Attention is a cornerstone of human cognition that facilitates the efficient extraction of information in everyday life. Recent developments in artificial intelligence like the Transformer architecture also incorporate the idea of attention in model designs. However, despite the shared fundamental principle of selectively attending to information, human attention and the Transformer model display notable differences, particularly in their capacity constraints, attention pathways, and intentional mechanisms. Our review aims to provide a comparative analysis of these mechanisms from a cognitive-functional perspective, thereby shedding light on several open research questions. The exploration encourages interdisciplinary efforts to derive insights from human attention mechanisms in the pursuit of developing more generalized artificial intelligence.
{"title":"From Cognition to Computation: A Comparative Review of Human Attention and Transformer Architectures","authors":"Minglu Zhao, Dehong Xu, Tao Gao","doi":"arxiv-2407.01548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2407.01548","url":null,"abstract":"Attention is a cornerstone of human cognition that facilitates the efficient\u0000extraction of information in everyday life. Recent developments in artificial\u0000intelligence like the Transformer architecture also incorporate the idea of\u0000attention in model designs. However, despite the shared fundamental principle\u0000of selectively attending to information, human attention and the Transformer\u0000model display notable differences, particularly in their capacity constraints,\u0000attention pathways, and intentional mechanisms. Our review aims to provide a\u0000comparative analysis of these mechanisms from a cognitive-functional\u0000perspective, thereby shedding light on several open research questions. The\u0000exploration encourages interdisciplinary efforts to derive insights from human\u0000attention mechanisms in the pursuit of developing more generalized artificial\u0000intelligence.","PeriodicalId":501219,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - QuanBio - Other Quantitative Biology","volume":"211 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141513111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tal Ifargan, Lukas Hafner, Maor Kern, Ori Alcalay, Roy Kishony
As AI promises to accelerate scientific discovery, it remains unclear whether fully AI-driven research is possible and whether it can adhere to key scientific values, such as transparency, traceability and verifiability. Mimicking human scientific practices, we built data-to-paper, an automation platform that guides interacting LLM agents through a complete stepwise research process, while programmatically back-tracing information flow and allowing human oversight and interactions. In autopilot mode, provided with annotated data alone, data-to-paper raised hypotheses, designed research plans, wrote and debugged analysis codes, generated and interpreted results, and created complete and information-traceable research papers. Even though research novelty was relatively limited, the process demonstrated autonomous generation of de novo quantitative insights from data. For simple research goals, a fully-autonomous cycle can create manuscripts which recapitulate peer-reviewed publications without major errors in about 80-90%, yet as goal complexity increases, human co-piloting becomes critical for assuring accuracy. Beyond the process itself, created manuscripts too are inherently verifiable, as information-tracing allows to programmatically chain results, methods and data. Our work thereby demonstrates a potential for AI-driven acceleration of scientific discovery while enhancing, rather than jeopardizing, traceability, transparency and verifiability.
