Background: Cutavirus (CuV) is associated with mycosis fungoides; however, the CuV status in parapsoriasis en plaques (PP), a premalignant inflammatory condition of mycosis fungoides, has not been fully delineated.
Methods: Fifty-five Japanese patients with chronic inflammatory skin diseases, including 13 patients with PP, were studied.
Results: CuV DNA was detected significantly more frequently in biopsies of the lesional skin from patients with PP (38%; 4 of 13) than in those from patients with other inflammatory skin diseases (2%; 1 of 42; P = .009). All CuV-positive PP cases were of the large-plaque parapsoriasis (LPP) subtype. The viral loads ranged from 83 450 to 2 164 170 copies/103 cells. We recovered near-full-length CuV sequences from the CuV-positive LPP biopsies, all of which were of the Japanese/Asian genotype. The CuV genome appeared to be present within lymphoid cells infiltrating the epidermis and dermis. CuV NS1 and VP1 gene transcripts were also detected in the affected tissues.
Conclusions: The detection of high levels of CuV DNA with the expression of viral mRNA suggests a potential role for CuV in the pathogenesis of LPP, making it necessary to study further the impact of CuV, especially regarding the viral genotype, on the outcomes of patients with CuV-positive LPP.
{"title":"Cutavirus Infection in Large-Plaque Parapsoriasis, a Premalignant Condition of Mycosis Fungoides.","authors":"Yumiko Hashida, Kimiko Nakajima, Tomonori Higuchi, Takako Ujihara, Kozo Nakai, Masanori Daibata","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiad521","DOIUrl":"10.1093/infdis/jiad521","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cutavirus (CuV) is associated with mycosis fungoides; however, the CuV status in parapsoriasis en plaques (PP), a premalignant inflammatory condition of mycosis fungoides, has not been fully delineated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty-five Japanese patients with chronic inflammatory skin diseases, including 13 patients with PP, were studied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CuV DNA was detected significantly more frequently in biopsies of the lesional skin from patients with PP (38%; 4 of 13) than in those from patients with other inflammatory skin diseases (2%; 1 of 42; P = .009). All CuV-positive PP cases were of the large-plaque parapsoriasis (LPP) subtype. The viral loads ranged from 83 450 to 2 164 170 copies/103 cells. We recovered near-full-length CuV sequences from the CuV-positive LPP biopsies, all of which were of the Japanese/Asian genotype. The CuV genome appeared to be present within lymphoid cells infiltrating the epidermis and dermis. CuV NS1 and VP1 gene transcripts were also detected in the affected tissues.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The detection of high levels of CuV DNA with the expression of viral mRNA suggests a potential role for CuV in the pathogenesis of LPP, making it necessary to study further the impact of CuV, especially regarding the viral genotype, on the outcomes of patients with CuV-positive LPP.</p>","PeriodicalId":50179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soyeoun Kim, Sohee Kim, Bo Youl Choi, Boyoung Park
Background: This study compared trends in norovirus cases to determine whether chief complaint-based emergency department (ED) visit data could reflect trends of norovirus in Korea.
Methods: The ED visits from the National Emergency Department Information System database and the weekly reported number of noroviruses from the sentinel surveillance system were collected between August 2017 and December 2020. The correlation between weekly norovirus cases and weekly ED visits considering the chief complaint and discharge diagnosis code was estimated using a 3-week moving average.
Results: In total, 6 399 774 patients with chief complaints related to digestive system disease visited an ED. A higher correlation between reported norovirus cases and ED visit with chief complaint of vomiting and discharge diagnosis code of gastroenteritis and colitis of unspecified origin or other and unspecified gastroenteritis and colitis of infectious origin was observed (R = 0.88, P < .0001). The correlation was highest for the age group 0-4 years (R = 0.89, P < .0001). However, no correlation was observed between the reported norovirus cases and the number of ED visits with norovirus identified as a discharge diagnosis code.
Conclusions: ED visit data considering a combination of chief complaints and discharged diagnosis code would be useful for early detection of infectious disease trends.
