To adapt to a terrestrial habitat, the ancestors of land plants must make several morphological and physiological modifications, such as a meristem allowing for three-dimensional growth, rhizoids for water and nutrient uptake, air pore complexes or stomata that permit air exchange, and a defense system to cope with oxidative stress that occurs frequently in a terrestrial habitat. To understand how meristem is determined during land plant evolution, we characterized the function of the closest PLETHORA homolog in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, which we named MpPLT. Through transgenic approach, we showed that MpPLT is expressed not only in the stem cells at the apical notch but also in the proliferation zone of the meristem, as well as cells that form the air-pore complex and rhizoids. Using the CRISPR method we then created mutants for MpPLT and found that the mutants are not only defective in meristem maintenance but also compromised in air-pore complex and rhizoid development. Strikingly, at later developmental stages, numerous gemma-like structures were formed in Mpplt mutants, suggesting developmental arrest. Further experiments indicate that MpPLT promotes plant growth by regulating MpWOX, which shared a similar expression pattern as MpPLT, and genes involved in auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways. Through transcriptome analyses, we found that MpPLT also has a role in redox homeostasis and that this role is essential to plant growth. Together, these results suggest that MpPLT has a crucial role in liverwort growth and development and hence may have played a crucial role in early land plant evolution.
{"title":"The PLETHORA Homolog In Marchantia polymorpha is Essential To Meristem Maintenance, Developmental Progression, And Redox Homeostasis.","authors":"Jing Fu, Congye Zhou, Fei Ma, Jing Zhao, Fei Yu, Hongchang Cui","doi":"10.1093/pcp/pcae055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcae055","url":null,"abstract":"To adapt to a terrestrial habitat, the ancestors of land plants must make several morphological and physiological modifications, such as a meristem allowing for three-dimensional growth, rhizoids for water and nutrient uptake, air pore complexes or stomata that permit air exchange, and a defense system to cope with oxidative stress that occurs frequently in a terrestrial habitat. To understand how meristem is determined during land plant evolution, we characterized the function of the closest PLETHORA homolog in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, which we named MpPLT. Through transgenic approach, we showed that MpPLT is expressed not only in the stem cells at the apical notch but also in the proliferation zone of the meristem, as well as cells that form the air-pore complex and rhizoids. Using the CRISPR method we then created mutants for MpPLT and found that the mutants are not only defective in meristem maintenance but also compromised in air-pore complex and rhizoid development. Strikingly, at later developmental stages, numerous gemma-like structures were formed in Mpplt mutants, suggesting developmental arrest. Further experiments indicate that MpPLT promotes plant growth by regulating MpWOX, which shared a similar expression pattern as MpPLT, and genes involved in auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways. Through transcriptome analyses, we found that MpPLT also has a role in redox homeostasis and that this role is essential to plant growth. Together, these results suggest that MpPLT has a crucial role in liverwort growth and development and hence may have played a crucial role in early land plant evolution.","PeriodicalId":502140,"journal":{"name":"Plant & Cell Physiology","volume":"77 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140964489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chiara Campoli, Mhmoud Eskan, Trisha McAllister, Linsan Liu, Jennifer R. Shoesmith, Alan Prescott, Luke Ramsay, Robbie Waugh, Sarah M. McKim
The cuticle covering aerial organs of land plants is well known to protect against desiccation. Cuticles also play diverse and specialised functions, including organ separation, depending on plant and tissue. Barley shows a distinctive cuticular wax bloom enriched in beta-diketones on leaf sheaths, stem nodes and internodes, and inflorescences. Barley also develops a sticky surface on the outer pericarp layer of its grain fruit leading to strongly adhered hulls, 'covered grain', important for embryo protection and seed dispersal. While the transcription factor-encoding gene HvNUDUM (HvNUD) appears essential for adherent hulls, little is understood about how the pericarp cuticle changes during adhesion or whether changes in pericarp cuticles contribute to another phenotype where hulls partially shed, called 'skinning'. To that end, we screened barley lines for hull adhesion defects, focussing on the Eceriferum (= waxless, cer) mutants. Here, we show that the cer-xd allele causes defective wax blooms and compromised hull adhesion, and results from a mutation removing the last ten amino acids of the GDSL-motif esterase/lipase HvGDSL1. We used severe and moderate HvGDSL1 alleles to show that complete HvGDSL1 function is essential for leaf blade cuticular integrity, wax bloom deposition over inflorescences and leaf sheaths, and pericarp cuticular ridge formation. Expression data suggests that HvGDSL1 may regulate hull adhesion independently of HvNUD. We found high conservation of HvGDSL1 among barley germplasm, so variation in HvGDSL1 unlikely leads to grain skinning in cultivated barley. Taken together, we reveal a single locus which controls adaptive cuticular properties across different organs in barley.
