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Competition in Optimal Stopping: Behavioral Insights 最优停车中的竞争行为洞察
Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1287/msom.2022.0621
Ignacio Rios, Pramit Ghosh
Problem definition: We study settings where agents sequentially search among different options under competition. Motivated by labor markets and the allocation of kidneys from deceased donors, we focus on the effect of (i) the mechanism to collect decisions, that is, whether all agents make their decisions simultaneously or sequentially, and (ii) competition, that is, the number of agents who are searching from a shared pool of options. Methodology/results: We introduce a model of sequential search under competition, in which agents are exogenously prioritized and must decide when to stop their search to maximize the chosen option’s value. We characterize the optimal policy, which defines a sequence of thresholds that dictates when each agent should accept an option based on their priority relative to others still searching and the number of remaining options. Our analysis reveals that neither the mechanism for collecting agents’ decisions nor the number of lower-priority agents influences the optimal policy. To test these predictions, we designed and conducted a laboratory experiment replicating our theoretical model. The results indicate significant deviations from the optimal policy. Moreover, we find that the mechanism significantly affects agents’ decisions due to primarily two drivers: (i) saliency of competition and (ii) frustration. Finally, we identify an “illusion of competition” effect, whereby agents use significantly lower thresholds when the number of agents with lower priority increases. Managerial implications: Our results show that a higher perception of competition and using a simultaneous mechanism (i.e., batch offering) significantly decrease the thresholds that agents use to guide their search, making them stop their search earlier. Thus, clearinghouses that suffer from inefficient discard of options should increase the saliency of competition and use batch offerings to reduce agents’ selectivity and mitigate waste.Supplemental Material: The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.0621 .
问题定义:我们研究的是在竞争条件下,代理人在不同选择中顺序搜索的情况。受劳动力市场和已故捐赠者肾脏分配的启发,我们重点研究了以下两个因素的影响:(i) 收集决策的机制,即所有代理人是同时还是按顺序做出决策;(ii) 竞争,即从共享选项库中搜索的代理人数量。方法/结果:我们引入了一个竞争条件下的顺序搜索模型,在这个模型中,代理人的优先级是外生的,他们必须决定何时停止搜索,以最大化所选方案的价值。我们描述了最优策略的特征,它定义了一系列阈值,根据每个代理人相对于其他仍在搜索的代理人的优先级以及剩余选项的数量,决定每个代理人何时应该接受一个选项。我们的分析表明,收集代理决策的机制和低优先级代理的数量都不会影响最优策略。为了验证这些预测,我们设计并进行了一个实验室实验,复制了我们的理论模型。结果表明,实验结果明显偏离了最优政策。此外,我们还发现,该机制对代理人的决策产生重大影响的主要原因有两个:(i) 竞争的突出性和 (ii) 挫折感。最后,我们发现了一种 "竞争假象 "效应,即当优先级较低的代理人数量增加时,代理人使用的阈值会明显降低。管理意义:我们的研究结果表明,较高的竞争感知和使用同步机制(即批量发售)会显著降低代理人用于指导其搜索的阈值,使他们更早停止搜索。因此,存在低效放弃选项问题的信息交流中心应该提高竞争的显著性,并使用分批提供的方式来降低代理人的选择性,减少浪费:在线附录见 https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.0621 。
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引用次数: 0
Information Dependency in Mitigating Disruption Cascades 缓解中断级联的信息依赖性
Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1287/msom.2022.0408
Nitin Bakshi, Shyam Mohan
Problem definition: Shocks that trigger supply chain disruptions inflict initial losses by damaging firms’ assets. The disruption can then cascade when an affected firm fails to deliver to its buyer, thereby interrupting the buyer’s operations, and continue thus across multiple levels (tiers) in the supply chain. To protect against such disruption cascades, firms can make ex ante investments in risk mitigation. These investments depend heavily on the operational characteristics of network participants and their interconnections. Gathering operational information can be challenging. Our aim is to shed light on the forces that govern information requirements for risk mitigation. Methodology/results: We introduce a game-theoretic model to characterize the equilibrium mitigation by firms in a decentralized arborescent network facing severe disruptions. We find that when the trigger shocks are nonconcurrent events, the equilibrium mitigation by a firm displays a limited vertical dependence on the operational attributes of suppliers that are farther away in tier (network) distance. Specifically, we show that information about a firm’s extended local neighborhood—up to its tier 2 suppliers—suffices to characterize its equilibrium mitigation. Allowing for concurrent shocks to simultaneously strike multiple firms increases the information requirement at partner firms that typically lie within two tiers downstream from the firms experiencing concurrent shocks. Managerial implications: Full supply chain visibility is costly. The literature offers little guidance on how to prioritize efforts to enhance visibility into the attributes of supply chain partners. Rather than a blanket call for greater visibility, our results proffer nuanced managerial prescriptions for the extent to which risk mitigation requires such visibility.Supplemental Material: The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.0408 .