{"title":"Trends for Syndromic Surveillance of Norovirus in Emergency Department Data Based on Chief Complaints.","authors":"Soyeoun Kim, Sohee Kim, Bo Youl Choi, Boyoung Park","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiad437","DOIUrl":"10.1093/infdis/jiad437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study compared trends in norovirus cases to determine whether chief complaint-based emergency department (ED) visit data could reflect trends of norovirus in Korea.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The ED visits from the National Emergency Department Information System database and the weekly reported number of noroviruses from the sentinel surveillance system were collected between August 2017 and December 2020. The correlation between weekly norovirus cases and weekly ED visits considering the chief complaint and discharge diagnosis code was estimated using a 3-week moving average.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 6 399 774 patients with chief complaints related to digestive system disease visited an ED. A higher correlation between reported norovirus cases and ED visit with chief complaint of vomiting and discharge diagnosis code of gastroenteritis and colitis of unspecified origin or other and unspecified gastroenteritis and colitis of infectious origin was observed (R = 0.88, P < .0001). The correlation was highest for the age group 0-4 years (R = 0.89, P < .0001). However, no correlation was observed between the reported norovirus cases and the number of ED visits with norovirus identified as a discharge diagnosis code.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>ED visit data considering a combination of chief complaints and discharged diagnosis code would be useful for early detection of infectious disease trends.</p>","PeriodicalId":50179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing is crucial for investigating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), relying primarily on the combination of ccr and mec gene complexes. To date, 19 ccr genes and 10 ccr gene complexes have been identified, forming 15 SCCmec types. With the vast release of bacterial genome sequences, mining the database for novel ccr gene complexes and SCC/SCCmec elements could enhance MRSA epidemiological studies. In this study, we identified 12 novel ccr genes (6 ccrA, 3 ccrB, and 3 ccrC) through mining of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, forming 12 novel ccr gene complexes and 10 novel SCC elements. Overexpression of 5 groups of novel Ccr recombinases (CcrA9B3, CcrA10B1, CcrC3, CcrC4, and CcrC5) in a mutant MRSA strain lacking the ccr gene and extrachromosomal circular intermediate (ciSCC) production significantly promoted ciSCC production, demonstrating their biological activity. This discovery provides an opportunity to advance MRSA epidemiological research and develop database-based bacterial typing methods.
{"title":"Unearthing New ccr Genes and Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Elements in Staphylococci Through Genome Mining.","authors":"Jianguo Huang, Jinhe Xiao, Xiaokun Wang, Xuemei Xue, Yadong Ma, Ziqian Zhang, Liangjun Zheng, Muhammad Zafir, Pilong Liu, Xin Zhao, Anders Rhod Larsen, Huping Xue","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiae044","DOIUrl":"10.1093/infdis/jiae044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing is crucial for investigating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), relying primarily on the combination of ccr and mec gene complexes. To date, 19 ccr genes and 10 ccr gene complexes have been identified, forming 15 SCCmec types. With the vast release of bacterial genome sequences, mining the database for novel ccr gene complexes and SCC/SCCmec elements could enhance MRSA epidemiological studies. In this study, we identified 12 novel ccr genes (6 ccrA, 3 ccrB, and 3 ccrC) through mining of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, forming 12 novel ccr gene complexes and 10 novel SCC elements. Overexpression of 5 groups of novel Ccr recombinases (CcrA9B3, CcrA10B1, CcrC3, CcrC4, and CcrC5) in a mutant MRSA strain lacking the ccr gene and extrachromosomal circular intermediate (ciSCC) production significantly promoted ciSCC production, demonstrating their biological activity. This discovery provides an opportunity to advance MRSA epidemiological research and develop database-based bacterial typing methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":50179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu Wan, Ashleigh C Myall, Adhiratha Boonyasiri, Frances Bolt, Alice Ledda, Siddharth Mookerjee, Andrea Y Weiße, Maria Getino, Jane F Turton, Hala Abbas, Ruta Prakapaite, Akshay Sabnis, Alireza Abdolrasouli, Kenny Malpartida-Cardenas, Luca Miglietta, Hugo Donaldson, Mark Gilchrist, Katie L Hopkins, Matthew J Ellington, Jonathan A Otter, Gerald Larrouy-Maumus, Andrew M Edwards, Jesus Rodriguez-Manzano, Xavier Didelot, Mauricio Barahona, Alison H Holmes, Elita Jauneikaite, Frances Davies
Background: Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) are challenging in healthcare, with resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics. This study describes the emergence of imipenemase (IMP)-encoding CPE among diverse Enterobacterales species between 2016 and 2019 across a London regional network.
