{"title":"Continuous Measurement of Evaporation in High-humidity Caves: A Case Study in Fort Stanton Cave, New Mexico","authors":"J. Collison, T. Newton, S. Christenson","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2863","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74307491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Geochemical fingerprinting of source water to the Snowy River deposit","authors":"J. Blake, C. Ferguson, Keely E. Miltenberger","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2831","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75539190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In New Mexico, we enjoy many magnificent landscapes and varieties of geology and wildlife. But beneath our feet, there is a wondrous hidden wilderness that few people experience other than possibly via trips to Carlsbad Caverns National Park or the lava caves at El Malpais National Monument. Our state is graced by a wide variety of subsurface terrains with distinct geological settings, origin mechanisms, mineralogy, microbiology, and wildlife. Functioning as integrated systems, subsurface cavities and associated rock fracture networks are a significant part of hydrological systems, and even possess their own micrometeorological behavior. Although beneath the surface, caves are significantly coupled to the surface by both matter and energy exchanges making them an important part of Earth’s Critical Zone (CZ). This was defined in a landmark National Research Council study (2001) as the heterogenous, surface and near subsurface environment of rock, soil, water, air, and biota that engage in complex interactions that regulate natural habitats, thus determining access to resources that sustain life including our own. The fundamental nature of geology and geochemistry combined with surface climate over time has produced each cave, and governs its resulting structural and mineralogical properties. Cave minerals worldwide currently number more than 300, many of which are found only in caves, and some of which are found only in a single cave (White 2016; Hill & Forti, 1997). And this tally does not include many unusual organic minerals produced in caves with bat, bird, and other biological organic contributors. Microorganisms and some larger organisms act as geological agents further helping to catalyze, enhance, transform, and even sometimes impede the geological processes of cave systems. Thus, in order to truly understand the subterranean realm, an integrated interdisciplinary approach involving all of the relevant natural sciences is essential. This understanding is further enhanced by the paleontological and anthropological materials contained within many cave systems that often preserve these finds in exquisite condition.
{"title":"New Mexico Underground: Spectacular Subsurface Systems for Interdisciplinary Science and Exploration","authors":"P. Boston","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2873","url":null,"abstract":"In New Mexico, we enjoy many magnificent landscapes and varieties of geology and wildlife. But beneath our feet, there is a wondrous hidden wilderness that few people experience other than possibly via trips to Carlsbad Caverns National Park or the lava caves at El Malpais National Monument. Our state is graced by a wide variety of subsurface terrains with distinct geological settings, origin mechanisms, mineralogy, microbiology, and wildlife. Functioning as integrated systems, subsurface cavities and associated rock fracture networks are a significant part of hydrological systems, and even possess their own micrometeorological behavior. Although beneath the surface, caves are significantly coupled to the surface by both matter and energy exchanges making them an important part of Earth’s Critical Zone (CZ). This was defined in a landmark National Research Council study (2001) as the heterogenous, surface and near subsurface environment of rock, soil, water, air, and biota that engage in complex interactions that regulate natural habitats, thus determining access to resources that sustain life including our own. The fundamental nature of geology and geochemistry combined with surface climate over time has produced each cave, and governs its resulting structural and mineralogical properties. Cave minerals worldwide currently number more than 300, many of which are found only in caves, and some of which are found only in a single cave (White 2016; Hill & Forti, 1997). And this tally does not include many unusual organic minerals produced in caves with bat, bird, and other biological organic contributors. Microorganisms and some larger organisms act as geological agents further helping to catalyze, enhance, transform, and even sometimes impede the geological processes of cave systems. Thus, in order to truly understand the subterranean realm, an integrated interdisciplinary approach involving all of the relevant natural sciences is essential. This understanding is further enhanced by the paleontological and anthropological materials contained within many cave systems that often preserve these finds in exquisite condition.","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75624218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jacob Gehrz, M. Heizler, K. Karlstrom, M. Zimmerer, K. Hobbs
