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Including immigrant voices in local mechanisms of citizen participation? Insights from the crucial case of Barcelona 将移民的声音纳入地方公民参与机制?巴塞罗那重要案例的启示
Pub Date : 2024-05-27 DOI: 10.1111/gove.12875
Juan Carlos Triviño‐Salazar, Vicent Climent‐Ferrando
The deliberative democracy and governance literature indicates that the challenge of participatory mechanisms (e.g., participatory budgeting, citizen assemblies) is to be inclusive of all citizens, especially marginalized ones from the political system. Immigrants as a marginalized group are a target of inclusion. Asking the circumstances under which these mechanisms promote immigrants' effective inclusion is still a pending question. This article proposes a theoretical model centered on their inclusion in these mechanisms. We apply our model to the incorporation of immigrants into Barcelona's Neighborhood Council Meetings, revamped under the radical‐left Barcelona en Comú‐led government (2015–2023). Findings show that opening participatory mechanisms for immigrants did not build de facto inclusionary dynamics in Barcelona. We explained such findings on the mismatch between the political quest to deepen democracy and promote social justice through participatory mechanisms and the limitations to implement practices leading to a pluralist engagement with immigrants.
协商民主和治理文献表明,参与机制(如参与式预算编制、公民大会)面临的挑战是包容所有公民,特别是政治系统中的边缘化公民。移民作为一个边缘化群体,是包容的对象。这些机制在何种情况下能促进移民的有效融入,仍是一个悬而未决的问题。本文提出了一个以移民融入这些机制为中心的理论模型。我们将模型应用于移民融入巴塞罗那邻里委员会会议的情况,该会议在激进左翼的巴塞罗那委员会(Barcelona en Comú)领导的政府(2015-2023 年)下进行了改革。研究结果表明,为移民开放参与机制并没有在巴塞罗那形成事实上的包容性动力。我们将这些发现解释为通过参与机制深化民主和促进社会正义的政治追求与实施导致移民多元化参与的实践限制之间的不匹配。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of institutional characteristics and social norms on corruption in healthcare 制度特征和社会规范对医疗腐败的影响
Pub Date : 2024-04-23 DOI: 10.1111/gove.12868
Iva Parvanova
Corruption in healthcare is widespread and consequential. Informal payments (IPs) are a common form of petty corruption, especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Using data from the Life in Transition Survey encompassing 33 countries across Europe and Central Asia, I analyze the prevalence and reasons behind IPs made to public health providers. In addition to individual‐ and system‐level factors often used in literature, I also introduce a latent measure of social norms related to high levels of corruption. These are associated with a significantly higher prevalence of paying informally. This paper also bridges a gap between the corruption literature and health‐related research by introducing a typology of IPs based on why they were made. I find that the association between health system characteristics and IPs prevalence differs based on the reason for payment. This difference is further exacerbated by the existence of corruption‐related social norms. The results of this analysis highlight the need to revisit existing anti‐corruption policies and align them to the underlying social norms.