Methods: We performed a network analysis of patient pathways, using electronic health records, to identify contacts between IMP-encoding CPE-positive patients. Genomes of IMP-encoding CPE isolates were overlaid with patient contacts to imply potential transmission events.
Results: Genomic analysis of 84 Enterobacterales isolates revealed diverse species (predominantly Klebsiella spp, Enterobacter spp, and Escherichia coli); 86% (72 of 84) harbored an IncHI2 plasmid carrying blaIMP and colistin resistance gene mcr-9 (68 of 72). Phylogenetic analysis of IncHI2 plasmids identified 3 lineages showing significant association with patient contacts and movements between 4 hospital sites and across medical specialties, which was missed in initial investigations.
Conclusions: Combined, our patient network and plasmid analyses demonstrate an interspecies, plasmid-mediated outbreak of blaIMPCPE, which remained unidentified during standard investigations. With DNA sequencing and multimodal data incorporation, the outbreak investigation approach proposed here provides a framework for real-time identification of key factors causing pathogen spread. Plasmid-level outbreak analysis reveals that resistance spread may be wider than suspected, allowing more interventions to stop transmission within hospital networks.SummaryThis was an investigation, using integrated pathway networks and genomics methods, of the emergence of imipenemase-encoding carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales among diverse Enterobacterales species between 2016 and 2019 in patients across a London regional hospital network, which was missed on routine investigations.
{"title":"Integrated Analysis of Patient Networks and Plasmid Genomes to Investigate a Regional, Multispecies Outbreak of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacterales Carrying Both blaIMP and mcr-9 Genes.","authors":"Yu Wan, Ashleigh C Myall, Adhiratha Boonyasiri, Frances Bolt, Alice Ledda, Siddharth Mookerjee, Andrea Y Weiße, Maria Getino, Jane F Turton, Hala Abbas, Ruta Prakapaite, Akshay Sabnis, Alireza Abdolrasouli, Kenny Malpartida-Cardenas, Luca Miglietta, Hugo Donaldson, Mark Gilchrist, Katie L Hopkins, Matthew J Ellington, Jonathan A Otter, Gerald Larrouy-Maumus, Andrew M Edwards, Jesus Rodriguez-Manzano, Xavier Didelot, Mauricio Barahona, Alison H Holmes, Elita Jauneikaite, Frances Davies","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiae019","DOIUrl":"10.1093/infdis/jiae019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) are challenging in healthcare, with resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics. This study describes the emergence of imipenemase (IMP)-encoding CPE among diverse Enterobacterales species between 2016 and 2019 across a London regional network.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a network analysis of patient pathways, using electronic health records, to identify contacts between IMP-encoding CPE-positive patients. Genomes of IMP-encoding CPE isolates were overlaid with patient contacts to imply potential transmission events.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Genomic analysis of 84 Enterobacterales isolates revealed diverse species (predominantly Klebsiella spp, Enterobacter spp, and Escherichia coli); 86% (72 of 84) harbored an IncHI2 plasmid carrying blaIMP and colistin resistance gene mcr-9 (68 of 72). Phylogenetic analysis of IncHI2 plasmids identified 3 lineages showing significant association with patient contacts and movements between 4 hospital sites and across medical specialties, which was missed in initial investigations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Combined, our patient network and plasmid analyses demonstrate an interspecies, plasmid-mediated outbreak of blaIMPCPE, which remained unidentified during standard investigations. With DNA sequencing and multimodal data incorporation, the outbreak investigation approach proposed here provides a framework for real-time identification of key factors causing pathogen spread. Plasmid-level outbreak analysis reveals that resistance spread may be wider than suspected, allowing more interventions to stop transmission within hospital networks.SummaryThis was an investigation, using integrated pathway networks and genomics methods, of the emergence of imipenemase-encoding carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales among diverse Enterobacterales species between 2016 and 2019 in patients across a London regional hospital network, which was missed on routine investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":50179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11272044/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chijioke Bennett, E Joy Rivers, Wayne Woo, Mark Bloch, King Cheung, Paul Griffin, Rahul Mohan, Sachin Deshmukh, Mark Arya, Oscar Cumming, A Munro Neville, Toni McCallum Pardey, Joyce S Plested, Shane Cloney-Clark, Mingzhu Zhu, Raj Kalkeri, Nita Patel, Agi Buchanan, Alex Marcheschi, Jennifer Swan, Gale Smith, Iksung Cho, Gregory M Glenn, Robert Walker, Raburn M Mallory
Background: Mutations present in emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants permit evasion of neutralization with prototype vaccines. A novel Omicron BA.1 subvariant-specific vaccine (NVX-CoV2515) was tested alone or as a bivalent preparation with the prototype vaccine (NVX-CoV2373) to assess antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2.