{"title":"40Ar/39Ar Geochronology Near Rio Grande-Red River Confluence Reveal a Latir Volcanic Field Source for 4.5 to 1.2 Ma Fluvial Deposits and a <1.2 Ma Carving of the Taos Gorge","authors":"Jacob Gehrz, M. Heizler, K. Karlstrom, M. Zimmerer, K. Hobbs","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2871","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"74 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72541480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-07DOI: 10.1130/abs/2021am-371175
Z. Havlena, Daniel S. Jones, L. Hose, H. Duchene, Amanda L. Labrado, B. Brunner
{"title":"PROBING THE ORIGIN AND MODERN MICROBIAL COLONIZATION OF GYPSUM SEDIMENTS IN LEHMAN CAVES, GREAT BASIN NATIONAL PARK, NV, USA","authors":"Z. Havlena, Daniel S. Jones, L. Hose, H. Duchene, Amanda L. Labrado, B. Brunner","doi":"10.1130/abs/2021am-371175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-371175","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80760679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The First Record of the Rare Ammonite Genus Masiaposites in the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) of New Mexico","authors":"Michael P. Foley, S. Lucas","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2817","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82831919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Discovery, Exploration, Surveying, and Cartography in Fort Stanton Cave","authors":"John J. Corcoran","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2818","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81533807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At the NMGS Spring Meeting in April of 2021, our CNM/NMMNH team made a presentation on the use of drones to aid in the collection of paleontological data. Our specific project was to collect data on the Early Cretaceous dinosaur tracksite at Clayton Lake, NM. At the time of the 2021 Spring Meeting, the data had been collected, but processing of the dataset had just begun. Those data consist of 3,632 files containing 29.9 gigabytes of terrestrial and drone imagery. Pix4D, the leading photogrammetry software for professional drone mapping, was used to create three-dimensional computer models in fbx format. Processing was time consuming; for example, “terrestrial” images, taken by camera to produce 3-D models of individual tracks and other features, took 12-20 hours of computer processing per model. The processing resulted in an additional 1.9 gigabytes of data in 32 files. As of the Spring Meeting in 2022, all of the data have been processed, and we can present the results. The photogrammetric data have been used to create a map/orthophoto of the tracksite with mm-scale contours that can serve as a baseline for future management and monitoring of tracksite changes due to erosion and weathering. The fine-scaled imagery allows a variety of metric analyses of the tracksite to be undertaken to evaluate the taphonomic history and dynamics of the tracks. Approximately 533 dinosaur tracks have been identified and documented. Of these, 182 can be grouped into 28 trackways. For these trackways we can estimate the hip height, speed, and bearing of the trackmaker. The photogrammetric data also reveal the complexity and defects of the Clayton Lake dinosaur tracks, which represent multiple episodes of footprint formation on substrates of diverse viscosity so that track quality is relatively low, and there is extensive extramorphological
