Pub Date : 2024-12-13DOI: 10.1038/s44328-024-00016-9
Aayushi Laliwala, Ashruti Pant, Denis Svechkarev, Marat R. Sadykov, Aaron M. Mohs
Evolution of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial species is on a rise. This review aims to explore the diverse range of paper-based platforms designed to identify antimicrobial-resistant bacterial species. It highlights the most important targets used for sensor development and examines the applications of nanosized particles used in paper-based sensors. This review also discusses the advantages, limitations, and applicability of various targets and detection techniques for sensing drug-resistant bacterial species using paper-based platforms.
{"title":"Advancements of paper-based sensors for antibiotic-resistant bacterial species identification","authors":"Aayushi Laliwala, Ashruti Pant, Denis Svechkarev, Marat R. Sadykov, Aaron M. Mohs","doi":"10.1038/s44328-024-00016-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44328-024-00016-9","url":null,"abstract":"Evolution of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial species is on a rise. This review aims to explore the diverse range of paper-based platforms designed to identify antimicrobial-resistant bacterial species. It highlights the most important targets used for sensor development and examines the applications of nanosized particles used in paper-based sensors. This review also discusses the advantages, limitations, and applicability of various targets and detection techniques for sensing drug-resistant bacterial species using paper-based platforms.","PeriodicalId":501705,"journal":{"name":"npj Biosensing","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44328-024-00016-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142811362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-05DOI: 10.1038/s44328-024-00017-8
Ana Lopez-Campistrous, Hillary Sweet, Ciaran Terry, Craig Garen, Yu Wan, Robert E. Burrell, Kyle Moxham, Matthew Nickel, Michael Serpe, Michael Joyce, Lorne Tyrrell, Todd P. W. McMullen
The vast array of immunoassay technologies used to assess protein interactions is costly or platform-specific. We present a label-free visual interference colour assay (VICA) that quantifies peptide and protein interactions by creating an iridescent surface allowing direct visualisation without spectrophotometric optics or microfluidics. A nanoporous aluminium oxide surface is tuned to match the refractive indices of the overlying protein layers to generate visual interference colours. To functionalise the surface, we created an affinity-capture system using a protein A-carboxyglutamic (GLA) construct that orients antibodies to enhance the signal. Using off-the-shelf antibodies, the platform can isolate analytes in buffer, whole blood, or serum. This surface generates a discernible colour change at concentrations as low as 50 femtomoles/mm2 and can monitor oligomer formation in sequential steps on the same slide. VICA provides comparable kinetic parameters to biolayer interferometry and traditional immunoassays while also allowing characterisation of proteins in large macromolecular complexes.
{"title":"A quantitative, label-free visual interference colour assay platform for protein targeting and binding assays","authors":"Ana Lopez-Campistrous, Hillary Sweet, Ciaran Terry, Craig Garen, Yu Wan, Robert E. Burrell, Kyle Moxham, Matthew Nickel, Michael Serpe, Michael Joyce, Lorne Tyrrell, Todd P. W. McMullen","doi":"10.1038/s44328-024-00017-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44328-024-00017-8","url":null,"abstract":"The vast array of immunoassay technologies used to assess protein interactions is costly or platform-specific. We present a label-free visual interference colour assay (VICA) that quantifies peptide and protein interactions by creating an iridescent surface allowing direct visualisation without spectrophotometric optics or microfluidics. A nanoporous aluminium oxide surface is tuned to match the refractive indices of the overlying protein layers to generate visual interference colours. To functionalise the surface, we created an affinity-capture system using a protein A-carboxyglutamic (GLA) construct that orients antibodies to enhance the signal. Using off-the-shelf antibodies, the platform can isolate analytes in buffer, whole blood, or serum. This surface generates a discernible colour change at concentrations as low as 50 femtomoles/mm2 and can monitor oligomer formation in sequential steps on the same slide. VICA provides comparable kinetic parameters to biolayer interferometry and traditional immunoassays while also allowing characterisation of proteins in large macromolecular complexes.","PeriodicalId":501705,"journal":{"name":"npj Biosensing","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44328-024-00017-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142778656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-21DOI: 10.1038/s44328-024-00015-w
Ebin Joseph, Manuela Ciocca, Haodong Wu, Serena Marcozzi, Maria Assunta Ucci, Kavya Keremane, Luyao Zheng, Bed Poudel, Congcong Wu, Antonella Camaioni, Kai Wang, Shashank Priya, Thomas M. Brown
This review covers advancements in biosensing, biophotovoltaics, and photobiomodulation, focusing on the synergistic use of light, biomaterials, cells or tissues, interfaced with photosensitive dye-sensitized, perovskite, and conjugated polymer organic semiconductors or nanoparticles. Integration of semiconductor and biological systems, using non-invasive light-probes or -stimuli for both sensing and controlling biological behavior, has led to groundbreaking applications like artificial retinas. From fusion of photovoltaics and biology, a new research field emerges: photovoltaic bioelectronics.