医疗保健领域的腐败现象十分普遍,而且后果严重。非正式支付(IPs)是一种常见的小腐败形式,尤其是在中低收入国家。我利用欧洲和中亚 33 个国家的 "转型期生活调查 "数据,分析了向公共医疗服务提供者支付非正规费用的普遍性及其背后的原因。除了文献中常用的个人和系统层面的因素外,我还引入了与高度腐败相关的社会规范的潜在衡量标准。这些因素与较高的非正式支付率相关。本文还根据知识产权的产生原因对知识产权进行了分类,从而弥补了腐败文献与卫生相关研究之间的空白。我发现,卫生系统特征与 IPs 发生率之间的关联因支付原因而异。腐败相关社会规范的存在进一步加剧了这种差异。这一分析结果突出表明,有必要重新审视现有的反腐败政策,并使其与潜在的社会规范相一致。
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引用次数: 0
Political corruption and earthquakes: Governance in Turkey under Erdogan's rule 政治腐败与地震:埃尔多安统治下的土耳其治理
Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1111/gove.12869
Javier Cifuentes‐Faura
In 2023, a major earthquake struck Turkey, leaving thousands dead and exposing the country's corruption problems. The current Turkish president Erdoğan was sworn into power in 2003. Erdoğan's government has completely transformed the country with construction projects that have provided a huge economic boost. However, successive amnesties and non‐compliance with building regulations have uncovered cases of corruption. This paper analyses the evolution of corruption in Turkey during Erdoğan's rule. Several indicators are considered, such as the Corruption Perception Index, the Index on Impartial Administration or the V‐Dem Indicator on Political Corruption. The results indicate that two distinct stages can be distinguished during Erdoğan's term in office. The first stage was marked by a reduction in the perception of corruption, and the second stage was marked by an increase in the number of tenders for public works and corruption. Finally, several policy recommendations are proposed to reduce corruption in Turkey.
2023 年,土耳其发生大地震,造成数千人死亡,并暴露出该国的腐败问题。现任土耳其总统埃尔多安于 2003 年宣誓就职。埃尔多安政府通过建设项目彻底改变了国家,极大地推动了经济发展。然而,接二连三的大赦和不遵守建筑法规的行为揭露了腐败案件。本文分析了埃尔多安执政期间土耳其腐败现象的演变。本文考虑了多个指标,如腐败感知指数、公正行政指数或政治腐败 V-Dem 指标。研究结果表明,埃尔多安执政期间可分为两个不同的阶段。第一阶段的特点是人们对腐败的认识有所下降,第二阶段的特点是公共工程招标数量增加和腐败现象增多。最后,为减少土耳其的腐败现象提出了若干政策建议。
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引用次数: 0
Calibrating autonomy: How bureaucratic autonomy influences government quality in Brazil 校准自治:巴西的官僚自治如何影响政府质量
Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1111/gove.12865
Katherine Bersch, Francis Fukuyama
The interactions between bureaucratic agencies and political actors shape governance outcomes, yet scholars disagree about how bureaucratic autonomy relates to government quality. Some claim that enhancing autonomy improves quality, whereas others maintain the opposite. An influential article by Fukuyama (2013) in Governance suggests a curvilinear relationship, moderated by capacity. This article evaluates the theory empirically, focusing on within‐country variation and two dimensions of autonomy: independence and discretion. Drawing on an original survey of over 3200 public sector workers in Brazil and administrative data on 325,000 public servants, we find evidence suggesting that the relationship between perceived autonomy and quality depends on the type of perceived autonomy and level of capacity. Public servants' perceptions of independence from political actors are associated with increased perceptions about governance quality in a linear fashion. For perceived discretion, we find initial evidence of a Goldilocks relationship: too little reduces perceptions of government quality but so does too much, especially in low‐capacity areas. Our findings offer initial evidence that may qualify claims that limiting bureaucratic discretion while increasing political oversight improves governance; instead, context may be crucial.