{"title":"Autonomous LLM-driven research from data to human-verifiable research papers","authors":"Tal Ifargan, Lukas Hafner, Maor Kern, Ori Alcalay, Roy Kishony","doi":"arxiv-2404.17605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.17605","url":null,"abstract":"As AI promises to accelerate scientific discovery, it remains unclear whether\u0000fully AI-driven research is possible and whether it can adhere to key\u0000scientific values, such as transparency, traceability and verifiability.\u0000Mimicking human scientific practices, we built data-to-paper, an automation\u0000platform that guides interacting LLM agents through a complete stepwise\u0000research process, while programmatically back-tracing information flow and\u0000allowing human oversight and interactions. In autopilot mode, provided with\u0000annotated data alone, data-to-paper raised hypotheses, designed research plans,\u0000wrote and debugged analysis codes, generated and interpreted results, and\u0000created complete and information-traceable research papers. Even though\u0000research novelty was relatively limited, the process demonstrated autonomous\u0000generation of de novo quantitative insights from data. For simple research\u0000goals, a fully-autonomous cycle can create manuscripts which recapitulate\u0000peer-reviewed publications without major errors in about 80-90%, yet as goal\u0000complexity increases, human co-piloting becomes critical for assuring accuracy.\u0000Beyond the process itself, created manuscripts too are inherently verifiable,\u0000as information-tracing allows to programmatically chain results, methods and\u0000data. Our work thereby demonstrates a potential for AI-driven acceleration of\u0000scientific discovery while enhancing, rather than jeopardizing, traceability,\u0000transparency and verifiability.","PeriodicalId":501219,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - QuanBio - Other Quantitative Biology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140828371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rebecca D. Russell, Andrea Begley, Alison Daly, Eleanor Dunlop, Minh N. Pham, Lisa Grech, Lucinda J. Black
Objective: Diet quality is important for people with multiple sclerosis (MS), but conflicting online information causes them confusion. People with MS want evidence-based MS-specific information to help them make healthy dietary changes, and we co-designed an asynchronous, online nutrition education program (Eating Well with MS) with the MS community. Our aim was to determine the feasibility of Eating Well with MS. Methods: We used a single-arm pre-post design. The feasibility trial was a nine-week intervention with adults with confirmed MS. Feasibility outcomes: 1) demand (recruitment); 2) practicality (completion); 3) acceptability (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory: interest/enjoyment and value/usefulness subscales); and 4) limited efficacy testing (Diet Habits Questionnaire (DHQ); Critical Nutrition Literacy Tool (CNLT); Food Literacy Behaviour Checklist (FLBC)). Results: The recruitment target (n=70) was reached. 87% completed at least one module and 57% completed the full program (five modules). The median interest/enjoyment rating was 5 out of 7 and median value/usefulness rating was 6 out of 7 (where 7 = very true). Compared to pre-program, participants who completed any of the program had statistically significantly improved DHQ, CNLT, and FLBC scores. Conclusion: Eating Well with MS was well received by the MS community and improved their dietary behaviours; demonstrating feasibility. Our findings support the use of co-design methods when developing resources to improve dietary behaviours.
目的：饮食质量对多发性硬化症（MS）患者非常重要，但相互矛盾的在线信息让他们无所适从。多发性硬化症患者需要基于证据的多发性硬化症特定信息来帮助他们做出健康的饮食改变，因此我们与多发性硬化症社区共同设计了一个异步在线营养教育计划（Eating Well with MS）。我们的目的是确定 "与多发性硬化症一起吃得好 "的可行性。方法：我们采用了单臂前-后设计。可行性试验对确诊为多发性硬化症的成人进行了为期九周的干预。可行性结果：1）需求（招募）；2）实用性（完成）；3）可接受性（内在动机量表：兴趣/乐趣和价值/有用性分量表）；4）有限效果测试（饮食习惯问卷（DHQ）；关键营养知识工具（CNLT）；食物知识行为检查表（FLBC））。结果：达到了招募目标（70 人）。87%的人至少完成了一个模块，57%的人完成了整个项目（五个模块）。与项目开始前相比，完成任何一个项目的参与者的 DHQ、CNLT 和 FLBC 分数都有显著改善。结论："多发性硬化症患者吃得好 "项目受到了多发性硬化症患者群体的欢迎，改善了他们的饮食行为，证明了其可行性。我们的研究结果支持在开发资源以改善饮食行为时使用协同设计方法。
{"title":"Feasibility of a co-designed online nutrition education program for people with multiple sclerosis","authors":"Rebecca D. Russell, Andrea Begley, Alison Daly, Eleanor Dunlop, Minh N. Pham, Lisa Grech, Lucinda J. Black","doi":"arxiv-2404.13900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.13900","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Diet quality is important for people with multiple sclerosis (MS),\u0000but conflicting online information causes them confusion. People with MS want\u0000evidence-based MS-specific information to help them make healthy dietary\u0000changes, and we co-designed an asynchronous, online nutrition education program\u0000(Eating Well with MS) with the MS community. Our aim was to determine the\u0000feasibility of Eating Well with MS. Methods: We used a single-arm pre-post\u0000design. The feasibility trial was a nine-week intervention with adults with\u0000confirmed MS. Feasibility outcomes: 1) demand (recruitment); 2) practicality\u0000(completion); 3) acceptability (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory:\u0000interest/enjoyment and value/usefulness subscales); and 4) limited efficacy\u0000testing (Diet Habits Questionnaire (DHQ); Critical Nutrition Literacy Tool\u0000(CNLT); Food Literacy Behaviour Checklist (FLBC)). Results: The recruitment\u0000target (n=70) was reached. 