问题定义:引发供应链中断的冲击会损害企业资产,造成初始损失。然后,当受影响的公司无法向买方交货,从而中断买方的运营时,中断就会连锁发生,并在供应链的多个层面(层级)继续发生。为了防止这种连锁中断,企业可以事先进行风险缓解投资。这些投资在很大程度上取决于网络参与者的运营特点及其相互联系。收集运营信息可能具有挑战性。我们的目标是揭示制约风险缓解信息需求的力量。方法/结果:我们引入了一个博弈论模型,以描述在一个分散的树状网络中,企业在面临严重破坏时的均衡缓解措施。我们发现,当触发冲击是非并发事件时,企业的均衡缓和措施对层级(网络)距离较远的供应商的运营属性显示出有限的纵向依赖性。具体来说,我们表明,企业的本地邻近地区(直至其二级供应商)的信息有助于描述其均衡缓解的特征。如果多个企业同时受到冲击,那么合作伙伴企业对信息的需求就会增加,这些企业通常位于受到冲击企业的下游两级。对管理的影响:全面的供应链可视性成本高昂。对于如何优先提高供应链合作伙伴属性的可见性,相关文献几乎没有提供指导。我们的研究结果并没有一概而论地呼吁提高可视性,而是针对降低风险在多大程度上需要这种可视性提出了细致入微的管理建议:在线附录见 https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.0408 。
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引用次数: 0
Adaptive Two-Stage Stochastic Programming with an Analysis on Capacity Expansion Planning Problem 自适应两阶段随机程序设计与容量扩展规划问题分析
Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1287/msom.2023.0157
Beste Basciftci, Shabbir Ahmed, Nagi Gebraeel
Problem definition: Multistage stochastic programming is a well-established framework for sequential decision making under uncertainty by seeking policies that can be dynamically adjusted as uncertainty is realized. Often, for example, because of contractual constraints, such flexible policies are not desirable, and the decision maker may need to commit to a set of actions for a certain number of periods. Two-stage stochastic programming might be better suited to such settings, where first-stage decisions do not adapt to the uncertainty realized. In this paper, we propose a novel alternative approach, named as adaptive two-stage stochastic programming, where each component of the decision policy requiring limited flexibility has its own revision point, a period prior to which the decisions are determined at the beginning of the planning until this revision point, and after which they are revised for adjusting to the uncertainty realized thus far until the end of the planning. We then analyze this approach over the capacity expansion planning problem, that may require limited flexibility over expansion decisions. Methodology/results: We provide a generic mixed-integer programming formulation for the adaptive two-stage stochastic programming problem with finite support, in particular, for scenario trees, and show that this problem is NP-hard in general. Next, we focus on the capacity expansion planning problem and derive bounds on the value of adaptive two-stage programming in comparison with the two-stage and multistage approaches in terms of revision points. We propose several heuristic solution algorithms based on this bound analysis. These algorithms either provide approximation guarantees or computational advantages in solving the resulting adaptive two-stage stochastic problem. Managerial implications: We provide insights on the choice of the revision times based on our analytical analysis. We further present an extensive computational study on a generation capacity expansion planning problem with different generation resources including renewable energy. We demonstrate the value of adopting adaptive two-stage approach against the existing policies under limited flexibility and highlight the efficiency of the proposed heuristics along with practical implications on the studied problem.Funding: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation [Grant 1633196] and the Office of Naval Research [Grant N00014-18-1-2075].Supplemental Material: The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2023.0157 .
