Pub Date : 2022-06-27DOI: 10.1017/S0373463322000327
Stilianos Contarinis, B. Nakos, L. Tsoulos, Athanasios Palikaris
Abstract Electronic navigational charts (ENCs) are specialised geospatial datasets, issued by or on the authority of a government or hydrographic office, in accordance with the International Hydrographic Organisation's (IHO) standards, specifications and symbol sets. The datasets generally comprise encoded information collected from hydrographic surveys, aimed primarily at the safety of navigation. Most ENCs are not openly available, since the encrypted datasets can be acquired through various license schemes via a centralised distribution network coordinated by two organisations operating on behalf of the coastal states that produce them. This paper describes a methodology and an integrated system developed at the National Technical University of Athens Cartography Laboratory for the generation of web-based nautical charts utilising open data and free software. The system compiles nautical charts compliant with IHO's S-101 latest standard; using open hydrospatial data retrieved from marine spatial data infrastructures (MSDI) and other qualified volunteered geographic information (VGI) sources. Open-source geospatial libraries and web-map vector technologies are used to build the system components and software scripts developed to enable automated compilation. The study also discusses how the system can be improved further by leveraging web services for end-to-end process automation and satellite-derived bathymetry for accurate depiction of seabed topography in low-depth areas.
{"title":"Web-based nautical charts automated compilation from open hydrospatial data","authors":"Stilianos Contarinis, B. Nakos, L. Tsoulos, Athanasios Palikaris","doi":"10.1017/S0373463322000327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0373463322000327","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Electronic navigational charts (ENCs) are specialised geospatial datasets, issued by or on the authority of a government or hydrographic office, in accordance with the International Hydrographic Organisation's (IHO) standards, specifications and symbol sets. The datasets generally comprise encoded information collected from hydrographic surveys, aimed primarily at the safety of navigation. Most ENCs are not openly available, since the encrypted datasets can be acquired through various license schemes via a centralised distribution network coordinated by two organisations operating on behalf of the coastal states that produce them. This paper describes a methodology and an integrated system developed at the National Technical University of Athens Cartography Laboratory for the generation of web-based nautical charts utilising open data and free software. The system compiles nautical charts compliant with IHO's S-101 latest standard; using open hydrospatial data retrieved from marine spatial data infrastructures (MSDI) and other qualified volunteered geographic information (VGI) sources. Open-source geospatial libraries and web-map vector technologies are used to build the system components and software scripts developed to enable automated compilation. The study also discusses how the system can be improved further by leveraging web services for end-to-end process automation and satellite-derived bathymetry for accurate depiction of seabed topography in low-depth areas.","PeriodicalId":50120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Navigation","volume":"75 1","pages":"763 - 783"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49056650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The fish-eye star sensor with a field of view (FOV) of 180° is an important piece of equipment for attitude determination, which improves the visibility of stars significantly. However, it also brings the star identification (star-ID) difficulties because of imprecise calibrations. Thus, a fish-eye star-ID algorithm supported by the integration of the precise point positioning/inertial navigation system (PPP/INS) is proposed. At first, a reference star map is generated in combination with the distortion model of the fish-eye camera based on the position and attitude information from the PPP/INS. Then the star points are extracted in a specific neighbourhood of the reference star points. Subsequently, the extracted star points are individually tested and identified according to angular distance error. Finally, the real-time precise attitude is determined based on the star-ID results. Experimental results show that, 270–310 stars can be identified in a fish-eye star map with an average time of 0.03 s if the initial attitude error is smaller than 1.5° and an attitude determination accuracy better than 10″ can be achieved by support from PPP/INS.