Methods: Participants aged 18 to 64 years immunized with 3 doses of prototype mRNA vaccines were randomized 1:1:1 to receive a single dose of NVX-CoV2515, NVX-CoV2373, or the bivalent mixture in a phase 3 study investigating heterologous boosting with SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein vaccines. Immunogenicity was measured 14 and 28 days after vaccination for the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 sublineage and ancestral strain. Safety profiles of vaccines were assessed.
Results: Of participants who received trial vaccine (N = 829), those administered NVX-CoV2515 (n = 286) demonstrated a superior neutralizing antibody response to BA.1 vs NVX-CoV2373 (n = 274) at day 14 (geometric mean titer ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.33-2.03). Seroresponse rates were 73.4% (91/124; 95% CI, 64.7-80.9) for NVX-CoV2515 vs 50.9% (59/116; 95% CI, 41.4-60.3) for NVX-CoV2373. All formulations were similarly well tolerated.
Conclusions: NVX-CoV2515 elicited a superior neutralizing antibody response against the Omicron BA.1 subvariant as compared with NVX-CoV2373 when administered as a fourth dose. Safety data were consistent with the established safety profile of NVX-CoV2373.
{"title":"Immunogenicity and Safety of Heterologous Omicron BA.1 and Bivalent SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Booster Vaccines: A Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial.","authors":"Chijioke Bennett, E Joy Rivers, Wayne Woo, Mark Bloch, King Cheung, Paul Griffin, Rahul Mohan, Sachin Deshmukh, Mark Arya, Oscar Cumming, A Munro Neville, Toni McCallum Pardey, Joyce S Plested, Shane Cloney-Clark, Mingzhu Zhu, Raj Kalkeri, Nita Patel, Agi Buchanan, Alex Marcheschi, Jennifer Swan, Gale Smith, Iksung Cho, Gregory M Glenn, Robert Walker, Raburn M Mallory","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiad508","DOIUrl":"10.1093/infdis/jiad508","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mutations present in emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants permit evasion of neutralization with prototype vaccines. A novel Omicron BA.1 subvariant-specific vaccine (NVX-CoV2515) was tested alone or as a bivalent preparation with the prototype vaccine (NVX-CoV2373) to assess antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants aged 18 to 64 years immunized with 3 doses of prototype mRNA vaccines were randomized 1:1:1 to receive a single dose of NVX-CoV2515, NVX-CoV2373, or the bivalent mixture in a phase 3 study investigating heterologous boosting with SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein vaccines. Immunogenicity was measured 14 and 28 days after vaccination for the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 sublineage and ancestral strain. Safety profiles of vaccines were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of participants who received trial vaccine (N = 829), those administered NVX-CoV2515 (n = 286) demonstrated a superior neutralizing antibody response to BA.1 vs NVX-CoV2373 (n = 274) at day 14 (geometric mean titer ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.33-2.03). Seroresponse rates were 73.4% (91/124; 95% CI, 64.7-80.9) for NVX-CoV2515 vs 50.9% (59/116; 95% CI, 41.4-60.3) for NVX-CoV2373. All formulations were similarly well tolerated.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>NVX-CoV2515 elicited a superior neutralizing antibody response against the Omicron BA.1 subvariant as compared with NVX-CoV2373 when administered as a fourth dose. Safety data were consistent with the established safety profile of NVX-CoV2373.</p><p><strong>Clinical trials registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05372588).</p>","PeriodicalId":50179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11272042/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jenna Ciszewski, Mami Taniuchi, Benjamin Lee, E Ross Colgate, James A Platts-Mills, Rashidul Haque, K Zaman, Benjamin Lopman, William A Petri, Beth D Kirkpatrick, Elizabeth T Rogawski McQuade
To evaluate how breakthrough rotavirus disease contributes to transmission, we examined the impact of rotavirus vaccination on fecal shedding and duration of illness. We used multivariable linear regression to analyze rotavirus quantity by RT-qPCR and duration among 184 episodes of rotavirus diarrhea positive by ELISA in the PROVIDE study. Vaccinated children had less fecal viral shedding compared to unvaccinated children (mean difference = -0.59 log copies per gram of stool; 95% confidence interval [CI], -.99 to -.19). Duration of illness was on average 0.47 days (95% CI, -.23 to 1.17 days) shorter among vaccinated children. Rotarix vaccination reduces shedding burden among breakthrough cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis. Clinical Trials Registration . NCT01375647.
