Balk PhD,&nbsp;Kenji Theiler MD,&nbsp;Wendy Brito BSc,&nbsp;Tanguy Corre,&nbsp;Gregoire Wuerzner MD,&nbsp;Menno Pruijm MD","doi":"10.1053/j.jrn.2025.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jrn.2025.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Dark chocolate (DC) is rich in cocoa, a substance with antioxidative and antihypertensive properties. The effect of DC on renal hemodynamics is poorly understood. The aim of this randomized, placebo-controlled study was to investigate whether DC induces changes in blood pressure (BP) and renal perfusion, as assessed with Doppler ultrasound – both at rest and during sympathetic stimulation – compared to cocoa-free white chocolate (WC).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Seventeen healthy volunteers aged 42 ± 14 years (47% women) were randomized to eat 1 dose of 1 g/kg of DC (70% cocoa) or 1 g/kg of WC. The renal resistive index (RRI), a proxy of intra-renal vascular resistance, was measured just before and 2 hours after chocolate consumption. BP, heart rate, and cardiac output were measured with the Finapres NOVA hemodynamic monitoring system. At each time point, a 3-minute handgrip (HG) test was performed as sympathetic stimulus; during the HG, supplementary RRI values were measured. Two weeks later, the same exams were repeated with the other type of chocolate.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>DC intake decreased RRI from 0.62 ± 0.04 to 0.60 ± 0.04 (<em>P</em> = .039), whereas RRI did not change after the intake of WC (before: 0.62 ± 0.05, after: 0.62 ± 0.04, <em>P</em> = .47). DC had no effect on BP in participants consuming &gt;50 g chocolate/week, whereas systolic blood pressure increased from 115 ± 17 to 122 ± 15 mmHg (<em>P</em> = .02) in nonregular chocolate eaters. HG exercise lowered the RRI from 0.62 ± 0.04 to 0.57 ± 0.05 (<em>P</em> = .001) and prolonged acceleration times (from 48.2 ± 8.2 to 57.8 ± 14 msec, <em>P</em> = .009), while increasing BP, heart rate, and cardiac output. In participants aged ≥35 years, the effect of HG exercise on RRI was attenuated by DC ingestion.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The ingestion of DC led to an acute reduction in RRI, suggesting intra-renal vasodilation, whereas WC had no effect. BP only increased in nonregular DC eaters, suggesting that regular DC eaters accustomed to the BP-modifying effects of DC. HG exercise led to a tardus parvus-like pattern of Doppler curves. This effect was attenuated by DC in older participants, suggesting that DC counterbalances the sympathetically induced intra-renal vasoconstriction in these volunteers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Renal Nutrition","volume":"35 4","pages":"Pages 486-493"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143538023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Still a Long Way to Go, the Potential of ChatGPT in Personalized Dietary Prescription, From a Perspective of a Clinical Dietitian","authors":"Qian You MS,&nbsp;Xuemei Li MM,&nbsp;Lei Shi PhD,&nbsp;Zhiyong Rao PhD,&nbsp;Wen Hu MS","doi":"10.1053/j.jrn.2025.02.008","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jrn.2025.02.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Prominent large language models, such as OpenAI's Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT), have shown promising implementation in the field of nutrition. Special care should be taken when using ChatGPT to prescribe protein-restricted diets for kidney-impaired patients. The objective of the current study is to simulate a chronic kidney disease (CKD) patient and evaluate the capabilities of ChatGPT in the context of dietary prescription, with a focus on protein contents of the diet.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We simulated a scenario involving a CKD patient and replicated a clinical counseling session that covered general dietary principles, dietary assessment, energy and protein recommendation, dietary prescription, and diet customization based on dietary culture. To confirm the results derived from our qualitative observations, 10 colleagues were recruited and provided with identical dietary prescription prompts to run the process again. The actual energy and protein levels of the given meal plans were recorded and the difference from the targets were compared.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>ChatGPT provides general principles overall aligning with best practices. The recommendations for energy and protein requirements of CKD patients were tailored and satisfactory. It failed to prescribe a reliable diet based on the target energy and protein requirements. For the quantitative analysis, the prescribed energy levels were generally lower than the targets, ranging from −28.9% to −17.0%, and protein contents were tremendously higher than the targets, ranging from 59.3% to 157%.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>ChatGPT is competent in offering generic dietary advice, giving satisfactory nutrients recommendations and adapting cuisines to different cultures but failed to prescribe nutritionally accurate dietary plans for CKD patients. At present, patients with strict protein and other particular nutrient restrictions are not recommended to rely on the dietary plans prescribed by ChatGPT to avoid potential health risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Renal Nutrition","volume":"35 4","pages":"Pages 510-516"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143617705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant-Based Diet and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Zihan Dang EdD ,&nbsp;Yifan He MD ,&nbsp;Ruiqian Xie PhD ,&nbsp;Peilin Chen MSc ,&nbsp;Fengyu Dong EdD","doi":"10.1053/j.jrn.2025.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jrn.2025.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analyses to evaluate the impact of plant-based diet (PBD) on chronic kidney disease (CKD).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A systematic search of PubMed and Embase was conducted from inception to August 2023 to evaluate the association between adopting a PBD and the incidence, progression, and mortality of CKD. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using a random effects model. This meta-analysis was preregistered in the PROSPERO.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 121,927 participants were included, aged between 18 and 74 years, and were followed up for a weighted average of 11.2 years. Adopting PBD is associated with a significantly reduced risk of developing CKD OR = 0.75, 95% CI (0.65-0.86), <em>P</em> &lt; .0001] across 93,857 participants. Similar results were observed in subgroup analyses that examined higher quintiles/quartiles (Q2-Q5) and tertiles (T2-T3) of PBD versus Q1/T1, with overall effect measures of 0.92 (95% CI; 0.86-0.98) and 0.88 (95% CI; 0.82-0.93), respectively. When adjusting for CKD-related comorbidities in patients following PBD (adjusted models M1, M2, and M3), significant findings were also observed, with an overall OR of 0.86 (95% CI; 0.79-0.93).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Adopting PBD was significantly associated with 26% lower incidences of CKD. Higher intake of PBD showed a dose-dependent relationship with lower risk of CKD incidence and slower CKD progression. Unhealthy PBD may not confer renal protective effects compared to healthy PBD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Renal Nutrition","volume":"35 4","pages":"Pages 517-530"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143626665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}