{"title":"Quantifying groundwater to surface water exchanges in the Belen reach of the MRGCD","authors":"E. Williams, D. Cadol, Lin Ma, A. Rinehart","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2868","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87424083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rare earth elements (REE) and critical minerals have recently become of great economic interest because of the advent of new technologies and recent geopolitical unrest affecting supply of resources. The San Juan and Raton basins in northern New Mexico are two structural coal basins that contain elevated concentrations of REE and critical minerals. Concentrations of REE and other critical minerals found in coal deposits are significantly lower than those found in economical deposits. A potential by-product of these minerals is enabled through large amounts of coal that is produced from the electrical plant’s coal production. These two New Mexican coal basins will be assessed geochemically and petrographically to quantify mineral enrichment. Coalbeds, coal seams, overlying, and underlying rock units will be sampled and characterized to determine any economic viability. The first step is to describe the drill core stored at NMBGMR. Historic data also will be compiled into a new and comprehensive coal geochemical database, which will grow with new analyses, and serve as the dataset for this project; this coal resource database will be made available to the public.
{"title":"REE in Coalbeds in the San Juan River - Raton Coal Basins","authors":"Megan N. Badonie, V. McLemore","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2838","url":null,"abstract":"Rare earth elements (REE) and critical minerals have recently become of great economic interest because of the advent of new technologies and recent geopolitical unrest affecting supply of resources. The San Juan and Raton basins in northern New Mexico are two structural coal basins that contain elevated concentrations of REE and critical minerals. Concentrations of REE and other critical minerals found in coal deposits are significantly lower than those found in economical deposits. A potential by-product of these minerals is enabled through large amounts of coal that is produced from the electrical plant’s coal production. These two New Mexican coal basins will be assessed geochemically and petrographically to quantify mineral enrichment. Coalbeds, coal seams, overlying, and underlying rock units will be sampled and characterized to determine any economic viability. The first step is to describe the drill core stored at NMBGMR. Historic data also will be compiled into a new and comprehensive coal geochemical database, which will grow with new analyses, and serve as the dataset for this project; this coal resource database will be made available to the public.","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76630860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Snowy River’s Second Decade: Chaos Prevails","authors":"John T. M. Lyles","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2843","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79498795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Viruses are the most abundant biologic entities on Earth, and they play a critical role in the environment and biosphere. Primarily studied in marine environments, viruses, quantified as viral like particles (VLP), have been found to be 10-100 times more prevalent than cells. They contribute to nutrient cycling, regulate microbial populations, and aid in the formation of marine sediments. While most viral research efforts have been focused in oceans, no such investigation has been performed in publicly toured caves. Here, we characterize viral communities in four cavern pools in Carlsbad Caverns National Park to test the hypotheses that i) viral abundance is ten-fold higher than prokaryotic cell abundance in cavern pools, (ii) cavern pools contain novel viral sequences, and (iii) viral communities in pools from developed portions of the cave are distinct from those of pools in undeveloped parts of the same cave. The relationship between viral and microbial abundance was determined through direct epiflorescent microscopy counts. Viral DNA metagenomes were constructed to examine viral diversity among pools and to identify novel viruses. Auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) were also identified for pool characterization. VLP and microorganism quantifications determined cave viral-bacteria ratio to be 22:1, aligning with marine findings. Viral abundance was determined to be independent of pool traffic. Pools with higher traffic were found to be more similar to each other than to less visited pools, based on statistical analysis of coverage profiles. Gene-sharing network analysis revealed high viral diversity compared to a reference viral database as well as other aquatic environments. AMG presence showed variation in metabolic potential among the four pools. Overall, Carlsbad Cavern harbors novel viruses with diversity among pools. Future work will investigate viral-host interactions and RNA viruses.