{"title":"Photovoltaic bioelectronics merging biology with new generation semiconductors and light in biophotovoltaics photobiomodulation and biosensing","authors":"Ebin Joseph, Manuela Ciocca, Haodong Wu, Serena Marcozzi, Maria Assunta Ucci, Kavya Keremane, Luyao Zheng, Bed Poudel, Congcong Wu, Antonella Camaioni, Kai Wang, Shashank Priya, Thomas M. Brown","doi":"10.1038/s44328-024-00015-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44328-024-00015-w","url":null,"abstract":"This review covers advancements in biosensing, biophotovoltaics, and photobiomodulation, focusing on the synergistic use of light, biomaterials, cells or tissues, interfaced with photosensitive dye-sensitized, perovskite, and conjugated polymer organic semiconductors or nanoparticles. Integration of semiconductor and biological systems, using non-invasive light-probes or -stimuli for both sensing and controlling biological behavior, has led to groundbreaking applications like artificial retinas. From fusion of photovoltaics and biology, a new research field emerges: photovoltaic bioelectronics.","PeriodicalId":501705,"journal":{"name":"npj Biosensing","volume":" ","pages":"1-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44328-024-00015-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142680000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-06DOI: 10.1038/s44328-024-00014-x
Matthew Peters, Tianyu Zhao, Sherin George, Viet Giang Truong, Síle Nic Chormaic, Cuifeng Ying, René A. Nome, Reuven Gordon
Resolving the free energy landscapes that govern protein biophysics has been obscured by ensemble averaging. While the folding dynamics of single proteins have been observed using fluorescent labels and/or tethers, a simpler and more direct measurement of the conformational changes would not require modifications to the protein. We use nanoaperture optical tweezers to resolve the energy landscape of a single unmodified protein, Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), and quantify changes in the three-state conformation dynamics with temperature. A Markov model with Kramers’ theory transition rates is used to model the dynamics, showing good agreement with the observed state transitions. This first look at the intrinsic energy landscape of proteins provides a transformative tool for protein biophysics and may be applied broadly, including mapping out the energy landscape of particularly challenging intrinsically disordered proteins.
{"title":"Energy landscape of conformational changes for a single unmodified protein","authors":"Matthew Peters, Tianyu Zhao, Sherin George, Viet Giang Truong, Síle Nic Chormaic, Cuifeng Ying, René A. Nome, Reuven Gordon","doi":"10.1038/s44328-024-00014-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44328-024-00014-x","url":null,"abstract":"Resolving the free energy landscapes that govern protein biophysics has been obscured by ensemble averaging. While the folding dynamics of single proteins have been observed using fluorescent labels and/or tethers, a simpler and more direct measurement of the conformational changes would not require modifications to the protein. We use nanoaperture optical tweezers to resolve the energy landscape of a single unmodified protein, Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), and quantify changes in the three-state conformation dynamics with temperature. A Markov model with Kramers’ theory transition rates is used to model the dynamics, showing good agreement with the observed state transitions. This first look at the intrinsic energy landscape of proteins provides a transformative tool for protein biophysics and may be applied broadly, including mapping out the energy landscape of particularly challenging intrinsically disordered proteins.","PeriodicalId":501705,"journal":{"name":"npj Biosensing","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44328-024-00014-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142588293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1038/s44328-024-00011-0
Kuldeep Kaswan, Meenakshi Ray, Arshad Khan, Yu-Lin Wang, Zong-Hong Lin
Solid-liquid triboelectric nanogenerators (SL-TENGs) exhibit significant potential in energy harvesting and sensing. This review explores SL-TENG development, focusing on chemical sensing and biosensing applications. Initially, the working mechanisms of various SL-TENG modes are described. Subsequently, an analysis of surface modifications of contact surfaces and liquids to functionalize chemical sensing and biosensing is explored, including their impact on surface properties and the corresponding effect on device performance related to sensing applications.