87% completed at least one module and 57% completed\u0000the full program (five modules). The median interest/enjoyment rating was 5 out\u0000of 7 and median value/usefulness rating was 6 out of 7 (where 7 = very true).\u0000Compared to pre-program, participants who completed any of the program had\u0000statistically significantly improved DHQ, CNLT, and FLBC scores. Conclusion:\u0000Eating Well with MS was well received by the MS community and improved their\u0000dietary behaviours; demonstrating feasibility. Our findings support the use of\u0000co-design methods when developing resources to improve dietary behaviours.","PeriodicalId":501219,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - QuanBio - Other Quantitative Biology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140806554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex immune-mediated disease with no currently known cure. There is growing evidence to support the role of diet in reducing some of the symptoms and disease progression in MS, and we previously developed and tested the feasibility of a digital nutrition education program for people with MS. Objective The aim of this study was to explore factors that influenced engagement in the digital nutrition education program, including features influencing capability, opportunity, and motivation to change their dietary behaviours. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with people who MS who completed some or all of the program, until data saturation was reached. Interviews were analysed inductively using thematic analysis. Themes were deductively mapped against the COM-B behaviour change model. Results 16 interviews were conducted with participants who completed all (n=10) or some of the program (n=6). Four themes emerged: 1) Acquiring and validating nutrition knowledge; 2) Influence of time and social support; 3) Getting in early to improve health; and 4) Accounting for food literacy experiences. Discussion This is the first online nutrition program with suitable behavioural supports for people with MS. It highlights the importance of disease-specific and evidence-based nutrition education to support people with MS to make dietary changes. Acquiring nutrition knowledge, coupled with practical support mechanisms such as recipe booklets and goal-setting, emerged as crucial for facilitating engagement with the program. Conclusions When designing education programs for people with MS and other neurological conditions, healthcare professionals and program designers should consider flexible delivery and building peer support to address the needs and challenges faced by participants.
{"title":"Evaluating experiences in a digital nutrition education program for people with multiple sclerosis: a qualitative study","authors":"RD Russell, J He, LJ Black, A Begley","doi":"arxiv-2404.13902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.13902","url":null,"abstract":"Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex immune-mediated disease with\u0000no currently known cure. There is growing evidence to support the role of diet\u0000in reducing some of the symptoms and disease progression in MS, and we\u0000previously developed and tested the feasibility of a digital nutrition\u0000education program for people with MS. Objective The aim of this study was to\u0000explore factors that influenced engagement in the digital nutrition education\u0000program, including features influencing capability, opportunity, and motivation\u0000to change their dietary behaviours. Methods Semi-structured interviews were\u0000conducted with people who MS who completed some or all of the program, until\u0000data saturation was reached. Interviews were analysed inductively using\u0000thematic analysis. Themes were deductively mapped against the COM-B behaviour\u0000change model. Results 16 interviews were conducted with participants who\u0000completed all (n=10) or some of the program (n=6). Four themes emerged: 1)\u0000Acquiring and validating nutrition knowledge; 2) Influence of time and social\u0000support; 3) Getting in early to improve health; and 4) Accounting for food\u0000literacy experiences. Discussion This is the first online nutrition program\u0000with suitable behavioural supports for people with MS. It highlights the\u0000importance of disease-specific and evidence-based nutrition education to\u0000support people with MS to make dietary changes. Acquiring nutrition knowledge,\u0000coupled with practical support mechanisms such as recipe booklets and\u0000goal-setting, emerged as crucial for facilitating engagement with the program.\u0000Conclusions When designing education programs for people with MS and other\u0000neurological conditions, healthcare professionals and program designers should\u0000consider flexible delivery and building peer support to address the needs and\u0000challenges faced by participants.","PeriodicalId":501219,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - QuanBio - Other Quantitative Biology","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140799191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the impact of three cold plasma treatments on barley seed germination: direct treatment of dry seeds (DDS), direct treatment of water-soaked seeds (DWS), and indirect treatment of seeds using plasma-activated water (IPAW).