{"title":"Differences in Rotavirus Shedding and Duration by Infant Oral Rotavirus Vaccination Status in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2011-2014.","authors":"Jenna Ciszewski, Mami Taniuchi, Benjamin Lee, E Ross Colgate, James A Platts-Mills, Rashidul Haque, K Zaman, Benjamin Lopman, William A Petri, Beth D Kirkpatrick, Elizabeth T Rogawski McQuade","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiad502","DOIUrl":"10.1093/infdis/jiad502","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To evaluate how breakthrough rotavirus disease contributes to transmission, we examined the impact of rotavirus vaccination on fecal shedding and duration of illness. We used multivariable linear regression to analyze rotavirus quantity by RT-qPCR and duration among 184 episodes of rotavirus diarrhea positive by ELISA in the PROVIDE study. Vaccinated children had less fecal viral shedding compared to unvaccinated children (mean difference = -0.59 log copies per gram of stool; 95% confidence interval [CI], -.99 to -.19). Duration of illness was on average 0.47 days (95% CI, -.23 to 1.17 days) shorter among vaccinated children. Rotarix vaccination reduces shedding burden among breakthrough cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis. Clinical Trials Registration . NCT01375647.</p>","PeriodicalId":50179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11272065/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emily K Horn, Oscar Herrera-Restrepo, Anna M Acosta, Alyssa Simon, Bianca Jackson, Eleanor Lucas
Background: Hepatitis A (HepA) vaccines are recommended for US adults at risk of HepA. Ongoing United States (US) HepA outbreaks since 2016 have primarily spread person-to-person, especially among at-risk groups. We investigated the health outcomes, economic burden, and outbreak management considerations associated with HepA outbreaks from 2016 onwards.
Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted to assess HepA outbreak-associated health outcomes, health care resource utilization (HCRU), and economic burden. A targeted literature review evaluated HepA outbreak management considerations.
Results: Across 33 studies reporting on HepA outbreak-associated health outcomes/HCRU, frequently reported HepA-related morbidities included acute liver failure/injury (n = 6 studies of 33 studies) and liver transplantation (n = 5 of 33); reported case fatality rates ranged from 0% to 10.8%. Hospitalization rates reported in studies investigating person-to-person outbreaks ranged from 41.6% to 84.8%. Ten studies reported on outbreak-associated economic burden, with a national study reporting an average cost of over $16 000 per hospitalization. Thirty-four studies reported on outbreak management; challenges included difficulty reaching at-risk groups and vaccination distrust. Successes included targeted interventions and increasing public awareness.
Conclusions: This review indicates a considerable clinical and economic burden of ongoing US HepA outbreaks. Targeted prevention strategies and increased public awareness and vaccination coverage are needed to reduce HepA burden and prevent future outbreaks.