问题定义:多阶段随机程序设计是一个成熟的框架,用于在不确定情况下通过寻求可在不确定情况发生时动态调整的政策来进行连续决策。例如,由于合同约束,这种灵活的政策往往并不可取,决策者可能需要承诺在一定时期内采取一系列行动。两阶段随机程序设计可能更适合这种情况,因为第一阶段的决策无法适应已实现的不确定性。在本文中,我们提出了一种新颖的替代方法,即自适应两阶段随机程序设计法,在这种方法中,需要有限灵活性的决策政策的每个组成部分都有自己的修正点,在这之前的一段时间内,决策是在规划开始时确定的,直到该修正点,而在该修正点之后,决策将根据迄今为止实现的不确定性进行修正,直到规划结束。然后,我们将在产能扩张规划问题上分析这种方法,该问题可能需要有限的扩张决策灵活性。方法/结果:我们为具有有限支持的自适应两阶段随机规划问题(尤其是情景树)提供了一种通用的混合整数规划方法,并证明该问题在一般情况下具有 NP 难度。接下来,我们重点讨论了容量扩展规划问题,并推导出了自适应两阶段程序设计与两阶段和多阶段方法相比在修正点方面的价值界限。我们在此界限分析的基础上提出了几种启发式求解算法。这些算法要么提供了近似保证,要么在解决由此产生的自适应两阶段随机问题时具有计算优势。管理意义:根据我们的分析,我们对修订时间的选择提出了见解。此外,我们还对包括可再生能源在内的不同发电资源的发电能力扩展规划问题进行了广泛的计算研究。我们证明了在有限灵活性条件下采用自适应两阶段方法与现有政策相比的价值,并强调了所提出的启发式方法的效率以及对所研究问题的实际意义:这项工作得到了美国国家科学基金会 [1633196 号基金] 和海军研究办公室 [N00014-18-1-2075 号基金] 的支持:在线附录见 https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2023.0157 。
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引用次数: 0
Optimal Salesforce Compensation with General Demand and Operational Considerations 考虑到一般需求和运营因素的最佳 Salesforce 补偿方案
Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1287/msom.2022.0400
Haotian Song, Guoming Lai, Wenqiang Xiao
Problem definition: We investigate the optimal salesforce compensation scheme in the context of private information and unobservable actions, considering common operational factors encountered in practice, including inventory costs, contractible versus censored demand information, and controlled versus delegated ordering. Methodology/results: Based on an agency model with general demand and cost functions, we derive optimality conditions for implementable contracts that can achieve the second-best outcome in all scenarios. The contracts are in the forms of a menu with linear compensation for demand or sales, incorporating inventory costs. Moreover, the contracts feature adjustments in compensation corresponding to the ordering level if it is delegated. Managerial implications: Our study reveals that, under reasonably mild conditions, optimal salesforce contracts can still maintain relatively simple forms, even when confronted with common operational factors and generalized demand and cost functions. However, the contracts must be tailored to suit the operational settings. Intriguingly, neither the loss of demand information nor the delegation of inventory decisions would compromise system efficiency at optimum.Funding: H. Song is partially supported by the Key International Cooperation and Exchange Projects of the NSFC [Grant W2411062] and the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the NSFC [Grant 71821002].Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.0400 .
问题定义:考虑到实践中常见的运营因素,包括库存成本、可收缩需求信息与可删减需求信息,以及受控订货与委托订货,我们研究了在私人信息和不可观察行动背景下的最优销售人员补偿方案。方法/结果:基于具有一般需求和成本函数的代理模型,我们推导出了可执行合同的最优条件,这些合同在所有情况下都能实现次优结果。这些合同采用菜单形式,对需求或销售进行线性补偿,并包含库存成本。此外,如果委托订货,合同的特点是根据订货水平调整补偿。管理意义:我们的研究表明,在相当温和的条件下,即使面对共同的运营因素和广义的需求与成本函数,最优的销售队伍合同仍能保持相对简单的形式。然而,合同必须量身定制,以适应运营环境。耐人寻味的是,无论是需求信息的损失还是库存决策的委托,都不会影响系统的最佳效率:H. Song 的研究得到了国家自然科学基金委重点国际合作与交流项目[批准号:W2411062]和国家自然科学基金委创新研究群体基金[批准号:71821002]的部分资助:在线附录见 https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.0400 。
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引用次数: 0
Demand Equilibria in Spatial Service Systems 空间服务系统中的需求均衡
Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1287/msom.2023.0434
John Gunnar Carlsson, Xiaoshan Peng, Ilya O. Ryzhov
Problem definition: A service is offered at certain locations (“facilities”) in a geographical region. Customers can appear anywhere in the region, and each customer chooses a facility based on travel distance as well as expected waiting time. Customer decisions affect waiting times by increasing the load on a facility, and thus, they impact other customers’ decisions. The service provider can also influence service quality by adjusting service rates at each facility. Methodology/results: Using a combination of queueing models and computational geometry, we characterize demand equilibria in such spatial service systems. An equilibrium can be visualized as a partition of the region into service zones that form as a result of customer decisions. Service rates can be set in a way that achieves the best-possible social welfare purely through decentralized customer behavior. Managerial implications: We provide techniques for computing and visualizing demand equilibria as well as calculating optimal service rates. Our analytical and numerical results indicate that in many situations, resource allocation is a far more significant source of inefficiency than decentralized behavior.Funding: J. G. Carlsson was funded by the METRANS Transportation Consortium [Grant NCST-USC-RR-24-12] and the Office of Naval Research [Grant N00014-24-1-2277-P00001].Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2023.0434 .