{"title":"Cold plasma treatment boosts barley germination and seedling vigor: Insights into soluble sugar, starch, and protein modifications","authors":"Mohamed Ali Benabderrahim, Imen Bettaieb, Hédia Hannachi, Mokhtar Rejili, Thierry Dufour","doi":"arxiv-2405.00702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2405.00702","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the impact of three cold plasma treatments on barley\u0000seed germination: direct treatment of dry seeds (DDS), direct treatment of\u0000water-soaked seeds (DWS), and indirect treatment of seeds using\u0000plasma-activated water (IPAW).","PeriodicalId":501219,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - QuanBio - Other Quantitative Biology","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140828573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Cebrían-Lacasa, Pedro Parra-Rivas, Daniel Ruiz-Reynés, Lendert Gelens
The FitzHugh-Nagumo equation, originally conceived in neuroscience during the 1960s, became a key model providing a simplified view of excitable neuron cell behavior. Its applicability, however, extends beyond neuroscience into fields like cardiac physiology, cell division, population dynamics, electronics, and other natural phenomena. In this review spanning six decades of research, we discuss the diverse spatio-temporal dynamical behaviors described by the FitzHugh-Nagumo equation. These include dynamics like bistability, oscillations, and excitability, but it also addresses more complex phenomena such as traveling waves and extended patterns in coupled systems. The review serves as a guide for modelers aiming to utilize the strengths of the FitzHugh-Nagumo model to capture generic dynamical behavior. It not only catalogs known dynamical states and bifurcations, but also extends previous studies by providing stability and bifurcation analyses for coupled spatial systems.
{"title":"Six decades of the FitzHugh-Nagumo model: A guide through its spatio-temporal dynamics and influence across disciplines","authors":"Daniel Cebrían-Lacasa, Pedro Parra-Rivas, Daniel Ruiz-Reynés, Lendert Gelens","doi":"arxiv-2404.11403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.11403","url":null,"abstract":"The FitzHugh-Nagumo equation, originally conceived in neuroscience during the\u00001960s, became a key model providing a simplified view of excitable neuron cell\u0000behavior. Its applicability, however, extends beyond neuroscience into fields\u0000like cardiac physiology, cell division, population dynamics, electronics, and\u0000other natural phenomena. In this review spanning six decades of research, we\u0000discuss the diverse spatio-temporal dynamical behaviors described by the\u0000FitzHugh-Nagumo equation. These include dynamics like bistability,\u0000oscillations, and excitability, but it also addresses more complex phenomena\u0000such as traveling waves and extended patterns in coupled systems. The review\u0000serves as a guide for modelers aiming to utilize the strengths of the\u0000FitzHugh-Nagumo model to capture generic dynamical behavior. It not only\u0000catalogs known dynamical states and bifurcations, but also extends previous\u0000studies by providing stability and bifurcation analyses for coupled spatial\u0000systems.","PeriodicalId":501219,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - QuanBio - Other Quantitative Biology","volume":"439 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140608765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin J. Livesey, Mihaly Badonyi, Mafalda Dias, Jonathan Frazer, Sushant Kumar, Kresten Lindorff-Larsen, David M. McCandlish, Rose Orenbuch, Courtney A. Shearer, Lara Muffley, Julia Foreman, Andrew M. Glazer, Ben Lehner, Debora S. Marks, Frederick P. Roth, Alan F. Rubin, Lea M. Starita, Joseph A. Marsh
Computational methods for assessing the likely impacts of mutations, known as variant effect predictors (VEPs), are widely used in the assessment and interpretation of human genetic variation, as well as in other applications like protein engineering. Many different VEPs have been released to date, and there is tremendous variability in their underlying algorithms and outputs, and in the ways in which the methodologies and predictions are shared. This leads to considerable challenges for end users in knowing which VEPs to use and how to use them. Here, to address these issues, we provide guidelines and recommendations for the release of novel VEPs. Emphasising open-source availability, transparent methodologies, clear variant effect score interpretations, standardised scales, accessible predictions, and rigorous training data disclosure, we aim to improve the usability and interpretability of VEPs, and promote their integration into analysis and evaluation pipelines. We also provide a large, categorised list of currently available VEPs, aiming to facilitate the discovery and encourage the usage of novel methods within the scientific community.