{"title":"A GDSL-motif Esterase/Lipase Affects Wax and Cutin Deposition and Controls Hull-Caryopsis Attachment in Barley.","authors":"Chiara Campoli, Mhmoud Eskan, Trisha McAllister, Linsan Liu, Jennifer R. Shoesmith, Alan Prescott, Luke Ramsay, Robbie Waugh, Sarah M. McKim","doi":"10.1093/pcp/pcae041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcae041","url":null,"abstract":"The cuticle covering aerial organs of land plants is well known to protect against desiccation. Cuticles also play diverse and specialised functions, including organ separation, depending on plant and tissue. Barley shows a distinctive cuticular wax bloom enriched in beta-diketones on leaf sheaths, stem nodes and internodes, and inflorescences. Barley also develops a sticky surface on the outer pericarp layer of its grain fruit leading to strongly adhered hulls, 'covered grain', important for embryo protection and seed dispersal. While the transcription factor-encoding gene HvNUDUM (HvNUD) appears essential for adherent hulls, little is understood about how the pericarp cuticle changes during adhesion or whether changes in pericarp cuticles contribute to another phenotype where hulls partially shed, called 'skinning'. To that end, we screened barley lines for hull adhesion defects, focussing on the Eceriferum (= waxless, cer) mutants. Here, we show that the cer-xd allele causes defective wax blooms and compromised hull adhesion, and results from a mutation removing the last ten amino acids of the GDSL-motif esterase/lipase HvGDSL1. We used severe and moderate HvGDSL1 alleles to show that complete HvGDSL1 function is essential for leaf blade cuticular integrity, wax bloom deposition over inflorescences and leaf sheaths, and pericarp cuticular ridge formation. Expression data suggests that HvGDSL1 may regulate hull adhesion independently of HvNUD. We found high conservation of HvGDSL1 among barley germplasm, so variation in HvGDSL1 unlikely leads to grain skinning in cultivated barley. Taken together, we reveal a single locus which controls adaptive cuticular properties across different organs in barley.","PeriodicalId":502140,"journal":{"name":"Plant & Cell Physiology","volume":"9 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140652609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The chloroplast thylakoid membrane is composed of membrane lipids and photosynthetic protein complexes, and orchestration of thylakoid lipid biosynthesis and photosynthesis-associated protein accumulation is considered important for thylakoid development. Galactolipids consist of ~80% of the thylakoid lipids and their biosynthesis is fundamental for chloroplast development. We previously reported that the suppression of galactolipid biosynthesis decreased the expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear- and plastid-encoded genes (PhANGs and PhAPGs). However, the mechanism for coordinative regulation between galactolipid biosynthesis in plastids and expression of PhANGs and PhAPGs remains largely unknown. To elucidate this mechanism, we investigated the gene expression patterns in galactolipid-deficient Arabidopsis seedlings during the deetiolation process. We found that galactolipids are crucial for inducing both the transcript accumulation of PhANGs and PhAPGs and the accumulation of plastid-encoded photosynthesis-associated proteins in developing chloroplasts. Genetic analysis indicates the contribution of GENOMES UNCOUPLED1 (GUN1)-mediated plastid-to-nucleus signaling pathway for PhANG regulation in response to galactolipid levels. Previous studies suggested that the accumulation of GUN1 reflects the state of protein homeostasis in plastids and alters the PhANG expression level. Thus we propose a model that galactolipid biosynthesis determines the protein homeostasis in plastids at the initial phase of deetiolation and optimizes the GUN1-dependent signaling to regulate the PhANG expression. This mechanism might contribute to orchestrating the biosynthesis of lipids and proteins for the biogenesis of functional chloroplasts in plants.