问题的定义:在某地理区域的某些地点("设施")提供一种服务。客户可以出现在该地区的任何地方,每个客户都会根据旅行距离和预期等待时间来选择设施。客户的决定会增加设施的负荷,从而影响等待时间,进而影响其他客户的决定。服务提供商还可以通过调整各设施的服务费率来影响服务质量。方法/结果:我们结合使用排队模型和计算几何,描述了此类空间服务系统中的需求均衡。平衡点可视化为将区域划分为服务区,服务区的形成是客户决策的结果。通过分散的客户行为,服务费率的设定可以实现最佳的社会福利。管理意义:我们提供了计算和可视化需求均衡以及计算最佳服务费率的技术。我们的分析和数值结果表明,在许多情况下,资源分配是比分散行为更重要的低效率来源:J. G. Carlsson 由 METRANS 运输联盟 [NCST-USC-RR-24-12 号拨款] 和海军研究办公室 [N00014-24-1-2277-P00001 号拨款] 资助:在线附录见 https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2023.0434 。
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引用次数: 0
Strategic Cross-Subsidization in Healthcare Capitation Programs: Evidence from Medicare Advantage 医疗保健按人头付费计划中的战略性交叉补贴:医疗保险优势项目的证据
Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1287/msom.2023.0637
Zhaowei She, Turgay Ayer, Bilal Gokpinar, Danny R. Hughes
Problem definition: This study identifies a resource misallocation problem in Medicare Advantage (MA), the United States’ largest healthcare capitation program, which may result in discrepancies between patients’ health status and the healthcare resources allocated to them. Methodology/results: Utilizing a large commercial insurance database with claims from more than 2 million MA enrollees, this research investigates the allocation of MA capitation payments. By exploiting an exogenous policy shock on MA capitation payments through a difference-in-difference design, we find empirical evidence of an illegal practice known as “cross-subsidization.” This practice involves MA health plans strategically reallocating portions of the capitation payments intended for one group of patients to spend on another group of patients. Additionally, we show that this cross-subsidization practice is associated with the risk selection problem in MA, where low-risk patients are more likely to enroll in MA compared with high-risk patients. Managerial implications: This research unveils a previously undocumented healthcare resource misallocation problem, that is, strategic cross-subsidization. This practice is explicitly prohibited by law in the United States due to its heightened effect on the undesired risk selection within capitation programs, where health plans cherry-pick profitable enrollees through strategic benefit designs. Our study has direct practical implications as it underscores the need for greater transparency in MA claims data to enable the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to more effectively administer the MA program.Supplemental Material: The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2023.0637 .