官僚机构与政治参与者之间的互动影响着治理结果,但学者们对官僚自治与政府质量之间的关系存在分歧。一些学者认为,加强自主性可以提高政府质量,而另一些学者则持相反观点。福山(Fukuyama)(2013 年)在《治理》(Governance)杂志上发表了一篇颇具影响力的文章,认为两者之间存在曲线关系,并受能力的调节。本文对这一理论进行了实证评估,重点关注国家内部的差异以及自主权的两个维度:独立性和自由裁量权。通过对巴西 3200 多名公共部门工作人员的原始调查以及对 32.5 万名公务员的行政管理数据,我们发现有证据表明,感知自治与质量之间的关系取决于感知自治的类型和能力水平。公务员对独立于政治行为者的感知与对治理质量感知的增加呈线性关系。在感知的自由裁量权方面,我们发现了金锁关系的初步证据:过少会降低对政府质量的感知,但过多也会降低对政府质量的感知,尤其是在能力较低的地区。我们的研究结果提供了初步证据,可以证明限制官僚自由裁量权同时加强政治监督能改善治理的说法是有道理的;相反,环境可能是关键。
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引用次数: 0
Enablers or deterrent? Role of street level managers in use of creativity at the frontlines 促进还是阻碍?基层管理人员在前线发挥创造力方面的作用
Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1111/gove.12866
Mohsin Bashir, Ayesha Masood
Using qualitative data from frontline police organizations in Punjab, Pakistan, this article investigates the role of street level management on creativity and improvisation in the frontline. Our findings show that the professional identities and attitudes of the street level managers play an important role in mediating creativity by the frontline workers, especially in the hierarchal organizational structure. If the managers adopted rule‐following attitude, frontline workers often faced hindrances in the use of creativity, leading to alienation. In contrast, if managers adopted a defiant attitude, frontline workers engaged in moderated creativity as they assumed the risk of rule breaking. This shows that creativity and innovation in organizations with no formal mandate to improvize is a messy and political process. Our study indicates the need to extend the research on policy innovation to hierarchal bureaucracies and organisational contexts where team work is not encouraged.
本文利用来自巴基斯坦旁遮普省前线警察组织的定性数据,研究了街道级管理人员对前线创造力和即兴发挥的作用。我们的研究结果表明,街道一级管理人员的职业身份和态度对前线工作人员的创造力起着重要的中介作用,尤其是在等级森严的组织结构中。如果管理者采取循规蹈矩的态度,一线工人在发挥创造力时往往会遇到阻碍,从而导致疏离感。与此相反,如果管理者采取蔑视的态度,一线工人的创造力就会受到抑制,因为他们要承担违反规则的风险。这表明,在没有正式授权即兴发挥的组织中,创造力和创新是一个混乱的政治过程。我们的研究表明,有必要将政策创新研究扩展到等级森严的官僚机构和不鼓励团队工作的组织环境中。
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引用次数: 0
City diplomacy of ordinary cities: Harnessing migrant inclusion policies for international engagement in Amadora, Portugal 普通城市的城市外交:利用移民融入政策促进葡萄牙阿马多拉的国际参与
Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1111/gove.12864
Amandine Desille, Thomas Lacroix
This paper adds to the literature on urban diplomacy by focusing on the role of smaller cities with an active international engagement in migration matters. What are the motives driving the involvement of these “ordinary” cities in international groupings? What role do these cities play in the circulation of policies related to migration integration? How does it translate into local policies? To do so, we rely on a quantitative analysis of 64 networks around the world and on the case study of Amadora (Portugal). It is argued that “ordinary” cities may gain visibility when participating in transnational networks of cities. However, the research also shows that the city involvement is driven by the search for financial capacities, thereby nurturing a form of dependency from international subsidies. In addition, Amadora's involvement in city networks is not necessarily connected with actual activism in favor of migrant integration. The research shows the tensions between political discourses at national and local levels, and the loopholes of the “transnationalization” of migration governance.