{"title":"Orchestration Of Photosynthesis-associated Gene Expression And Galactolipid Biosynthesis During Chloroplast Differentiation In Plants.","authors":"Sho Fujii, Hajime Wada, Koichi Kobayashi","doi":"10.1093/pcp/pcae049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcae049","url":null,"abstract":"The chloroplast thylakoid membrane is composed of membrane lipids and photosynthetic protein complexes, and orchestration of thylakoid lipid biosynthesis and photosynthesis-associated protein accumulation is considered important for thylakoid development. Galactolipids consist of ~80% of the thylakoid lipids and their biosynthesis is fundamental for chloroplast development. We previously reported that the suppression of galactolipid biosynthesis decreased the expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear- and plastid-encoded genes (PhANGs and PhAPGs). However, the mechanism for coordinative regulation between galactolipid biosynthesis in plastids and expression of PhANGs and PhAPGs remains largely unknown. To elucidate this mechanism, we investigated the gene expression patterns in galactolipid-deficient Arabidopsis seedlings during the deetiolation process. We found that galactolipids are crucial for inducing both the transcript accumulation of PhANGs and PhAPGs and the accumulation of plastid-encoded photosynthesis-associated proteins in developing chloroplasts. Genetic analysis indicates the contribution of GENOMES UNCOUPLED1 (GUN1)-mediated plastid-to-nucleus signaling pathway for PhANG regulation in response to galactolipid levels. Previous studies suggested that the accumulation of GUN1 reflects the state of protein homeostasis in plastids and alters the PhANG expression level. Thus we propose a model that galactolipid biosynthesis determines the protein homeostasis in plastids at the initial phase of deetiolation and optimizes the GUN1-dependent signaling to regulate the PhANG expression. This mechanism might contribute to orchestrating the biosynthesis of lipids and proteins for the biogenesis of functional chloroplasts in plants.","PeriodicalId":502140,"journal":{"name":"Plant & Cell Physiology","volume":"10 39","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140652531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the discovery of brassinolide in the pollen of rapeseed, brassinosteroids (BRs) have consistently been associated with reproductive traits. However, compared to what is known for how BRs shape vegetative development, the understanding of how these hormones regulate reproductive traits is comparatively still lacking. Nevertheless, there is now considerable evidence that BRs regulate almost all aspects of reproduction, from ovule and pollen formation to seed and fruit development. Here, we review the current body of knowledge on how BRs regulate reproductive processes in plants, and what is known about how these pathways are transduced at the molecular level. We then discuss how the manipulation of BR biosynthesis and signaling can be a promising avenue for improving crop traits which rely on efficient reproduction. We thus propose that BR hold an untapped potential for plant breeding, which could contribute to attain food security in the coming years.
{"title":"Sex on steroids: how brassinosteroids shape reproductive development in plants.","authors":"R B Lima, D. Figueiredo","doi":"10.1093/pcp/pcae050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcae050","url":null,"abstract":"Since the discovery of brassinolide in the pollen of rapeseed, brassinosteroids (BRs) have consistently been associated with reproductive traits. However, compared to what is known for how BRs shape vegetative development, the understanding of how these hormones regulate reproductive traits is comparatively still lacking. Nevertheless, there is now considerable evidence that BRs regulate almost all aspects of reproduction, from ovule and pollen formation to seed and fruit development. Here, we review the current body of knowledge on how BRs regulate reproductive processes in plants, and what is known about how these pathways are transduced at the molecular level. We then discuss how the manipulation of BR biosynthesis and signaling can be a promising avenue for improving crop traits which rely on efficient reproduction. We thus propose that BR hold an untapped potential for plant breeding, which could contribute to attain food security in the coming years.","PeriodicalId":502140,"journal":{"name":"Plant & Cell Physiology","volume":"3 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140652784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saki Gushino, A. Tsai, Misato Otani, T. Demura, S. Sawa
Plant-parasitic root knot nematodes are major agricultural pests worldwide, as they infect plant roots and cause substantial damages to crop plants. Root-knot nematodes induce specialized feeding cells known as giant cells in the root vasculature, which serve as nutrient reservoirs for the infecting nematodes. Here we show that the cell walls of giant cells thicken to form pitted patterns that superficially resemble to metaxylem cells. Interestingly, VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN1 (VND1) was found to be up-regulated, while the xylem-type programmed cell death marker XYLEM CYSTEINE PEPTIDASE 1 (XCP1) was down-regulated upon nematode infection. The vnd2 and vnd3 mutants showed reduced secondary cell wall pore size, while the vnd1 vnd2 vnd3 triple mutant produced significantly fewer nematode egg masses when compared with the wild type. These results suggest that giant cell development pathway likely share common signaling modules with the metaxylem differentiation pathway, and VND1, VND2, and VND3 redundantly regulate plant-nematode interaction through secondary cell wall formation.