{"title":"Guidelines for releasing a variant effect predictor","authors":"Benjamin J. Livesey, Mihaly Badonyi, Mafalda Dias, Jonathan Frazer, Sushant Kumar, Kresten Lindorff-Larsen, David M. McCandlish, Rose Orenbuch, Courtney A. Shearer, Lara Muffley, Julia Foreman, Andrew M. Glazer, Ben Lehner, Debora S. Marks, Frederick P. Roth, Alan F. Rubin, Lea M. Starita, Joseph A. Marsh","doi":"arxiv-2404.10807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.10807","url":null,"abstract":"Computational methods for assessing the likely impacts of mutations, known as\u0000variant effect predictors (VEPs), are widely used in the assessment and\u0000interpretation of human genetic variation, as well as in other applications\u0000like protein engineering. Many different VEPs have been released to date, and\u0000there is tremendous variability in their underlying algorithms and outputs, and\u0000in the ways in which the methodologies and predictions are shared. This leads\u0000to considerable challenges for end users in knowing which VEPs to use and how\u0000to use them. Here, to address these issues, we provide guidelines and\u0000recommendations for the release of novel VEPs. Emphasising open-source\u0000availability, transparent methodologies, clear variant effect score\u0000interpretations, standardised scales, accessible predictions, and rigorous\u0000training data disclosure, we aim to improve the usability and interpretability\u0000of VEPs, and promote their integration into analysis and evaluation pipelines.\u0000We also provide a large, categorised list of currently available VEPs, aiming\u0000to facilitate the discovery and encourage the usage of novel methods within the\u0000scientific community.","PeriodicalId":501219,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - QuanBio - Other Quantitative Biology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140617767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Koch, Akhilesh Nandan, Gayathri Ramesan, Aneta Koseska
Living systems, from single cells to higher vertebrates, receive a continuous stream of non-stationary inputs that they sense, e.g., via cell surface receptors or sensory organs. Integrating these time-varying, multi-sensory, and often noisy information with memory using complex molecular or neuronal networks, they generate a variety of responses beyond simple stimulus-response association, including avoidance behavior, life-long-learning or social interactions. In a broad sense, these processes can be understood as a type of biological computation. Taking as a basis generic features of biological computations, such as real-time responsiveness or robustness and flexibility of the computation, we highlight the limitations of the current attractor-based framework for understanding computations in biological systems. We argue that frameworks based on transient dynamics away from attractors are better suited for the description of computations performed by neuronal and signaling networks. In particular, we discuss how quasi-stable transient dynamics from ghost states that emerge at criticality have a promising potential for developing an integrated framework of computations, that can help us understand how living system actively process information and learn from their continuously changing environment.