本文通过关注在国际上积极参与移民事务的较小城市的作用,对城市外交文献进行了补充。这些 "普通 "城市参与国际组织的动机是什么?这些城市在移民融入相关政策的传播中发挥了什么作用?如何转化为地方政策?为此,我们对全球 64 个网络进行了定量分析,并对葡萄牙阿马多拉进行了案例研究。研究认为,"普通 "城市在参与跨国城市网络时可能会获得知名度。然而,研究也表明,城市参与的驱动力是寻求财政能力,从而滋生了一种对国际补贴的依赖。此外,阿莫多拉参与城市网络并不一定与支持移民融入社会的实际行动有关。研究显示了国家和地方层面政治话语之间的紧张关系,以及移民管理 "跨国化 "的漏洞。
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引用次数: 0
Neighbors with benefits: How politicians' local ties generate positive externalities when bureaucratic oversight is limited 有好处的邻居:当官僚监督受到限制时,政治家的地方关系如何产生积极的外部效应
Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.1111/gove.12867
Daniel Kovarek
Existing literature suggests bureaucrats shirk when political oversight is limited or inefficient. When civil servants engage in multitasking, elected office holders have neither the capacity nor the incentives to monitor bureaucrat–citizen interactions. I argue that under such circumstances, public servants prioritize responding to local anomalies which are located in the immediate vicinity of politicians. Using a novel dataset on geolocated citizen problem reports from 40 urban municipalities in Hungary (N = 24,149), matched against addresses of mayors, I find that proximity to mayors' domiciles is associated with more prompt responses from authorities. Results suggest politicians' local roots generate positive externalities for their neighbors, as civil servants are incentivized to put those reports on the back burner which are the most invisible for their political principals. Further analyses suggest response speed is also positively associated with incumbent mayors' re‐election chances. The findings refine our understanding on political oversight of bureaucrats and voters' expectations about likely behavior of locally embedded civil servants.
现有文献表明,当政治监督有限或效率低下时,官僚就会推卸责任。当公务员身兼多职时,民选官员既没有能力也没有动力去监督官僚与公民之间的互动。我认为,在这种情况下,公务员会优先应对政客身边的地方异常情况。通过使用匈牙利 40 个城市(N = 24149)的地理定位公民问题报告的新数据集,并与市长的地址进行匹配,我发现,靠近市长的住所与当局做出更迅速的回应有关。结果表明,政治家扎根当地会为他们的邻居带来积极的外部效应,因为公务员会受到激励,将那些对他们的政治负责人来说最隐蔽的报告置于次要位置。进一步的分析表明,响应速度也与现任市长的连任机会呈正相关。这些发现完善了我们对官僚的政治监督以及选民对地方公务员可能行为的预期的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Transparency and citizen support for public agencies: The case of foreign aid 透明度与公民对公共机构的支持:外国援助案例
Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.1111/gove.12863
Mirko Heinzel, Bernhard Reinsberg, Haley Swedlund
Can public agencies boost support for their mandate by being more transparent? We examine this important question in the context of foreign aid. Skepticism about foreign aid spending is common among citizens. This article argues that bilateral aid agencies can increase support for foreign aid by enhancing transparency. The article presents findings from three survey experiments involving a representative sample of 2058 British citizens, as well as observational data at the cross‐national level. The results suggest that transparency reforms are among the most effective institutional interventions for increasing public support. They also suggest that transparency is most effective at increasing public support amongst those who are initially more skeptical of aid and the civil service. Finally, they suggest that citizens do not have strong preferences about the type of information disclosed. They reward all types of transparency.
公共机构能否通过提高透明度来增强对其任务的支持?我们从对外援助的角度来探讨这一重要问题。公民普遍对对外援助支出持怀疑态度。本文认为,双边援助机构可以通过提高透明度来增加对外援的支持。文章介绍了三项调查实验的结果,涉及 2058 名英国公民的代表性样本,以及跨国层面的观察数据。结果表明,透明度改革是提高公众支持率最有效的制度干预措施之一。研究还表明,对于那些最初对援助和公务员制度持怀疑态度的人来说,透明度对提高公众支持率最为有效。最后,研究表明,公民对所披露信息的类型并没有强烈的偏好。他们奖励所有类型的透明度。
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引用次数: 0
Introducing ‘ministerial politics’: Analyzing the role and crucial redistributive impact of individual ministries in policy‐making 介绍 "部委政治":分析个别部委在决策中的作用和关键的再分配影响
Pub Date : 2024-03-02 DOI: 10.1111/gove.12859
Julian L. Garritzmann, Katrijn Siderius
Policy‐making is a complex business. While scholars have studied the politics of policy‐making for decades, we know surprisingly little about the role of individual ministries. We argue that and why individual ministries crucially shape policies' content, particularly their distributive profiles. We explain that it matters whether for example, a Ministry of Labor, of Finance, or of Home Affairs designs a policy. First, we systematically review existing literature on the factors that influence preferences of ministries and their power in policy‐making. Second, we develop a theory explaining that and why ministries have substantive policy impact and introducing a typology of three different ministerial ideal‐types: ministries follow a “social logic”, an “efficiency logic”, or a “law‐and‐order logic”. Third, we offer systematic empirical evidence: Using the least likely case of Germany, we introduce a novel content‐coded dataset on all social policies in the Bundestag since 1969, showing that ministries shape policies' distributive profiles, even when controlling for rival explanations, such as the partisan affiliation of ministers, the policy field, or cabinet type. We conclude by developing a research agenda on ministerial politics and highlight important implications for representation and responsiveness.