{"title":"VND genes redundantly regulate cell wall thickening during parasitic nematode infection.","authors":"Saki Gushino, A. Tsai, Misato Otani, T. Demura, S. Sawa","doi":"10.1093/pcp/pcae048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcae048","url":null,"abstract":"Plant-parasitic root knot nematodes are major agricultural pests worldwide, as they infect plant roots and cause substantial damages to crop plants. Root-knot nematodes induce specialized feeding cells known as giant cells in the root vasculature, which serve as nutrient reservoirs for the infecting nematodes. Here we show that the cell walls of giant cells thicken to form pitted patterns that superficially resemble to metaxylem cells. Interestingly, VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN1 (VND1) was found to be up-regulated, while the xylem-type programmed cell death marker XYLEM CYSTEINE PEPTIDASE 1 (XCP1) was down-regulated upon nematode infection. The vnd2 and vnd3 mutants showed reduced secondary cell wall pore size, while the vnd1 vnd2 vnd3 triple mutant produced significantly fewer nematode egg masses when compared with the wild type. These results suggest that giant cell development pathway likely share common signaling modules with the metaxylem differentiation pathway, and VND1, VND2, and VND3 redundantly regulate plant-nematode interaction through secondary cell wall formation.","PeriodicalId":502140,"journal":{"name":"Plant & Cell Physiology","volume":"33 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140656313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samuel Huerga-Fernández, Nathalie Detry, Beata Orman-Ligeza, Frédéric Bouché, Marc Hanikenne, Claire Périlleux
JOINTLESS (J) was isolated in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) from mutants lacking a flower pedicel abscission zone (AZ), and encodes a MADS-box protein of the SVP/AGL24 sub-family. The loss of J function also causes the return to leaf initiation in the inflorescences, indicating a pivotal role in inflorescence meristem identity. Here, we compared j mutants in different accessions that exhibit either an indeterminate shoot growth, producing regular sympodial segments, or a determinate shoot growth, due to the reduction of sympodial segments and causal mutation of the SELF PRUNING (SP) gene. We observed that the inflorescence phenotype of j mutants is stronger in indeterminate (SP) accessions such as Ailsa Craig (AC), than in determinate (sp) ones, such as Heinz (Hz). Moreover, RNA-seq analysis revealed that the return to vegetative fate in j mutants is accompanied by expression of SP, which supports conversion of the inflorescence meristem to sympodial shoot meristem in j inflorescences. Other markers of vegetative meristems such as APETALA2c, and branching genes such as BRANCHED 1 (BRC1a/b) were differentially expressed in the inflorescences of j(AC) mutants. We also found in the indeterminate AC accession that J represses homeotic genes of B- and C-classes, and that its overexpression causes an oversized leafy calyx phenotype and has a dominant negative effect on AZ formation. A model is therefore proposed where J, by repressing shoot fate and influencing reproductive organ formation, acts as a key determinant of inflorescence meristems.
在番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）中，JOINTLESS（J）是从缺乏花梗脱落区（AZ）的突变体中分离出来的，它编码 SVP/AGL24 亚家族的 MADS-box 蛋白。J 功能的缺失也会导致花序中叶的萌发，表明其在花序分生组织特征中起着关键作用。在这里，我们比较了不同品种中的 j 突变体，这些突变体要么表现出不确定的嫩枝生长，产生规则的合生节片，要么表现出确定的嫩枝生长，这是由于合生节片的减少和自剪枝（SP）基因的因果突变造成的。我们观察到，j 突变体的花序表型在艾尔莎-克雷格（Ailsa Craig，AC）等不定型（SP）品种中比在海因茨（Heinz，Hz）等定型（SP）品种中更强。此外，RNA-seq分析表明，j突变体恢复到无性系的命运伴随着SP的表达，这支持了j花序中花序分生组织向交感芽分生组织的转化。无性分生组织的其他标记（如 APETALA2c）和分枝基因（如 BRANCHED 1 (BRC1a/b)）在 j（AC）突变体的花序中表达不同。我们还发现，在不定型 AC 子代中，J 能抑制 B 类和 C 类的同源基因，其过量表达会导致过大的叶萼表型，并对 AZ 的形成产生显性负效应。因此提出了一个模型，即 J 通过抑制芽的命运和影响生殖器官的形成，成为花序分生组织的关键决定因素。
{"title":"JOINTLESS Maintains Inflorescence Meristem Identity in Tomato","authors":"Samuel Huerga-Fernández, Nathalie Detry, Beata Orman-Ligeza, Frédéric Bouché, Marc Hanikenne, Claire Périlleux","doi":"10.1093/pcp/pcae046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcae046","url":null,"abstract":"JOINTLESS (J) was isolated in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) from mutants lacking a flower pedicel abscission zone (AZ), and encodes a MADS-box protein of the SVP/AGL24 sub-family. The loss of J function also causes the return to leaf initiation in the inflorescences, indicating a pivotal role in inflorescence meristem identity. Here, we compared j mutants in different accessions that exhibit either an indeterminate shoot growth, producing regular sympodial segments, or a determinate shoot