问题定义:本研究发现了美国最大的医疗保健按人头付费计划--医疗保险优势计划(MA)中的资源错配问题,该问题可能导致患者的健康状况与分配给他们的医疗保健资源之间存在差异。方法/结果:本研究利用一个大型商业保险数据库,其中包含 200 多万名医保参保者的理赔申请,调查了医保按人头付费的分配情况。通过差分设计,利用对医疗保险按人头付费的外生政策冲击,我们发现了被称为 "交叉补贴 "的非法行为的经验证据。这种做法是指医疗保险计划战略性地重新分配原本用于一类患者的按人头付费,将其用于另一类患者。此外,我们还表明,这种交叉补贴做法与医疗保险中的风险选择问题有关,即与高风险患者相比,低风险患者更有可能加入医疗保险。管理意义:这项研究揭示了一个之前未被记录的医疗资源错配问题,即战略性交叉补贴。在美国,这种做法被法律明令禁止,因为它对按人头付费项目中不受欢迎的风险选择产生了更大的影响,即医疗计划通过战略性福利设计挑选有利可图的参保者。我们的研究具有直接的现实意义,因为它强调了提高医疗保险报销数据透明度的必要性,从而使医疗保险和医疗补助服务中心能够更有效地管理医疗保险计划:在线附录见 https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2023.0637 。
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引用次数: 0
Advising Entrepreneurs: Optimal Recommendation of Alternatives 为企业家提供建议:备选方案的最佳推荐
Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI: 10.1287/msom.2022.0361
Zeya Wang, Morvarid Rahmani, Karthik Ramachandran
Problem definition: Facing emergent business challenges, entrepreneurs often seek guidance from experienced advisors. When multiple alternatives could potentially solve the entrepreneur’s problem, advisors can lead the entrepreneur’s exploration by choosing which alternative(s) to suggest and in what sequence. Methodology/results: We develop a dynamic game-theoretic model that captures the sequential interaction between an advisor and an entrepreneur. The advisor chooses how to recommend alternative solutions, and the entrepreneur chooses which solution to try. The trial’s success depends on the viability of a solution and the entrepreneur’s execution capability. When a trial of a recommended solution fails, the belief about the viability of the solution is updated. Managerial implications: Our analysis reveals that the advisor should strategically recommend alternatives based on the entrepreneur’s execution capability, trial costs, and correlation between alternatives (among other factors). When the trial of the first alternative fails, the advisor should readily offer a new alternative if the entrepreneur’s capability is either very high or very low. Otherwise, the advisor should encourage the entrepreneur to try the same solution multiple times. In order to motivate and sustain the entrepreneur’s exploration over time and across solutions, the advisor may find it optimal to recommend inferior solutions before superior ones (e.g., when trial costs are different or the entrepreneur can improve her capability with experience) or recommend multiple solutions simultaneously (e.g., when there is correlation between alternatives).Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.0361 .
问题定义:面对新出现的商业挑战,创业者往往会寻求经验丰富的顾问的指导。当多个备选方案可能解决创业者的问题时,顾问可以引导创业者进行探索,选择建议哪些备选方案以及建议的顺序。方法/结果:我们建立了一个动态博弈论模型,以捕捉顾问与创业者之间的顺序互动。顾问选择如何推荐备选解决方案,企业家则选择尝试哪种解决方案。试验成功与否取决于解决方案的可行性和企业家的执行能力。当推荐方案的试验失败时,关于方案可行性的信念就会更新。管理意义:我们的分析表明,顾问应根据企业家的执行能力、试验成本和替代方案之间的相关性(以及其他因素),战略性地推荐替代方案。当第一个备选方案的试验失败时,如果创业者的能力很高或很低,顾问应随时提供新的备选方案。否则,顾问应鼓励创业者多次尝试相同的解决方案。为了激励和维持创业者在不同时间和不同方案之间进行探索,顾问可能会发现,在推荐优方案之前推荐劣方案(例如,当试验成本不同或创业者可以通过经验提高能力时)或同时推荐多个方案(例如,当备选方案之间存在相关性时)是最佳选择:在线附录见 https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.0361 。
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引用次数: 0
Site Reassignment for Mobile Outreach Teams: Investigating the Effectiveness of Decentralized Decision Making 流动宣传队的站点重新分配:调查分散决策的有效性
Pub Date : 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.1287/msom.2021.0437
Lisanne van Rijn, Harwin de Vries, Luk N. Van Wassenhove
Problem definition: United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.8 states that health coverage should be universal by 2030. This is challenging in rural and poor areas. To address this challenge, mobile outreach teams of healthcare workers visit a fixed set of remote sites to provide healthcare services. Because of dynamics in demand and supply, once-rational site-to-team assignment decisions can become far from optimal over time. This paper considers the problem of reassigning sites to teams to maximize effectiveness. Solving this problem through a central planner does not fit the context: outreach teams commonly have a high degree of decision-making autonomy. We study a decentralized approach where subsets of teams collaborate in a series of team meetings to reassign sites. The key question for decision makers is whether and when such an approach is effective. Methodology/results: We propose a mixed-integer programming model for centralized site reassignment. We extend this model to represent the decentralized approach and develop a set of simple decision rules for this approach. We use empirical data from six country outreach programs of the nongovernmental organization MSI Reproductive Choices. Our results suggest that, when properly designed, decentralized decision making performs close to centralized decision making, and even outperforms it in the case of inaccurate information at the central level. The finding remains valid when demand and supply fluctuate, and is insensitive to the chosen objective. Managerial implications: Humanitarian organizations currently deploy mobile outreach teams to provide a wide variety of health services. We present several useful insights for decision makers in humanitarian organizations when making design choices, taking account of context. In particular, we show that decentralized site reassignment provides a feasible and effective alternative to centralized approaches in many contexts.Supplemental Material: The online supplement is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2021.0437 .