{"title":"The Burden of Hepatitis A Outbreaks in the United States: Health Outcomes, Economic Costs, and Management Strategies.","authors":"Emily K Horn, Oscar Herrera-Restrepo, Anna M Acosta, Alyssa Simon, Bianca Jackson, Eleanor Lucas","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiae087","DOIUrl":"10.1093/infdis/jiae087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hepatitis A (HepA) vaccines are recommended for US adults at risk of HepA. Ongoing United States (US) HepA outbreaks since 2016 have primarily spread person-to-person, especially among at-risk groups. We investigated the health outcomes, economic burden, and outbreak management considerations associated with HepA outbreaks from 2016 onwards.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature review was conducted to assess HepA outbreak-associated health outcomes, health care resource utilization (HCRU), and economic burden. A targeted literature review evaluated HepA outbreak management considerations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across 33 studies reporting on HepA outbreak-associated health outcomes/HCRU, frequently reported HepA-related morbidities included acute liver failure/injury (n = 6 studies of 33 studies) and liver transplantation (n = 5 of 33); reported case fatality rates ranged from 0% to 10.8%. Hospitalization rates reported in studies investigating person-to-person outbreaks ranged from 41.6% to 84.8%. Ten studies reported on outbreak-associated economic burden, with a national study reporting an average cost of over $16 000 per hospitalization. Thirty-four studies reported on outbreak management; challenges included difficulty reaching at-risk groups and vaccination distrust. Successes included targeted interventions and increasing public awareness.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This review indicates a considerable clinical and economic burden of ongoing US HepA outbreaks. Targeted prevention strategies and increased public awareness and vaccination coverage are needed to reduce HepA burden and prevent future outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":50179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11272058/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ognjen Sekulovic, Caitlyn Gallagher, Jonathan Lee, Li Hao, Stavros Zinonos, Charles Y Tan, Annaliesa Anderson, Isis Kanevsky
Recent phylogenetic profiling of pneumococcal serotype 3 (Pn3) isolates revealed a dynamic interplay among major lineages with the emergence and global spread of a variant termed clade II. The cause of Pn3 clade II dissemination along with epidemiological and clinical ramifications are currently unknown. Here, we sought to explore biological characteristics of dominant Pn3 clades in a mouse model of pneumococcal invasive disease and carriage. Carriage and virulence potential were strain dependent with marked differences among clades. We found that clinical isolates from Pn3 clade II are less virulent and less invasive in mice compared to clade I isolates. We also observed that clade II isolates are carried for longer and at higher bacterial densities in mice compared to clade I isolates. Taken together, our data suggest that the epidemiological success of Pn3 clade II could be related to alterations in the pathogen's ability to cause invasive disease and to establish a robust carriage episode.
最近对肺炎球菌血清 3 型(Pn3)分离菌株进行的系统发育分析表明,主要菌系之间存在动态的相互作用,并出现了一种被称为支系 II 的变异株并在全球范围内传播。目前还不清楚 Pn3 支系 II 传播的原因以及流行病学和临床影响。在这里,我们试图在肺炎球菌侵袭性疾病和携带的小鼠模型中探索 Pn3 优势支系的生物学特征。携带和毒力潜能与菌株有关,不同支系之间存在明显差异。我们发现,与 I 支系分离株相比,Pn3 II 支系的临床分离株对小鼠的毒性和侵袭性较低。我们还观察到,与支系 I 分离物相比,支系 II 分离物在小鼠体内的携带时间更长,细菌密度更高。总之,我们的数据表明,Pn3 支链 II 在流行病学上的成功可能与病原体引起侵袭性疾病和建立强大的带菌能力的改变有关。
{"title":"Evidence of Reduced Virulence and Increased Colonization Among Pneumococcal Isolates of Serotype 3 Clade II Lineage in Mice.","authors":"Ognjen Sekulovic, Caitlyn Gallagher, Jonathan Lee, Li Hao, Stavros Zinonos, Charles Y Tan, Annaliesa Anderson, Isis Kanevsky","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiae038","DOIUrl":"10.1093/infdis/jiae038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent phylogenetic profiling of pneumococcal serotype 3 (Pn3) isolates revealed a dynamic interplay among major lineages with the emergence and global spread of a variant termed clade II. The cause of Pn3 clade II dissemination along with epidemiological and clinical ramifications are currently unknown. Here, we sought to explore biological characteristics of dominant Pn3 clades in a mouse model of pneumococcal invasive disease and carriage. Carriage and virulence potential were strain dependent with marked differences among clades. We found that clinical isolates from Pn3 clade II are less virulent and less invasive in mice compared to clade I isolates. We also observed that clade II isolates are carried for longer and at higher bacterial densities in mice compared to clade I isolates. Taken together, our data suggest that the epidemiological success of Pn3 clade II could be related to alterations in the pathogen's ability to cause invasive disease and to establish a robust carriage episode.</p>","PeriodicalId":50179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11272092/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elise A Chong, Kingsley Gideon Kumashie, Emeline R Chong, Joseph Fabrizio, Aditi Gupta, Jakub Svoboda, Stefan K Barta, Kristy M Walsh, Ellen B Napier, Rachel K Lundberg, Sunita D Nasta, James N Gerson, Daniel J Landsburg, Joyce Gonzalez, Andrew Gaano, Madison E Weirick, Christopher M McAllister, Moses Awofolaju, Gavin N John, Shane C Kammerman, Josef Novacek, Raymone Pajarillo, Kendall A Lundgreen, Nicole Tanenbaum, Sigrid Gouma, Elizabeth M Drapeau, Sharon Adamski, Kurt D'Andrea, Ajinkya Pattekar, Amanda Hicks, Scott Korte, Harsh Sharma, Sarah Herring, Justine C Williams, Jacob T Hamilton, Paul Bates, Scott E Hensley, Eline T Luning Prak, Allison R Greenplate, E John Wherry, Stephen J Schuster, Marco Ruella, Laura A Vella