growth, due to the reduction of sympodial segments and causal mutation of the SELF PRUNING (SP) gene. We observed that the inflorescence phenotype of j mutants is stronger in indeterminate (SP) accessions such as Ailsa Craig (AC), than in determinate (sp) ones, such as Heinz (Hz). Moreover, RNA-seq analysis revealed that the return to vegetative fate in j mutants is accompanied by expression of SP, which supports conversion of the inflorescence meristem to sympodial shoot meristem in j inflorescences. Other markers of vegetative meristems such as APETALA2c, and branching genes such as BRANCHED 1 (BRC1a/b) were differentially expressed in the inflorescences of j(AC) mutants. We also found in the indeterminate AC accession that J represses homeotic genes of B- and C-classes, and that its overexpression causes an oversized leafy calyx phenotype and has a dominant negative effect on AZ formation. A model is therefore proposed where J, by repressing shoot fate and influencing reproductive organ formation, acts as a key determinant of inflorescence meristems.","PeriodicalId":502140,"journal":{"name":"Plant & Cell Physiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140627122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Altitude is an important ecological factor affecting plant physiology and ecology, material metabolism and gene expression. Tuber color changes were observed in purple and red potatoes growing at four different elevations ranging from 1800±50 to 3300±50 meters in the Tiger Leaping Gorge area of Yunnan Province. The results showed that the TPC, TFC, TAC and biological yield of anthocyanin increased with increasing altitude until 2800 ± 50 m, and the highest anthocyanin contents were detected in the purple potato Huaxinyangyu and the red potato Jianchuanhong at the flowering stage and budding stage, respectively. Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that the content and diversity of flavonoids are associated with gene expression via the promotion of propane metabolism to improve potato adaptation to different altitudes. These results provide a foundation for understanding the coloring mechanism and creating new potato germplasms with high resistance and good quality via genetic manipulation.
{"title":"Response and Adaptive Mechanism of Flavonoids in Pigmented Potatoes to Different Altitudes","authors":"Xiaojie Wu, Jiping Xiao","doi":"10.1093/pcp/pcae045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcae045","url":null,"abstract":"Altitude is an important ecological factor affecting plant physiology and ecology, material metabolism and gene expression. Tuber color changes were observed in purple and red potatoes growing at four different elevations ranging from 1800±50 to 3300±50 meters in the Tiger Leaping Gorge area of Yunnan Province. The results showed that the TPC, TFC, TAC and biological yield of anthocyanin increased with increasing altitude until 2800 ± 50 m, and the highest anthocyanin contents were detected in the purple potato Huaxinyangyu and the red potato Jianchuanhong at the flowering stage and budding stage, respectively. Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that the content and diversity of flavonoids are associated with gene expression via the promotion of propane metabolism to improve potato adaptation to different altitudes. These results provide a foundation for understanding the coloring mechanism and creating new potato germplasms with high resistance and good quality via genetic manipulation.","PeriodicalId":502140,"journal":{"name":"Plant & Cell Physiology","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140609593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brassinosteroids (BRs) perform crucial functions controlling plant growth and developmental processes, encompassing many agronomic traits in crops. Studies of BR-related genes involved in agronomic traits have suggested that BRs could serve as a potential target for crop breeding. Given the pleiotropic effect of BRs, a systematic understanding of their functions and molecular mechanisms is conducive for application in crop improvement. Here, we summarize the functions and underlying mechanisms by which BRs regulate the several major crop agronomic traits, including plant architecture, grain size, as well as the specific trait of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legume crops. For plant architecture, we discuss the roles of BRs in plant height, branching number, and leaf erectness and propose how progress in these fields may contribute to designing crops with optimal agronomic traits and improved grain yield by accurately modifying BR levels and signaling pathways.