{"title":"Recent advances in solid-liquid triboelectric nanogenerators for self-powered chemical and biological sensing","authors":"Kuldeep Kaswan, Meenakshi Ray, Arshad Khan, Yu-Lin Wang, Zong-Hong Lin","doi":"10.1038/s44328-024-00011-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44328-024-00011-0","url":null,"abstract":"Solid-liquid triboelectric nanogenerators (SL-TENGs) exhibit significant potential in energy harvesting and sensing. This review explores SL-TENG development, focusing on chemical sensing and biosensing applications. Initially, the working mechanisms of various SL-TENG modes are described. Subsequently, an analysis of surface modifications of contact surfaces and liquids to functionalize chemical sensing and biosensing is explored, including their impact on surface properties and the corresponding effect on device performance related to sensing applications.","PeriodicalId":501705,"journal":{"name":"npj Biosensing","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44328-024-00011-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142377236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1038/s44328-024-00013-y
Karmen Markov, Mohamed Elgendi, Carlo Menon
The rise of wearable technology has led to EEG-based sleep monitoring devices that use electrodes placed on the forehead, ear, or neck. These devices offer promising applications in clinical and healthy populations by comparing sleep patterns, monitoring intervention responses, and examining the relationship between sleep and lifestyle factors. Despite their potential, challenges like validation against polysomnography, regulatory hurdles, data privacy, and usability hinder clinical adoption. This review explores these devices, their applications, and integration challenges in clinical practice.
{"title":"EEG-based headset sleep wearable devices","authors":"Karmen Markov, Mohamed Elgendi, Carlo Menon","doi":"10.1038/s44328-024-00013-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44328-024-00013-y","url":null,"abstract":"The rise of wearable technology has led to EEG-based sleep monitoring devices that use electrodes placed on the forehead, ear, or neck. These devices offer promising applications in clinical and healthy populations by comparing sleep patterns, monitoring intervention responses, and examining the relationship between sleep and lifestyle factors. Despite their potential, challenges like validation against polysomnography, regulatory hurdles, data privacy, and usability hinder clinical adoption. This review explores these devices, their applications, and integration challenges in clinical practice.","PeriodicalId":501705,"journal":{"name":"npj Biosensing","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44328-024-00013-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142360061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1038/s44328-024-00012-z
Laura RoaFiore, Trevor Meyer, Thaissa Peixoto, Pedro Irazoqui
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an FDA-approved stimulation therapy to treat patients with refractory epilepsy. In this work, we use a coherent holographic imaging system to characterize vagus nerve-evoked potentials (VEPs) in the cortex in response to VNS stimulation paradigms without electrode placement or any genetic, structural, or functional labels. We analyze stimulation amplitude up to saturation, pulse width up to 800 μs, and frequency from 10 Hz to 30 Hz, finding that stimulation amplitude strongly modulates VEPs response magnitude (effect size 0.401), while pulse width has a moderate modulatory effect (effect size 0.127) and frequency has almost no modulatory effect (effect size 0.009) on the evoked potential magnitude. We find mild interactions between pulse width and frequency. This non-contact label-free functional imaging technique may serve as a non-invasive rapid-feedback tool to characterize VEPs and may increase the efficacy of VNS in patients with refractory epilepsy.