Patients with B-cell lymphomas have altered cellular components of vaccine responses due to malignancy and therapy, and the optimal timing of vaccination relative to therapy remains unknown. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccines created an opportunity for new insights in vaccine timing because patients were challenged with a novel antigen across multiple phases of treatment. We studied serologic messenger RNA vaccine response in retrospective and prospective cohorts with lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, paired with clinical and research immune parameters. Reduced serologic response was observed more frequently during active treatment, but nonresponse was also common within observation and posttreatment groups. Total immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M correlated with successful vaccine response. In individuals treated with anti-CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells, nonresponse was associated with reduced B and T follicular helper cells. Predictors of vaccine response varied by disease and therapeutic group, and therefore further studies of immune health during and after cancer therapies are needed to individualize vaccine timing.
由于恶性肿瘤和治疗的原因,B 细胞淋巴瘤患者的疫苗反应细胞成分发生了改变,而相对于治疗的最佳疫苗接种时机仍然未知。严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2 疫苗为疫苗接种时机的新认识提供了机会,因为患者在治疗的多个阶段都面临着新型抗原的挑战。我们研究了淋巴瘤和慢性淋巴细胞白血病回顾性和前瞻性队列中的血清学信使 RNA 疫苗反应,并将其与临床和研究免疫参数配对。在积极治疗期间更常观察到血清反应降低的情况,但在观察组和治疗后组中,无反应的情况也很常见。总免疫球蛋白 A 和免疫球蛋白 M 与成功的疫苗反应相关。在接受抗 CD19 引导的嵌合抗原受体修饰 T 细胞治疗的患者中,无应答与 B 和 T 滤泡辅助细胞减少有关。疫苗反应的预测因素因疾病和治疗组而异,因此需要进一步研究癌症治疗期间和之后的免疫健康状况,以确定个体化的疫苗接种时机。
{"title":"Immunologic Predictors of Vaccine Responsiveness in Patients With Lymphoma and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.","authors":"Elise A Chong, Kingsley Gideon Kumashie, Emeline R Chong, Joseph Fabrizio, Aditi Gupta, Jakub Svoboda, Stefan K Barta, Kristy M Walsh, Ellen B Napier, Rachel K Lundberg, Sunita D Nasta, James N Gerson, Daniel J Landsburg, Joyce Gonzalez, Andrew Gaano, Madison E Weirick, Christopher M McAllister, Moses Awofolaju, Gavin N John, Shane C Kammerman, Josef Novacek, Raymone Pajarillo, Kendall A Lundgreen, Nicole Tanenbaum, Sigrid Gouma, Elizabeth M Drapeau, Sharon Adamski, Kurt D'Andrea, Ajinkya Pattekar, Amanda Hicks, Scott Korte, Harsh Sharma, Sarah Herring, Justine C Williams, Jacob T Hamilton, Paul Bates, Scott E Hensley, Eline T Luning Prak, Allison R Greenplate, E John Wherry, Stephen J Schuster, Marco Ruella, Laura A Vella","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiae106","DOIUrl":"10.1093/infdis/jiae106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Patients with B-cell lymphomas have altered cellular components of vaccine responses due to malignancy and therapy, and the optimal timing of vaccination relative to therapy remains unknown. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccines created an opportunity for new insights in vaccine timing because patients were challenged with a novel antigen across multiple phases of treatment. We studied serologic messenger RNA vaccine response in retrospective and prospective cohorts with lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, paired with clinical and research immune parameters. Reduced serologic response was observed more frequently during active treatment, but nonresponse was also common within observation and posttreatment groups. Total immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M correlated with successful vaccine response. In individuals treated with anti-CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells, nonresponse was associated with reduced B and T follicular helper cells. Predictors of vaccine response varied by disease and therapeutic group, and therefore further studies of immune health during and after cancer therapies are needed to individualize vaccine timing.</p>","PeriodicalId":50179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11272091/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kelsey M Sumner, Ruchi Yadav, Emma K Noble, Ryan Sandford, Devyani Joshi, Sara Y Tartof, Karen J Wernli, Emily T Martin, Manjusha Gaglani, Richard K Zimmerman, H Keipp Talbot, Carlos G Grijalva, Edward A Belongia, Jessie R Chung, Eric Rogier, Melissa M Coughlin, Brendan Flannery
Background: We assessed associations between binding antibody (bAb) concentration <5 days from symptom onset and testing positive for COVID-19 among patients in a test-negative study.