{"title":"Rapid star identification algorithm for fish-eye camera based on PPP/INS assistance","authors":"Chonghui Li, Yuanxi Yang, Guorui Xiao, Zhanglei Chen, Shuai Tong, Zihao Liu","doi":"10.1017/S0373463322000285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0373463322000285","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The fish-eye star sensor with a field of view (FOV) of 180° is an important piece of equipment for attitude determination, which improves the visibility of stars significantly. However, it also brings the star identification (star-ID) difficulties because of imprecise calibrations. Thus, a fish-eye star-ID algorithm supported by the integration of the precise point positioning/inertial navigation system (PPP/INS) is proposed. At first, a reference star map is generated in combination with the distortion model of the fish-eye camera based on the position and attitude information from the PPP/INS. Then the star points are extracted in a specific neighbourhood of the reference star points. Subsequently, the extracted star points are individually tested and identified according to angular distance error. Finally, the real-time precise attitude is determined based on the star-ID results. Experimental results show that, 270–310 stars can be identified in a fish-eye star map with an average time of 0.03 s if the initial attitude error is smaller than 1.5° and an attitude determination accuracy better than 10″ can be achieved by support from PPP/INS.","PeriodicalId":50120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Navigation","volume":"75 1","pages":"928 - 945"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44186552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1017/S0373463322000261
Jie Yang, Xinlong Wang, Xiaokun Ding, Qing Wei, Liangliang Shen
Abstract This paper, in allusion to the limitations of traditional transfer alignment methods based on the external measurement equipment or the empirical model of angular deformation, proposes a rapid and accurate transfer alignment method without relying on the empirical angular deformation model. Firstly, the relationship between the actual angular deformation and the angular velocities measured by the gyroscopes in the master and slave inertial navigation systems (INSs) is derived to roughly estimate the angular deformation. Secondly, according to the error characteristics of gyroscopes, the error model of angular deformation is established. Thirdly, expanding the angular deformation error instead of the installation error angle, flexure angle and flexure angle rate into the state vector, a low-order transfer alignment filtering model independent of the empirical angular deformation model is established. The proposed method not only gets rid of the dependence on an empirical angular deformation model, but also realises the rapid and accurate initial alignment of the slave INS without adding any external measurement equipment. The simulations and experiments evidence the validity of the proposed transfer alignment method.
{"title":"A fast and accurate transfer alignment method without relying on the empirical model of angular deformation","authors":"Jie Yang, Xinlong Wang, Xiaokun Ding, Qing Wei, Liangliang Shen","doi":"10.1017/S0373463322000261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0373463322000261","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper, in allusion to the limitations of traditional transfer alignment methods based on the external measurement equipment or the empirical model of angular deformation, proposes a rapid and accurate transfer alignment method without relying on the empirical angular deformation model. Firstly, the relationship between the actual angular deformation and the angular velocities measured by the gyroscopes in the master and slave inertial navigation systems (INSs) is derived to roughly estimate the angular deformation. Secondly, according to the error characteristics of gyroscopes, the error model of angular deformation is established. Thirdly, expanding the angular deformation error instead of the installation error angle, flexure angle and flexure angle rate into the state vector, a low-order transfer alignment filtering model independent of the empirical angular deformation model is established. The proposed method not only gets rid of the dependence on an empirical angular deformation model, but also realises the rapid and accurate initial alignment of the slave INS without adding any external measurement equipment. The simulations and experiments evidence the validity of the proposed transfer alignment method.","PeriodicalId":50120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Navigation","volume":"75 1","pages":"878 - 900"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42726764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-23DOI: 10.1017/S037346332200025X
Linzhouting Chen, Zhanchao Liu, Jiancheng Fang
Abstract The integration of the inertial navigation system (INS) and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is suited for localisation and navigation applications, such as aircrafts, land vehicles and ships. The primary challenge is for navigation system to achieve accurate and reliable navigation solution during GNSS outages. This paper presents an observation prediction methodology for INS/GNSS bridging GNSS outages, which combines partial least squares regression (PLSR) and Gaussian process regression (GPR) to model the INS/GNSS observations and enable a Kalman filter to estimate INS errors. The performance of proposed PLSR/GPR prediction methodology was validated through four GNSS outages taken on flight experiment data, including diverse manoeuvre conditions. The experiment results demonstrate that remarkable performance enhancements are achieved through applying the proposed PLSR/GPR prediction methodology into INS/GNSS integration.
{"title":"A novel hybrid observation prediction methodology for bridging GNSS outages in INS/GNSS systems","authors":"Linzhouting Chen, Zhanchao Liu, Jiancheng Fang","doi":"10.1017/S037346332200025X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S037346332200025X","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The integration of the inertial navigation system (INS) and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is suited for localisation and navigation applications, such as aircrafts, land vehicles and ships. The primary challenge is for navigation system to achieve accurate and reliable navigation solution during GNSS outages. This paper presents an observation prediction methodology for INS/GNSS bridging GNSS outages, which combines partial least squares regression (PLSR) and Gaussian process regression (GPR) to model the INS/GNSS observations and enable a Kalman filter to estimate INS errors. The performance of proposed PLSR/GPR prediction methodology was validated through four GNSS outages taken on flight experiment data, including diverse manoeuvre conditions. The experiment results demonstrate that remarkable performance enhancements are achieved through applying the proposed PLSR/GPR prediction methodology into INS/GNSS integration.","PeriodicalId":50120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Navigation","volume":"75 1","pages":"1206 - 1225"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47409144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-23DOI: 10.1017/S0373463322000169
Zhaoqian Su, Yingjie Xiao
Abstract To improve the safety of cruise tourism in the Yangtze River Delta region (YRD), a new cruise ship home port is needed. This paper studies the process for selection of a site for the new cruise home port. Through analysis of previous cases of cruise tourism safety accidents, it is found that the basic situation of the cruise port, such as the channel, the port, logistics support and scenic places to visit, is important to cruise operation safety. An index system of site selection for a cruise home port is established, and the optimal choice of location for a regional cruise home port – between Shanghai, Zhoushan and Nantong – is analysed by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The research shows that the order of preferred site for the cruise home port is Zhoushan, then Shanghai and, third, Nantong. This paper can provide a reference for the layout of the whole industry chain of the cruise economy in the YRD in the future. This will promote the integration of development of the YRD, and enhance the regional connectivity and policy system efficiency in the YRD.