{"title":"Label-free functional imaging of vagus nerve stimulation-evoked potentials at the cortical surface","authors":"Laura RoaFiore, Trevor Meyer, Thaissa Peixoto, Pedro Irazoqui","doi":"10.1038/s44328-024-00012-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44328-024-00012-z","url":null,"abstract":"Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an FDA-approved stimulation therapy to treat patients with refractory epilepsy. In this work, we use a coherent holographic imaging system to characterize vagus nerve-evoked potentials (VEPs) in the cortex in response to VNS stimulation paradigms without electrode placement or any genetic, structural, or functional labels. We analyze stimulation amplitude up to saturation, pulse width up to 800 μs, and frequency from 10 Hz to 30 Hz, finding that stimulation amplitude strongly modulates VEPs response magnitude (effect size 0.401), while pulse width has a moderate modulatory effect (effect size 0.127) and frequency has almost no modulatory effect (effect size 0.009) on the evoked potential magnitude. We find mild interactions between pulse width and frequency. This non-contact label-free functional imaging technique may serve as a non-invasive rapid-feedback tool to characterize VEPs and may increase the efficacy of VNS in patients with refractory epilepsy.","PeriodicalId":501705,"journal":{"name":"npj Biosensing","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44328-024-00012-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142160263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1038/s44328-024-00009-8
Adley Gin, Phuong-Diem Nguyen, Geidy Serrano, Gene E. Alexander, Judith Su
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a form of dementia marked by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Amyloid beta (Aβ) is an AD biomarker which is linked to these plaques and tangles. Measuring Aβ levels can help with early AD diagnosis and aid in drug studies and delaying dementia. This is challenging, however, due to low AD biomarker levels in biofluids. Here we use FLOWER (frequency-locked optical whispering evanescent resonator) to quantify levels of post-mortem cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ42 in control, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD participants. FLOWER measures the resonant wavelength shift of a microtoroid due to changes in the refractive index within its evanescent field. FLOWER can measure CSF Aβ42 (area under curve, AUC = 0.92) with higher performance than ELISA (AUC = 0.82) and can distinguish between control and MCI samples. This demonstrates FLOWER’s ability to screen CSF samples for diagnosis of AD.
{"title":"Towards early diagnosis and screening of Alzheimer’s disease using frequency locked whispering gallery mode microtoroids","authors":"Adley Gin, Phuong-Diem Nguyen, Geidy Serrano, Gene E. Alexander, Judith Su","doi":"10.1038/s44328-024-00009-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44328-024-00009-8","url":null,"abstract":"Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a form of dementia marked by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Amyloid beta (Aβ) is an AD biomarker which is linked to these plaques and tangles. Measuring Aβ levels can help with early AD diagnosis and aid in drug studies and delaying dementia. This is challenging, however, due to low AD biomarker levels in biofluids. Here we use FLOWER (frequency-locked optical whispering evanescent resonator) to quantify levels of post-mortem cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ42 in control, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD participants. FLOWER measures the resonant wavelength shift of a microtoroid due to changes in the refractive index within its evanescent field. FLOWER can measure CSF Aβ42 (area under curve, AUC = 0.92) with higher performance than ELISA (AUC = 0.82) and can distinguish between control and MCI samples. This demonstrates FLOWER’s ability to screen CSF samples for diagnosis of AD.","PeriodicalId":501705,"journal":{"name":"npj Biosensing","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44328-024-00009-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142084616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1038/s44328-024-00008-9
Nicholas Bravo-Frank, Rushikesh Zende, Lei Feng, Nicolas Mesyngier, Aditya Pachpute, Jiarong Hong
We introduce a digital inline holography (DIH) method combined with deep learning (DL) for real-time detection and analysis of bacteria in liquid suspension. Specifically, we designed a prototype that integrates DIH with fluorescence imaging to efficiently capture holograms of bacteria flowing in a microfluidic channel, utilizing the fluorescent signal to manually identify ground truths for validation. We process holograms using a tailored DL framework that includes preprocessing, detection, and classification stages involving three specific DL models trained on an extensive dataset that included holograms of generic particles present in sterile liquid and five bacterial species featuring distinct morphologies, Gram stain attributes, and viability. Our approach, validated through experiments with synthetic data and sterile liquid spiked with different bacteria, accurately distinguishes between bacteria and particles, live and dead bacteria, and Gram-positive and negative bacteria of similar morphology, all while minimizing false positives. The study highlights the potential of combining DIH with DL as a transformative tool for rapid bacterial analysis in clinical and industrial settings, with potential extension to other applications including pharmaceutical screening, environmental monitoring, and disease diagnostics.