决策是一项复杂的工作。尽管学者们对决策政治的研究已有数十年历史,但我们对各个部委的作用却知之甚少,令人惊讶。我们认为,单个部委对政策内容,尤其是政策的分配情况起着至关重要的作用,这也是为什么单个部委对政策内容起着至关重要的作用。我们解释说,例如,是劳动部、财政部还是内政部设计了一项政策,这一点很重要。首先,我们系统回顾了影响各部委偏好及其决策权的现有文献。其次,我们提出了一种理论,解释了部委对政策产生实质性影响的原因,并介绍了三种不同的部委理想类型:部委遵循 "社会逻辑"、"效率逻辑 "或 "法律与秩序逻辑"。第三,我们提供了系统的经验证据:我们以最不可能的德国为例,介绍了自 1969 年以来联邦议院所有社会政策的新型内容编码数据集,表明即使控制了部长的党派背景、政策领域或内阁类型等对立解释,部委也会塑造政策的分配概况。最后,我们提出了部长政治的研究议程,并强调了其对代表性和响应性的重要影响。
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引用次数: 0
Forging urban diversity regimes: A combined approach to immigrant policymaking and governance in Mannheim 建立城市多样性制度:曼海姆移民政策制定与管理的综合方法
Pub Date : 2024-02-11 DOI: 10.1111/gove.12857
Maria Schiller
As migration continues to shape urban societies, how cities deal with migration-based heterogeneity has become a salient issue. Much literature addressing immigrant policymaking has focused on current policy ideas and the different actors they involve; literature on urban governance has highlighted the role of collaboration between state and civil society actors. To date, however, limited research has taken a combined approach to see how municipalities forge collaboration with civil society in pursuit of (novel) policy ideas. The article draws on and combines immigrant policymaking, urban governance and urban regime literatures. It presents Mannheim as a heuristic case which shows how the city's immigrant policymaking reflects a combination of a shift towards 'diversity' as policy idea and discourse and long-term collaboration in policymaking. Positing the emergence of an “urban diversity regime” in Mannheim, the article reflects on the opportunities this heuristic notion presents for existing literature and for future research.
随着移民不断塑造城市社会,城市如何处理基于移民的异质性已成为一个突出问题。有关移民政策制定的许多文献都侧重于当前的政策理念及其涉及的不同参与者;有关城市治理的文献则强调了国家和民间社会参与者之间合作的作用。然而,迄今为止,很少有研究采用综合方法来探讨市政当局如何与民间社会合作,以实现(新颖的)政策理念。本文借鉴并结合了移民决策、城市治理和城市制度等方面的文献。文章将曼海姆作为一个启发式案例,展示了该市的移民政策制定是如何将 "多样性 "作为政策理念和话语的转变与政策制定中的长期合作结合在一起的。文章认为曼海姆出现了 "城市多样性制度",并反思了这一启发式概念为现有文献和未来研究带来的机遇。
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引用次数: 0
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Governance
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