{"title":"Study on site selection for a cruise home port in the Yangtze River Delta region from the perspective of safety","authors":"Zhaoqian Su, Yingjie Xiao","doi":"10.1017/S0373463322000169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0373463322000169","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract To improve the safety of cruise tourism in the Yangtze River Delta region (YRD), a new cruise ship home port is needed. This paper studies the process for selection of a site for the new cruise home port. Through analysis of previous cases of cruise tourism safety accidents, it is found that the basic situation of the cruise port, such as the channel, the port, logistics support and scenic places to visit, is important to cruise operation safety. An index system of site selection for a cruise home port is established, and the optimal choice of location for a regional cruise home port – between Shanghai, Zhoushan and Nantong – is analysed by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The research shows that the order of preferred site for the cruise home port is Zhoushan, then Shanghai and, third, Nantong. This paper can provide a reference for the layout of the whole industry chain of the cruise economy in the YRD in the future. This will promote the integration of development of the YRD, and enhance the regional connectivity and policy system efficiency in the YRD.","PeriodicalId":50120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Navigation","volume":"75 1","pages":"984 - 999"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43176573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-12DOI: 10.1017/S0373463322000236
Guangzhi Guo, Zuoxiao Dai, Yuanfeng Dai
Abstract Almost all robust stereo visual odometry work uses the random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm for model estimation with the existence of noise and outliers. To date, there have been few comparative studies to evaluate the performance of RANSAC algorithms based on different hypothesis generators. In this work, we analyse and compare three popular and efficient RANSAC schemes. They mainly differ in using the two-dimensional (2-D) data points measured directly and the three-dimensional (3-D) data points inferred through triangulation. This comparison presents several quantitative experiments intended for comparing the accuracy, robustness and efficiency of each scheme under varying levels of noise and different percentages of outlier conditions. The results suggest that in the presence of noise and outliers, the perspective-three-point RANSAC provides more accurate and robust pose estimates. However, in the absence of noise, the iterative closest point RANSAC obtains better results regardless of the percentage of outliers. Efficiency, in terms of the number of RANSAC iterations, is found in that the relative speed of the perspective-three-point RANSAC becomes superior under low noise levels and low percentages of outlier conditions. Otherwise, the iterative closest-point RANSAC may be computationally more efficient.
{"title":"Robust stereo visual odometry: A comparison of random sample consensus algorithms based on three major hypothesis generators","authors":"Guangzhi Guo, Zuoxiao Dai, Yuanfeng Dai","doi":"10.1017/S0373463322000236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0373463322000236","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Almost all robust stereo visual odometry work uses the random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm for model estimation with the existence of noise and outliers. To date, there have been few comparative studies to evaluate the performance of RANSAC algorithms based on different hypothesis generators. In this work, we analyse and compare three popular and efficient RANSAC schemes. They mainly differ in using the two-dimensional (2-D) data points measured directly and the three-dimensional (3-D) data points inferred through triangulation. This comparison presents several quantitative experiments intended for comparing the accuracy, robustness and efficiency of each scheme under varying levels of noise and different percentages of outlier conditions. The results suggest that in the presence of noise and outliers, the perspective-three-point RANSAC provides more accurate and robust pose estimates. However, in the absence of noise, the iterative closest point RANSAC obtains better results regardless of the percentage of outliers. Efficiency, in terms of the number of RANSAC iterations, is found in that the relative speed of the perspective-three-point RANSAC becomes superior under low noise levels and low percentages of outlier conditions. Otherwise, the iterative closest-point RANSAC may be computationally more efficient.","PeriodicalId":50120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Navigation","volume":"75 1","pages":"1298 - 1309"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44982168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1017/S0373463322000248
O. Pleter, C. Constantinescu
Abstract The paper reviews the optimisation methods of the flight trajectory for airliners. In contrast to maritime navigation, where the shortest route (the orthodrome) is preferred, in air navigation, the brachistochrone is the optimal flight trajectory on the sphere or on the ellipsoid, considering the wind vector field (maximising the tail wind and minimising the head wind over the duration of the flight). The major impact of the wind on the flight trajectory results from the possible significant velocity at the normal cruise flight levels, which could reach 200 kts, or 40% of the aircraft true airspeed (TAS). Brachistochrone is independent of the flight performance optimisation (range versus speed), as computed by the flight management system. Whichever cost index (CI) is selected (and consequently, the cruise Mach number), the brachistochrone is the minimum time of flight trajectory at that target Mach number. In cruise flight, the minimum time of flight is also equivalent to the minimum fuel consumption. It concerns just the wind velocity field. All these qualify the brachistochrone as the greenest trajectory, the most fuel and emissions efficient solution relative to the atmosphere. The paper classifies the brachistochrone problems (2D, 3D and 4D brachistochrones, with or without flexible time of departure). Some numerical examples are provided. The overall optimal 4D trajectory considers many aspects, including safety, by minimisation of total costs and risks of the 4D trajectory.