{"title":"Realtime bacteria detection and analysis in sterile liquid products using deep learning holographic imaging","authors":"Nicholas Bravo-Frank, Rushikesh Zende, Lei Feng, Nicolas Mesyngier, Aditya Pachpute, Jiarong Hong","doi":"10.1038/s44328-024-00008-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44328-024-00008-9","url":null,"abstract":"We introduce a digital inline holography (DIH) method combined with deep learning (DL) for real-time detection and analysis of bacteria in liquid suspension. Specifically, we designed a prototype that integrates DIH with fluorescence imaging to efficiently capture holograms of bacteria flowing in a microfluidic channel, utilizing the fluorescent signal to manually identify ground truths for validation. We process holograms using a tailored DL framework that includes preprocessing, detection, and classification stages involving three specific DL models trained on an extensive dataset that included holograms of generic particles present in sterile liquid and five bacterial species featuring distinct morphologies, Gram stain attributes, and viability. Our approach, validated through experiments with synthetic data and sterile liquid spiked with different bacteria, accurately distinguishes between bacteria and particles, live and dead bacteria, and Gram-positive and negative bacteria of similar morphology, all while minimizing false positives. The study highlights the potential of combining DIH with DL as a transformative tool for rapid bacterial analysis in clinical and industrial settings, with potential extension to other applications including pharmaceutical screening, environmental monitoring, and disease diagnostics.","PeriodicalId":501705,"journal":{"name":"npj Biosensing","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44328-024-00008-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.1038/s44328-024-00007-w
Bernhard Burtscher, Chiara Diacci, Anatolii Makhinia, Marios Savvakis, Erik O. Gabrielsson, Lothar Veith, Xianjie Liu, Xenofon Strakosas, Daniel T. Simon
Here we propose a strategy to functionalize poly(ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) based organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) for sensing the inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL6). For this aim we use diazonium chemistry to couple 4-aminobenzoic acid to sulfonate moieties on the PSS, which can act as anchors for aptamers or other recognition elements (e.g., fluorescent, or redox probes). We investigated this approach with a commercial screen-printable PEDOT:PSS formulation but also studied the effect of PEDOT to PSS ratio as well as the amount of crosslinker in other PEDOT:PSS formulations. For screen printed OECTs, it was possible to distinguish between IL6 and bovine serum albumin (BSA) in buffer solution and detect IL6 when added in bovine plasma in the nanomolar range. Furthermore, functionalization of PEDOT:PSS formulations with higher PSS content (compared to the “standard” solutions used for OECTs) combined with frequency dependent measurements showed the potential to detect IL6 concentrations below 100 pM.
{"title":"Functionalization of PEDOT:PSS for aptamer-based sensing of IL6 using organic electrochemical transistors","authors":"Bernhard Burtscher, Chiara Diacci, Anatolii Makhinia, Marios Savvakis, Erik O. Gabrielsson, Lothar Veith, Xianjie Liu, Xenofon Strakosas, Daniel T. Simon","doi":"10.1038/s44328-024-00007-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44328-024-00007-w","url":null,"abstract":"Here we propose a strategy to functionalize poly(ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) based organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) for sensing the inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL6). For this aim we use diazonium chemistry to couple 4-aminobenzoic acid to sulfonate moieties on the PSS, which can act as anchors for aptamers or other recognition elements (e.g., fluorescent, or redox probes). We investigated this approach with a commercial screen-printable PEDOT:PSS formulation but also studied the effect of PEDOT to PSS ratio as well as the amount of crosslinker in other PEDOT:PSS formulations. For screen printed OECTs, it was possible to distinguish between IL6 and bovine serum albumin (BSA) in buffer solution and detect IL6 when added in bovine plasma in the nanomolar range. Furthermore, functionalization of PEDOT:PSS formulations with higher PSS content (compared to the “standard” solutions used for OECTs) combined with frequency dependent measurements showed the potential to detect IL6 concentrations below 100 pM.","PeriodicalId":501705,"journal":{"name":"npj Biosensing","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44328-024-00007-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141810110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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