{"title":"Functions and Mechanisms of Brassinosteroids in Regulating Crop Agronomic Traits","authors":"Xu Chen, Xiaotong Hu, Jianjun Jiang, Xuelu Wang","doi":"10.1093/pcp/pcae044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcae044","url":null,"abstract":"Brassinosteroids (BRs) perform crucial functions controlling plant growth and developmental processes, encompassing many agronomic traits in crops. Studies of BR-related genes involved in agronomic traits have suggested that BRs could serve as a potential target for crop breeding. Given the pleiotropic effect of BRs, a systematic understanding of their functions and molecular mechanisms is conducive for application in crop improvement. Here, we summarize the functions and underlying mechanisms by which BRs regulate the several major crop agronomic traits, including plant architecture, grain size, as well as the specific trait of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legume crops. For plant architecture, we discuss the roles of BRs in plant height, branching number, and leaf erectness and propose how progress in these fields may contribute to designing crops with optimal agronomic traits and improved grain yield by accurately modifying BR levels and signaling pathways.","PeriodicalId":502140,"journal":{"name":"Plant & Cell Physiology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140588889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FtsH proteases (FtsHs) belong to intramembrane ATP-dependent metalloproteases which are widely distributed in eubacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. The best studied role of FtsH in Escherichia coli includes quality control of membrane proteins, regulation of response to heat shock, superoxide stress and viral infection, and control of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. While heterotrophic bacteria mostly contain a single indispensable FtsH complex, the photosynthetic cyanobacteria usually contain three FtsH complexes: two heterocomplexes and one homocomplex. The essential cytoplasmic FtsH1/3 most probably fulfils a role similar to other bacterial FtsHs whereas the thylakoid FtsH2/3 heterocomplex and FtsH4 homocomplex appear to maintain the photosynthetic apparatus of cyanobacteria and optimize its functionality. Moreover, recent studies suggested involvement of all FtsH proteases in a complex response to nutrient stresses. In this review, we aim to comprehensively review the functions of the cyanobacterial FtsH complexes specifically under stress conditions with emphasis on nutrient deficiency and high irradiance. We also point to various unresolved issues concerning the FtsH functions, which deserve further attention.
{"title":"The role of FtsH complexes in the response to abiotic stress in cyanobacteria","authors":"Vendula Krynická, Josef Komenda","doi":"10.1093/pcp/pcae042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcae042","url":null,"abstract":"FtsH proteases (FtsHs) belong to intramembrane ATP-dependent metalloproteases which are widely distributed in eubacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. The best studied role of FtsH in Escherichia coli includes quality control of membrane proteins, regulation of response to heat shock, superoxide stress and viral infection, and control of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. While heterotrophic bacteria mostly contain a single indispensable FtsH complex, the photosynthetic cyanobacteria usually contain three FtsH complexes: two heterocomplexes and one homocomplex. The essential cytoplasmic FtsH1/3 most probably fulfils a role similar to other bacterial FtsHs whereas the thylakoid FtsH2/3 heterocomplex and FtsH4 homocomplex appear to maintain the photosynthetic apparatus of cyanobacteria and optimize its functionality. Moreover, recent studies suggested involvement of all FtsH proteases in a complex response to nutrient stresses. In this review, we aim to comprehensively review the functions of the cyanobacterial FtsH complexes specifically under stress conditions with emphasis on nutrient deficiency and high irradiance. We also point to various unresolved issues concerning the FtsH functions, which deserve further attention.","PeriodicalId":502140,"journal":{"name":"Plant & Cell Physiology","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140588903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jana Oklestkova, Miroslav Kvasnica, Miroslav Strnad
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant steroidal hormones that play crucial roles in plant growth and development. Accurate quantification of BRs in plant tissues is essential for understanding their biological functions. This study presents a comprehensive overview of the latest methods used for the quantification of BRs in plants. We discuss the principles, advantages, and limitations of various analytical techniques, including immunoassays, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) that are used for the detection and quantification of BRs from complex plant matrices. We also explore the use of isotopically labeled internal standards to improve the accuracy and reliability of BR quantification.
{"title":"Analytical Methods for Brassinosteroid Analysis: Recent Advances and Applications","authors":"Jana Oklestkova, Miroslav Kvasnica, Miroslav Strnad","doi":"10.1093/pcp/pcae038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcae038","url":null,"abstract":"Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant steroidal hormones that play crucial roles in plant growth and development. Accurate quantification of BRs in plant tissues is essential for understanding their biological functions. This study presents a comprehensive overview of the latest methods used for the quantification of BRs in plants. We discuss the principles, advantages, and limitations of various analytical techniques, including immunoassays, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) that are used for the detection and quantification of BRs from complex plant matrices. We also explore the use of isotopically labeled internal standards to improve the accuracy and reliability of BR quantification.","PeriodicalId":502140,"journal":{"name":"Plant & Cell Physiology","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140588892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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