Methods: From October 2021 to June 2022, study sites in 7 states enrolled patients aged ≥6 months presenting with acute respiratory illness. Respiratory specimens were tested for SARS-CoV-2. In blood specimens, we measured concentrations of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies against the spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid antigens from the ancestral strain in standardized bAb units (BAU). Percentage change in odds of COVID-19 by increasing anti-RBD bAb was estimated via logistic regression as (1 - adjusted odds ratio of COVID-19) × 100, adjusting for COVID-19 mRNA vaccine doses, age, site, and high-risk exposure.
Results: Out of 2018 symptomatic patients, 662 (33%) tested positive for acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Geometric mean RBD bAb levels were lower among COVID-19 cases than SARS-CoV-2 test-negative controls during the Delta-predominant period (112 vs 498 BAU/mL) and Omicron-predominant period (823 vs 1189 BAU/mL). Acute-phase ancestral spike RBD bAb levels associated with 50% lower odds of COVID-19 were 1968 BAU/mL against Delta and 3375 BAU/mL against Omicron; thresholds may differ in other laboratories.
Conclusions: During acute illness, antibody concentrations against ancestral spike RBD were associated with protection against COVID-19.
{"title":"Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Levels Associated With COVID-19 Protection in Outpatients Tested for SARS-CoV-2, US Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Network, October 2021-June 2022.","authors":"Kelsey M Sumner, Ruchi Yadav, Emma K Noble, Ryan Sandford, Devyani Joshi, Sara Y Tartof, Karen J Wernli, Emily T Martin, Manjusha Gaglani, Richard K Zimmerman, H Keipp Talbot, Carlos G Grijalva, Edward A Belongia, Jessie R Chung, Eric Rogier, Melissa M Coughlin, Brendan Flannery","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiae090","DOIUrl":"10.1093/infdis/jiae090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We assessed associations between binding antibody (bAb) concentration <5 days from symptom onset and testing positive for COVID-19 among patients in a test-negative study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From October 2021 to June 2022, study sites in 7 states enrolled patients aged ≥6 months presenting with acute respiratory illness. Respiratory specimens were tested for SARS-CoV-2. In blood specimens, we measured concentrations of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies against the spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid antigens from the ancestral strain in standardized bAb units (BAU). Percentage change in odds of COVID-19 by increasing anti-RBD bAb was estimated via logistic regression as (1 - adjusted odds ratio of COVID-19) × 100, adjusting for COVID-19 mRNA vaccine doses, age, site, and high-risk exposure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 2018 symptomatic patients, 662 (33%) tested positive for acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Geometric mean RBD bAb levels were lower among COVID-19 cases than SARS-CoV-2 test-negative controls during the Delta-predominant period (112 vs 498 BAU/mL) and Omicron-predominant period (823 vs 1189 BAU/mL). Acute-phase ancestral spike RBD bAb levels associated with 50% lower odds of COVID-19 were 1968 BAU/mL against Delta and 3375 BAU/mL against Omicron; thresholds may differ in other laboratories.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>During acute illness, antibody concentrations against ancestral spike RBD were associated with protection against COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":50179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11272097/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}