问题定义:联合国可持续发展目标(SDG)3.8 规定,到 2030 年应实现全民医保。这在农村和贫困地区具有挑战性。为了应对这一挑战,由医疗工作者组成的流动外展团队到固定的偏远地区提供医疗服务。由于供需的动态变化,曾经合理的地点到团队的分配决策可能会随着时间的推移而变得远非最佳。本文探讨了如何重新分配医疗点与医疗队,以实现效益最大化的问题。通过中央规划者来解决这个问题并不符合实际情况:外联团队通常拥有高度的决策自主权。我们研究了一种分散的方法,即团队子集在一系列团队会议中合作重新分配站点。决策者面临的关键问题是这种方法是否有效以及何时有效。方法/结果:我们提出了一种集中式站点重新分配的混合整数编程模型。我们对该模型进行了扩展,以表示分散式方法,并为这种方法制定了一套简单的决策规则。我们使用了非政府组织 MSI 生殖选择的六个国家推广计划的经验数据。我们的结果表明,如果设计得当,分散决策的效果接近于集中决策,甚至在中央层面信息不准确的情况下,分散决策的效果优于集中决策。当供需发生波动时,这一结论依然有效,而且对所选目标不敏感。对管理的影响:人道主义组织目前正在部署流动外展团队,以提供各种医疗服务。考虑到具体情况,我们为人道主义组织的决策者在进行设计选择时提供了一些有用的见解。特别是,我们表明,在许多情况下,分散式站点重新分配为集中式方法提供了可行而有效的替代方案:在线补充材料可在 https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2021.0437 上获取。
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引用次数: 0
Queue Configurations and Operational Performance: An Interplay Between Customer Ownership and Queue Length Awareness 队列配置与运营绩效:客户所有权与队列长度意识之间的相互作用
Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1287/msom.2023.0202
Hummy Song, Mor Armony, Guillaume Roels
Problem definition: Contrary to traditional queueing theory, recent field studies in B2C services indicate that pooled queues may be less efficient than dedicated queues. Methodology/results: We use two online experiments in the healthcare delivery context to replicate this finding and assess the interplay of servers’ customer ownership and queue length awareness as potential underlying mechanisms. We operationalize customer ownership as the extent to which servers feel ownership toward their customers and queue length awareness as the extent to which servers are able to accurately quantify their number of customers. We find that, following a change in queue configuration, dedicated queues outperform pooled queues with respect to processing speed without sacrificing quality. The reduction in speed is partially mediated by the servers’ queue length awareness and partially suppressed by their ownership of customers in queue. The former is because servers turn out to be less likely to underestimate their load, which makes them work faster. The latter is because ownership of customers in queue may distract servers from the customer in service. When the queue configuration changes from a dedicated to a pooled one, the shorter processing times and higher levels of queue length awareness persist across the change, unlike the higher ownership of customers in the queue. Managerial implications: In discretionary service settings, switching to a dedicated queue is often beneficial in terms of operational performance, partly because the increased queue length awareness motivates servers to work faster; however, the increased degree of customer ownership of those in queue may distract them and result in a slowdown.Funding: This work was supported by the Wharton Behavioral Lab, the Claude Marion Endowed Faculty Scholar Award, the Wharton-INSEAD Alliance, and the Wharton Dean’s Research Fund.Supplemental Material: The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2023.0202 .