{"title":"Biological computations: limitations of attractor-based formalisms and the need for transients","authors":"Daniel Koch, Akhilesh Nandan, Gayathri Ramesan, Aneta Koseska","doi":"arxiv-2404.10369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.10369","url":null,"abstract":"Living systems, from single cells to higher vertebrates, receive a continuous\u0000stream of non-stationary inputs that they sense, e.g., via cell surface\u0000receptors or sensory organs. Integrating these time-varying, multi-sensory, and\u0000often noisy information with memory using complex molecular or neuronal\u0000networks, they generate a variety of responses beyond simple stimulus-response\u0000association, including avoidance behavior, life-long-learning or social\u0000interactions. In a broad sense, these processes can be understood as a type of\u0000biological computation. Taking as a basis generic features of biological\u0000computations, such as real-time responsiveness or robustness and flexibility of\u0000the computation, we highlight the limitations of the current attractor-based\u0000framework for understanding computations in biological systems. We argue that\u0000frameworks based on transient dynamics away from attractors are better suited\u0000for the description of computations performed by neuronal and signaling\u0000networks. In particular, we discuss how quasi-stable transient dynamics from\u0000ghost states that emerge at criticality have a promising potential for\u0000developing an integrated framework of computations, that can help us understand\u0000how living system actively process information and learn from their\u0000continuously changing environment.","PeriodicalId":501219,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - QuanBio - Other Quantitative Biology","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140608764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abbey E. Corson, Meaghan MacDonald, Velislava Tzaneva, Chris M. Edwards, Kristi B. Adamo
Historically, females were excluded from clinical research due to their reproductive roles, hindering medical understanding and healthcare quality. Despite guidelines promoting equal participation, females are underrepresented in exercise science, perpetuating misconceptions about female physiology. Even less attention has been given to exercise in the pregnant population. Research on pregnancy and exercise has evolved considerably from the initial bedrest prescriptions but concerns about exercise risks during pregnancy persisted for many decades. Recent guidelines endorse moderate-intensity physical activity during pregnancy, supported by considerable evidence of its safety and benefits. Mental health during pregnancy, often overlooked, is gaining traction, with exercise showing promise in reducing depression and anxiety. While pregnancy guidelines recommend moderate-intensity physical activity, there remains limited understanding of optimal frequency, intensity, type and time (duration) for extremes like elite athletes or those with complications. Female participation in elite sport and physically demanding jobs is rising, but research on their specific needs is lacking. Traditional practices like bed rest for high-risk pregnancies are being questioned, as evidence suggests it may not improve outcomes. Historical neglect of gestational parents in research perpetuated stereotypes of female frailty, but recent years have seen a shift towards recognizing the benefits of an active pregnancy. Closing knowledge gaps and inclusivity in research are crucial for ensuring guidelines reflect the diverse needs of gestational parents. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the evolution of exercise physiology and pregnancy research along with future directions for this novel field.
{"title":"Breaking Boundaries: A Chronology with Future Directions of Women in Exercise Physiology Research, Centred on Pregnancy","authors":"Abbey E. Corson, Meaghan MacDonald, Velislava Tzaneva, Chris M. Edwards, Kristi B. Adamo","doi":"arxiv-2404.08833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.08833","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, females were excluded from clinical research due to their\u0000reproductive roles, hindering medical understanding and healthcare quality.\u0000Despite guidelines promoting equal participation, females are underrepresented\u0000in exercise science, perpetuating misconceptions about female physiology. Even\u0000less attention has been given to exercise in the pregnant population. Research\u0000on pregnancy and exercise has evolved considerably from the initial bedrest\u0000prescriptions but concerns about exercise risks during pregnancy persisted for\u0000many decades. Recent guidelines endorse moderate-intensity physical activity\u0000during pregnancy, supported by considerable evidence of its safety and\u0000benefits. Mental health during pregnancy, often overlooked, is gaining\u0000traction, with exercise showing promise in reducing depression and anxiety.\u0000While pregnancy guidelines recommend moderate-intensity physical activity,\u0000there remains limited understanding of optimal frequency, intensity, type and\u0000time (duration) for extremes like elite athletes or those with complications.