{"title":"Spelunking into the Virosphere: Characterizing Viral Communties from Carlsbad Caverns National Park","authors":"Joseph Ulbrich, Daniel S. Jones, T. Kieft","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2832","url":null,"abstract":"Viruses are the most abundant biologic entities on Earth, and they play a critical role in the environment and biosphere. Primarily studied in marine environments, viruses, quantified as viral like particles (VLP), have been found to be 10-100 times more prevalent than cells. They contribute to nutrient cycling, regulate microbial populations, and aid in the formation of marine sediments. While most viral research efforts have been focused in oceans, no such investigation has been performed in publicly toured caves. Here, we characterize viral communities in four cavern pools in Carlsbad Caverns National Park to test the hypotheses that i) viral abundance is ten-fold higher than prokaryotic cell abundance in cavern pools, (ii) cavern pools contain novel viral sequences, and (iii) viral communities in pools from developed portions of the cave are distinct from those of pools in undeveloped parts of the same cave. The relationship between viral and microbial abundance was determined through direct epiflorescent microscopy counts. Viral DNA metagenomes were constructed to examine viral diversity among pools and to identify novel viruses. Auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) were also identified for pool characterization. VLP and microorganism quantifications determined cave viral-bacteria ratio to be 22:1, aligning with marine findings. Viral abundance was determined to be independent of pool traffic. Pools with higher traffic were found to be more similar to each other than to less visited pools, based on statistical analysis of coverage profiles. Gene-sharing network analysis revealed high viral diversity compared to a reference viral database as well as other aquatic environments. AMG presence showed variation in metabolic potential among the four pools. Overall, Carlsbad Cavern harbors novel viruses with diversity among pools. Future work will investigate viral-host interactions and RNA viruses.","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76121165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fort Stanton Cave, located in the northern Sacramento Mountains of south-central New Mexico, is formed in the middle Permian San Andres limestone. The cave is situated on the west flank of the Mescalero Arch, a broad structural divide separating the gently dipping eastern slopes of the mountains from structurally low areas of the Tularosa and Sierra Blanca Basins to the west. Fort Stanton Cave is located downgradient from extensive outcrops of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks as well as igneous and volcanic rock exposed at higher elevations in the Sierra Blanca Basin. This complex geologic setting results in surface drainage systems that originate on non-carbonate bedrock and are thus probably undersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate, making downstream dissolution and cave formation more likely. Evidence of both accretionary and dissolutional processes are widespread in the region. Tufa mounds associated with active and relict springs are a common feature in the southern Sacramentos. The most distinctive accretionary feature in Fort Stanton Cave is the Snowy River formation, a pool deposit composed of white calcite that coats the floor of the Snowy River passage, and currently extends >17 km with its southern terminus still undefined. Core samples collected from the Snowy River deposit reveal a laminated internal structure, indicating episodic deposition of sub-millimeter scale calcite laminae during periods when the passage stream is activated. The age of the basal layer has been determined to be only 820 years old, suggesting an abrupt change in climatic or hydrochemical conditions within the past millennium. The origin of water flow in the Snowy River passage is unknown, but appears to be associated with extreme summer precipitation events or heavy winter snowfall in the northern Sacramento Mountains. Field observations and hydrograph records support a point source or sources for water in the Snowy River passage via sinkholes or losing streams upgradient from the southwesternmost mapped stations in the cave.
{"title":"Fort Stanton Cave and the northern Sacramento Mountains: Regional geologic and hydrologic context","authors":"L. Land","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2808","url":null,"abstract":"Fort Stanton Cave, located in the northern Sacramento Mountains of south-central New Mexico, is formed in the middle Permian San Andres limestone. The cave is situated on the west flank of the Mescalero Arch, a broad structural divide separating the gently dipping eastern slopes of the mountains from structurally low areas of the Tularosa and Sierra Blanca Basins to the west. Fort Stanton Cave is located downgradient from extensive outcrops of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks as well as igneous and volcanic rock exposed at higher elevations in the Sierra Blanca Basin. This complex geologic setting results in surface drainage systems that originate on non-carbonate bedrock and are thus probably undersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate, making downstream dissolution and cave formation more likely. Evidence of both accretionary and dissolutional processes are widespread in the region. Tufa mounds associated with active and relict springs are a common feature in the southern Sacramentos. The most distinctive accretionary feature in Fort Stanton Cave is the Snowy River formation, a pool deposit composed of white calcite that coats the floor of the Snowy River passage, and currently extends >17 km with its southern terminus still undefined. Core samples collected from the Snowy River deposit reveal a laminated internal structure, indicating episodic deposition of sub-millimeter scale calcite laminae during periods when the passage stream is activated. The age of the basal layer has been determined to be only 820 years old, suggesting an abrupt change in climatic or hydrochemical conditions within the past millennium. The origin of water flow in the Snowy River passage is unknown, but appears to be associated with extreme summer precipitation events or heavy winter snowfall in the northern Sacramento Mountains. Field observations and hydrograph records support a point source or sources for water in the Snowy River passage via sinkholes or losing streams upgradient from the southwesternmost mapped stations in the cave.","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82490944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fort Stanton Cave Formation Repair and Restoration Project","authors":"Michael C. Mansur","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2803","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86092276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Monitoring Sediment Erosion and Deposition in the Arroyo de los Pinos Through Structure from Motion (SfM) Photogrammetry","authors":"Rebecca Moskal, D. Cadol","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2827","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77690294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sulfuric Acid Speleogenesis in the Frasassi Cave System, Italy, and Possible Implications for Guadalupe Mountain Caves","authors":"Daniel S. Jones","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2848","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78809504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pennsylvanian stratigraphic architecture, lithostratigraphy and tectonism in New Mexico","authors":"S. Lucas, K. Krainer","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2781","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73036083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Six years of Sediment Data Collection from a New Mexican Arroyo","authors":"K. Stark, D. Cadol","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2819","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77971219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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