问题定义:与传统排队理论相反,最近对 B2C 服务的实地研究表明,集合队列的效率可能低于专用队列。方法/结果:我们在医疗保健服务中使用了两个在线实验来复制这一发现,并评估服务器的客户所有权和队列长度意识作为潜在潜在机制的相互作用。我们将客户所有权定义为服务器对其客户的所有权程度,将队列长度意识定义为服务器能够准确量化其客户数量的程度。我们发现,在队列配置发生变化后,专用队列在处理速度方面优于集合队列,而不会牺牲质量。速度降低的部分原因是服务器对队列长度的认识,部分原因是服务器对队列中客户的所有权。前者是因为服务器不太可能低估自己的负载,这使得他们的工作速度更快。后者是因为队列中客户的所有权可能会分散服务器对服务中客户的注意力。当队列配置从专用队列变为集合队列时,较短的处理时间和较高的队列长度意识会在整个变化过程中持续存在,这与队列中客户所有权较高的情况不同。管理意义:在自行决定的服务环境中,切换到专用队列通常有利于提高运营绩效,部分原因是队列长度意识的提高会促使服务器加快工作速度;但是,队列中客户所有权程度的提高可能会分散他们的注意力,从而导致速度减慢:本研究得到了沃顿行为实验室、克劳德-马里昂教师学者奖、沃顿商学院-欧洲工商管理学院联盟以及沃顿商学院院长研究基金的支持:在线附录见 https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2023.0202 。
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引用次数: 0
Incentivizing Healthy Food Choices Using Add-On Bundling: A Field Experiment 利用附加捆绑激励健康食品选择:现场实验
Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1287/msom.2023.0336
Nymisha Bandi, Maxime C. Cohen, Saibal Ray
Problem definition: How can retailers incentivize customers to make healthier food choices? Price, convenience, and taste are known to be among the main drivers behind such choices. Unfortunately, healthier food options are often expensive and not adequately promoted. However, we are observing recent efforts to nudge customers toward healthier food. Methodology/results: In this paper, we conducted a field experiment with a global convenience store chain to better understand how different add-on bundle promotions influence healthy food choices. We considered three types of add-on bundles sequentially: (i) an unhealthy bundle (when customers purchased a coffee, they could add a pastry for $1), (ii) a healthy bundle (offering a healthy snack, such as fruit, vegetable, or protein, as a coffee add-on for $1), and (iii) a choice bundle (the option of either a pastry or a healthy snack as an add-on to coffee for $1). In addition to our field experiment, we conducted an online laboratory study to strengthen the validity of our results. Managerial implications: We found that offering healthy snacks as part of an add-on bundle significantly increased healthy purchases (and decreased unhealthy purchases). Surprisingly, this finding continued to hold for the choice bundle, that is, even when unhealthy snacks were concurrently on promotion. However, we did not observe a long-term stickiness effect, meaning that customers returned to their original (unhealthy) purchase patterns once the healthy or choice bundle was discontinued. Finally, we show that offering an add-on choice bundle is also beneficial for retailers, who can earn higher revenue and profit.Funding: This research was supported by the James McGill Scholar Award Fund, the Scale AI Chair Program, IIVADO (Institut de valorisation des données) Fundamental Research Project Grant, and two Discovery Grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2023.0336 .
问题定义:零售商如何激励顾客选择更健康的食品?众所周知,价格、便利性和口味是促使人们做出此类选择的主要因素。遗憾的是,健康食品往往价格昂贵,而且推广力度不够。不过,我们注意到,最近零售商正在努力引导顾客选择更健康的食品。方法/结果:在本文中,我们对一家全球连锁便利店进行了实地实验,以更好地了解不同的附加捆绑促销如何影响健康食品的选择。我们依次考虑了三种类型的附加捆绑促销:(i) 不健康捆绑促销(顾客在购买咖啡时,可以以 1 美元的价格附加一份糕点),(ii) 健康捆绑促销(以 1 美元的价格提供一份健康零食,如水果、蔬菜或蛋白质,作为咖啡的附加品),以及 (iii) 选择捆绑促销(以 1 美元的价格提供一份糕点或一份健康零食,作为咖啡的附加品)。除实地实验外,我们还进行了在线实验室研究,以加强结果的有效性。管理意义:我们发现,提供健康小吃作为附加捆绑服务的一部分,会显著增加健康食品的购买量(减少不健康食品的购买量)。令人惊讶的是,这一结果在选择捆绑销售时依然有效,也就是说,即使不健康零食同时也在促销。然而,我们并没有观察到长期的粘性效应,也就是说,一旦健康或自选套餐停止促销,顾客又会回到原来的(不健康)购买模式。最后,我们表明,提供附加选择捆绑包对零售商也有好处,他们可以获得更高的收入和利润:本研究得到了詹姆斯-麦吉尔学者奖励基金、规模人工智能教席计划、IIVADO(数据估值研究所)基础研究项目资助以及加拿大自然科学与工程研究委员会的两项发现资助:在线附录见 https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2023.0336 。
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引用次数: 0
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Manufacturing & Service Operations Management
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