\u0000Female participation in elite sport and physically demanding jobs is rising,\u0000but research on their specific needs is lacking. Traditional practices like bed\u0000rest for high-risk pregnancies are being questioned, as evidence suggests it\u0000may not improve outcomes. Historical neglect of gestational parents in research\u0000perpetuated stereotypes of female frailty, but recent years have seen a shift\u0000towards recognizing the benefits of an active pregnancy. Closing knowledge gaps\u0000and inclusivity in research are crucial for ensuring guidelines reflect the\u0000diverse needs of gestational parents. Therefore, the purpose of this review is\u0000to summarize the evolution of exercise physiology and pregnancy research along\u0000with future directions for this novel field.","PeriodicalId":501219,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - QuanBio - Other Quantitative Biology","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140573122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of digital scanning techniques for self-assessment and of preparations and restorations in preclinical dental education when compared to traditional faculty grading. Methods: Forty-four separate Class I (#30-O), Class II (#30-MO) preparations, and class II amalgam restorations (#31-MO) were generated respectively under preclinical assessment setting. Calibrated faculty evaluated the preparations and restorations using a standard rubric from preclinical operative class. The same teeth were scanned using Planmeca PlanScan intraoral scanner and graded using the Romexis E4D Compare Software. Each tooth was compared against a corresponding gold standard tooth with tolerance intervals ranging from 100{mu}m to 500{mu}m. These scores were compared to traditional faculty grades using a linear mixed model to estimate the mean differences at 95% confidence interval for each tolerance level. Results: The average Compare Software grade of Class I preparation at 300{mu}m tolerance had the smallest mean difference of 1.64 points on a 100 points scale compared to the average faculty grade. Class II preparation at 400{mu}m tolerance had the smallest mean difference of 0.41 points. Finally, Class II Restoration at 300{mu}m tolerance had the smallest mean difference at 0.20 points. Conclusion: In this study, tolerance levels that best correlated the Compare Software grades with the faculty grades were determined for three operative procedures: class I preparation, class II preparation and class II restoration. This Compare Software can be used as a useful adjunct method for more objective grading. It also can be used by students as a great self-assessment tool.
{"title":"Effectiveness of Self-Assessment Software to Evaluate Preclinical Operative Procedures","authors":"Qi Dai, Ryan Davis, Houlin Hong, Ying Gu","doi":"arxiv-2404.05865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.05865","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of digital scanning techniques for\u0000self-assessment and of preparations and restorations in preclinical dental\u0000education when compared to traditional faculty grading. Methods: Forty-four\u0000separate Class I (#30-O), Class II (#30-MO) preparations, and class II amalgam\u0000restorations (#31-MO) were generated respectively under preclinical assessment\u0000setting. Calibrated faculty evaluated the preparations and restorations using a\u0000standard rubric from preclinical operative class. The same teeth were scanned\u0000using Planmeca PlanScan intraoral scanner and graded using the Romexis E4D\u0000Compare Software. Each tooth was compared against a corresponding gold standard\u0000tooth with tolerance intervals ranging from 100{mu}m to 500{mu}m. These\u0000scores were compared to traditional faculty grades using a linear mixed model\u0000to estimate the mean differences at 95% confidence interval for each tolerance\u0000level. Results: The average Compare Software grade of Class I preparation at\u0000300{mu}m tolerance had the smallest mean difference of 1.64 points on a 100\u0000points scale compared to the average faculty grade. Class II preparation at\u0000400{mu}m tolerance had the smallest mean difference of 0.41 points. Finally,\u0000Class II Restoration at 300{mu}m tolerance had the smallest mean difference at\u00000.20 points. Conclusion: In this study, tolerance levels that best correlated\u0000the Compare Software grades with the faculty grades were determined for three\u0000operative procedures: class I preparation, class II preparation and class II\u0000restoration. This Compare Software can be used as a useful adjunct method for\u0000more objective grading. It also can be used by students as a great\u0000self-assessment tool.","PeriodicalId":501219,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - QuanBio - Other Quantitative Biology","volume":"245 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140573307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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