{"title":"Photogrammetric Analysis of the Clayton Lake Dinosaur Tracksite, Early Cretaceous of Northeastern New Mexico","authors":"Michael A. Kvasnak, J. B. Rogers, S. Lucas","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2823","url":null,"abstract":"At the NMGS Spring Meeting in April of 2021, our CNM/NMMNH team made a presentation on the use of drones to aid in the collection of paleontological data. Our specific project was to collect data on the Early Cretaceous dinosaur tracksite at Clayton Lake, NM. At the time of the 2021 Spring Meeting, the data had been collected, but processing of the dataset had just begun. Those data consist of 3,632 files containing 29.9 gigabytes of terrestrial and drone imagery. Pix4D, the leading photogrammetry software for professional drone mapping, was used to create three-dimensional computer models in fbx format. Processing was time consuming; for example, “terrestrial” images, taken by camera to produce 3-D models of individual tracks and other features, took 12-20 hours of computer processing per model. The processing resulted in an additional 1.9 gigabytes of data in 32 files. As of the Spring Meeting in 2022, all of the data have been processed, and we can present the results. The photogrammetric data have been used to create a map/orthophoto of the tracksite with mm-scale contours that can serve as a baseline for future management and monitoring of tracksite changes due to erosion and weathering. The fine-scaled imagery allows a variety of metric analyses of the tracksite to be undertaken to evaluate the taphonomic history and dynamics of the tracks. Approximately 533 dinosaur tracks have been identified and documented. Of these, 182 can be grouped into 28 trackways. For these trackways we can estimate the hip height, speed, and bearing of the trackmaker. The photogrammetric data also reveal the complexity and defects of the Clayton Lake dinosaur tracks, which represent multiple episodes of footprint formation on substrates of diverse viscosity so that track quality is relatively low, and there is extensive extramorphological","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86972991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A simple numerical model of the Rio Grande Rift extension: implications on surface hydrology","authors":"Kyungdoe Han, John Wilson","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2830","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73951965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Koning, Amanda Doherty, Ethan A. Mamer, Laila Sturgis
In order to better understand and manage their groundwater, the City of Rio Rancho funded a study to: 1) map the 3D distribution of the Santa Fe Group aquifer, including internal hydrostratigraphic units, in the northwestern Albuquerque Basin, and 2) assess permeability differences within and between hydrostratigraphic units in the aquifer. An ancillary goal was to assess spatial trends of TDS and radiocarbon ages. Four stratigraphic units were recognized based on their texture and composition which were inferred to possess unique hydrogeologic properties: the Upper Rio Rancho (URR), Middle Rio Rancho (MRR), Lower Rio Rancho (LRR), and Zia hydrostratigraphic units (HSUs). Contacts separating these units are exposed on the land surface north and west of Rio Rancho. These contacts were projected into the subsurface, guided by subsurface picks in well data (made using geophysical logs and archived cuttings), via drawing of structural contours in ArcMAP. Structural contours were also digitally drawn for dipping fault planes of major faults (with >100 m vertical offset). Gridded raster files were created with the ArcGIS tool called Topo to Raster, where the inputs were the structural contours and the elevations of the picked contacts in wells. Isopach maps for each HSU were made by subtracting the top and base of a given HSU. A visualization of the 3D model was rendered in ArcScene using the gridded raster surfaces and fault structural contours. We also created 2D images that display geologic features of the model in an intuitive format. To further aid visualization of the Santa Fe Group aquifer, we made a 3D block model using two orthogonal cross sections and a Google Earth-derived land surface. All four HSUs thicken to the southeast, and are slightly thicker northward between the Zia and Coronado fault zones. The URR and MRR HSUs thin over a north-trending Ziana horst. Correlating hydraulic pump-test data with HSU (based on screened depths of a given well) indicate that the URR and possibly LRR have higher permeabilities (by a factor of 2-3) compared to the MRR. However, the extent and relatively large saturated thickness of the MRR means it plays an important role in providing groundwater for the City. Available pumping test data suggest that hydraulic conductivities in the MRR are slightly higher in the southwest part of the study area, perhaps due to the proportionally high sand bedload of the Benevidez Member of the Cerro Conejo Formation, but more well data are needed to confirm this apparent lateral trend. The youngest C-14 values in the groundwater are found to the east, near the Rio Grande, in the URR. The highest TDS values are found in the LRR HSU on or immediately adjacent to the Ziana horst, consistent with earlier hydrogeologic studies by Glorieta Geoscience Inc. Fault zones bounding the Ziana horst may be conduits for expelling poor-quality water from fractured bedrock at depth, and the structurally high, relatively permeable LRR may a