{"title":"A review of flight trajectory optimisations","authors":"O. Pleter, C. Constantinescu","doi":"10.1017/S0373463322000248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0373463322000248","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper reviews the optimisation methods of the flight trajectory for airliners. In contrast to maritime navigation, where the shortest route (the orthodrome) is preferred, in air navigation, the brachistochrone is the optimal flight trajectory on the sphere or on the ellipsoid, considering the wind vector field (maximising the tail wind and minimising the head wind over the duration of the flight). The major impact of the wind on the flight trajectory results from the possible significant velocity at the normal cruise flight levels, which could reach 200 kts, or 40% of the aircraft true airspeed (TAS). Brachistochrone is independent of the flight performance optimisation (range versus speed), as computed by the flight management system. Whichever cost index (CI) is selected (and consequently, the cruise Mach number), the brachistochrone is the minimum time of flight trajectory at that target Mach number. In cruise flight, the minimum time of flight is also equivalent to the minimum fuel consumption. It concerns just the wind velocity field. All these qualify the brachistochrone as the greenest trajectory, the most fuel and emissions efficient solution relative to the atmosphere. The paper classifies the brachistochrone problems (2D, 3D and 4D brachistochrones, with or without flexible time of departure). Some numerical examples are provided. The overall optimal 4D trajectory considers many aspects, including safety, by minimisation of total costs and risks of the 4D trajectory.","PeriodicalId":50120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Navigation","volume":"75 1","pages":"646 - 661"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45742681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1017/s0373463322000388
{"title":"NAV volume 75 issue 3 Cover and Back matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0373463322000388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0373463322000388","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Navigation","volume":" ","pages":"b1 - b2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48915440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1017/s0373463322000376
{"title":"NAV volume 75 issue 3 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0373463322000376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0373463322000376","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Navigation","volume":" ","pages":"f1 - f2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43413831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1017/S0373463322000224
Yuki Kato, Tomoya Horiguchi
Abstract Remote monitoring and control systems are being used with more frequency, but the characteristics of situational awareness and decision-making from remote locations are largely unknown. Remote operators’ sources of information differ from on-board sources greatly in terms of perspective, field of view, and available data type (qualitative or quantitative). This study focused on clarifying the cognitive effects of first- and third-person perspectives on ship handling. A working hypothesis was formulated based on the findings of visual information processing and previous studies and tested using a developed ship handling simulator. The results revealed that: (1) the cognitive characteristics of the first-person perspective make it more effective in safely guiding ship handling than does the third-person perspective, and (2) the deviation in cognitive characteristics is prominent where collision can be easily avoided. The findings will aid the development of on-board and remotely piloted vessels and ensure the safety of their crews.
{"title":"Effect of perception difference between first- and third-person perspectives on local and global situation recognition in ship handling","authors":"Yuki Kato, Tomoya Horiguchi","doi":"10.1017/S0373463322000224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0373463322000224","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Remote monitoring and control systems are being used with more frequency, but the characteristics of situational awareness and decision-making from remote locations are largely unknown. Remote operators’ sources of information differ from on-board sources greatly in terms of perspective, field of view, and available data type (qualitative or quantitative). This study focused on clarifying the cognitive effects of first- and third-person perspectives on ship handling. A working hypothesis was formulated based on the findings of visual information processing and previous studies and tested using a developed ship handling simulator. The results revealed that: (1) the cognitive characteristics of the first-person perspective make it more effective in safely guiding ship handling than does the third-person perspective, and (2) the deviation in cognitive characteristics is prominent where collision can be easily avoided. The findings will aid the development of on-board and remotely piloted vessels and ensure the safety of their crews.","PeriodicalId":50120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Navigation","volume":"75 1","pages":"727 - 744"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47608356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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