为了更好地了解和管理地下水，Rio Rancho市资助了一项研究:1)绘制Santa Fe Group含水层的3D分布图，包括Albuquerque盆地西北部的内部水文地层单元;2)评估含水层中水文地层单元内部和之间的渗透率差异。辅助目标是评估TDS和放射性碳年龄的空间趋势。根据地层的结构和组成，识别出具有独特水文地质性质的4个地层单元:上里奥兰乔(URR)、中里奥兰乔(MRR)、下里奥兰乔(LRR)和齐亚(Zia)水文地层单元。分隔这些单元的接触暴露在里奥兰乔北部和西部的陆地表面上。通过ArcMAP绘制构造等高线，在井下数据(利用地球物理测井和存档的岩屑)的指导下，将这些接触面投影到地下。主要断层的倾斜断层面(垂直偏移量>100 m)也绘制了数字构造等高线。网格栅格文件是用ArcGIS工具“Topo to raster”创建的，输入是结构轮廓和井中被选中的接触点的高程。通过减去给定HSU的顶部和底部来绘制每个HSU的等距图。在ArcScene中使用网格栅格表面和断层结构轮廓绘制三维模型的可视化。我们还创建了2D图像，以直观的格式显示模型的地质特征。为了进一步帮助可视化Santa Fe Group含水层，我们使用两个正交截面和Google earth衍生的陆地表面制作了一个3D块体模型。所有四个hsu都在东南方向变厚，在齐亚和科罗纳多断裂带之间向北略厚。URR和MRR HSUs在北向的齐亚纳宿主上空稀薄。将液压泵测试数据与HSU(基于给定井的筛选深度)相关联表明，与MRR相比，URR和LRR可能具有更高的渗透率(2-3倍)。然而，MRR的范围和相对较大的饱和厚度意味着它在为城市提供地下水方面发挥着重要作用。现有的泵送测试数据表明，研究区西南部MRR区的水力导电性略高，这可能是由于Cerro Conejo组Benevidez段的砂质层载比例较高，但需要更多的井数据来证实这种明显的横向趋势。地下水中最年轻的碳-14值是在东部，格兰德河附近的URR中发现的。最高的TDS值出现在靠近Ziana宿主的LRR HSU中，这与gloria Geoscience公司早期的水文地质研究结果一致。济阿那地块的断裂带可能是将劣质水从断裂基岩中排出的管道，而构造高度较高、相对渗透性较强的LRR可能是将劣质水向南输送到研究区的通道。
{"title":"Santa Fe Group Aquifer Investigations in the Northwestern Albuquerque Basin, New Mexico","authors":"D. Koning, Amanda Doherty, Ethan A. Mamer, Laila Sturgis","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2845","url":null,"abstract":"In order to better understand and manage their groundwater, the City of Rio Rancho funded a study to: 1) map the 3D distribution of the Santa Fe Group aquifer, including internal hydrostratigraphic units, in the northwestern Albuquerque Basin, and 2) assess permeability differences within and between hydrostratigraphic units in the aquifer. An ancillary goal was to assess spatial trends of TDS and radiocarbon ages. Four stratigraphic units were recognized based on their texture and composition which were inferred to possess unique hydrogeologic properties: the Upper Rio Rancho (URR), Middle Rio Rancho (MRR), Lower Rio Rancho (LRR), and Zia hydrostratigraphic units (HSUs). Contacts separating these units are exposed on the land surface north and west of Rio Rancho. These contacts were projected into the subsurface, guided by subsurface picks in well data (made using geophysical logs and archived cuttings), via drawing of structural contours in ArcMAP. Structural contours were also digitally drawn for dipping fault planes of major faults (with >100 m vertical offset). Gridded raster files were created with the ArcGIS tool called Topo to Raster, where the inputs were the structural contours and the elevations of the picked contacts in wells. Isopach maps for each HSU were made by subtracting the top and base of a given HSU. A visualization of the 3D model was rendered in ArcScene using the gridded raster surfaces and fault structural contours. We also created 2D images that display geologic features of the model in an intuitive format. To further aid visualization of the Santa Fe Group aquifer, we made a 3D block model using two orthogonal cross sections and a Google Earth-derived land surface. All four HSUs thicken to the southeast, and are slightly thicker northward between the Zia and Coronado fault zones. The URR and MRR HSUs thin over a north-trending Ziana horst. Correlating hydraulic pump-test data with HSU (based on screened depths of a given well) indicate that the URR and possibly LRR have higher permeabilities (by a factor of 2-3) compared to the MRR. However, the extent and relatively large saturated thickness of the MRR means it plays an important role in providing groundwater for the City. Available pumping test data suggest that hydraulic conductivities in the MRR are slightly higher in the southwest part of the study area, perhaps due to the proportionally high sand bedload of the Benevidez Member of the Cerro Conejo Formation, but more well data are needed to confirm this apparent lateral trend. The youngest C-14 values in the groundwater are found to the east, near the Rio Grande, in the URR. The highest TDS values are found in the LRR HSU on or immediately adjacent to the Ziana horst, consistent with earlier hydrogeologic studies by Glorieta Geoscience Inc. Fault zones bounding the Ziana horst may be conduits for expelling poor-quality water from fractured bedrock at depth, and the structurally high, relatively permeable LRR may a","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73957085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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