The aim of this study was to characterize the mycobiota in soil and sediment samples of Jefriz cave in Kerman, Iran. During 2018−2019, the culturable mycobiota from several sites within the Jefriz cave, resulted in 82 fungal isolates. Morphological characteristics of the isolates, as well as molecular sequence data, were used for species identifications. The fungi were identified as species of Fusarium, Fusicolla, Geomyces (Pseudogymnoascus), Humicola, Chalastospora, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Epiciccum, Podospora and Mucor. The most prevalent was Aspergillus spelunceus, followed by Geomyces pannorum and Humicola grisea. The majority of these species have been reported as cave residents in previous studies of cave environments. Our data showed that the fungal community composition varied between the samples from the entrance and less visited sites deeper in the cave. This study is the first cave mycological investigation in Iran, and one of the identified species is reported for the first time from a cave.
{"title":"Identification of fungi from soil and sediment in Jefriz Cave; the first survey in a cave from Iran","authors":"A. Habibi, B. Safaiefarahani","doi":"10.4311/2019MB0145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4311/2019MB0145","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to characterize the mycobiota in soil and sediment samples of Jefriz cave in Kerman, Iran. During 2018−2019, the culturable mycobiota from several sites within the Jefriz cave, resulted in 82 fungal isolates. Morphological characteristics of the isolates, as well as molecular sequence data, were used for species identifications. The fungi were identified as species of Fusarium, Fusicolla, Geomyces (Pseudogymnoascus), Humicola, Chalastospora, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Epiciccum, Podospora and Mucor. The most prevalent was Aspergillus spelunceus, followed by Geomyces pannorum and Humicola grisea. The majority of these species have been reported as cave residents in previous studies of cave environments. Our data showed that the fungal community composition varied between the samples from the entrance and less visited sites deeper in the cave. This study is the first cave mycological investigation in Iran, and one of the identified species is reported for the first time from a cave.","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89575953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Caecidotea burkensis, a new species of subterranean asellid isopod, is described and illustrated from material collected from Lawson Cave, in Burke’s Garden, Tazewell County, Virginia. The type-locality in Burke’s Garden is located within the highest mountain basin in the southern Appalachians. Burke’s Garden is a unique, geologically isolated area encompassing one of the headwater streams of the New River basin. Phylogenetically, the isopod is a member of the forbesi Group, a clade comprised primarily of epigean species. The complex mountain valleys and coves of southwestern Virginia are an area of intense speciation among asellids that have produced a bizarre array of cavernicolous species belonging to groups of otherwise epigean isopods. In addition to a few subterranean species of the Caecidotea cannula and stygia Groups, the Lirceus hargeri Group possesses over a dozen species endemic to caves and springs in the region, mostly only now in the process of being discovered and described. With so much species richness, syntopy of two, or even three, asellid species is commonplace in caves and springs in southwestern Virginia.
{"title":"Caecidotea burkensis, new species, a unique subterranean isopod from Burke’s Garden, with a synthesis of the biogeography and evolution of southwestern Virginia asellids","authors":"S. Lewis, J. Lewis, Wil Orndorff","doi":"10.4311/2020LSC0126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4311/2020LSC0126","url":null,"abstract":"Caecidotea burkensis, a new species of subterranean asellid isopod, is described and illustrated from material collected from Lawson Cave, in Burke’s Garden, Tazewell County, Virginia. The type-locality in Burke’s Garden is located within the highest mountain basin in the southern Appalachians. Burke’s Garden is a unique, geologically isolated area encompassing one of the headwater streams of the New River basin. Phylogenetically, the isopod is a member of the forbesi Group, a clade comprised primarily of epigean species. The complex mountain valleys and coves of southwestern Virginia are an area of intense speciation among asellids that have produced a bizarre array of cavernicolous species belonging to groups of otherwise epigean isopods. In addition to a few subterranean species of the Caecidotea cannula and stygia Groups, the Lirceus hargeri Group possesses over a dozen species endemic to caves and springs in the region, mostly only now in the process of being discovered and described. With so much species richness, syntopy of two, or even three, asellid species is commonplace in caves and springs in southwestern Virginia.","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76600835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The history of studies of a subterranean tailed amphibian, known as the olm or proteus (Proteus anguinus), is a colorful indicator of the changing view of the world beneath our feet. Throughout history, the underground has been presented as other worldly inhabited by life not of this world. At first, caves were the habitat of ghosts and spirtits, and then as a symbol for hell with all its attributes. The olm, in light of this prominant worldview, is discussed here, in which its status changed from that of a mythical dragon, to a photo-model, to a biological indicator of environmental health. The mix of these roles, with which the modern notion of this animal is presented, is mostly generated by the experience of tourguides in Postojna Cave in Slovenia. For a long time, Postojna was the only place that the wider public recognized as a home for proteus. This clearly shows the need to analyze the popular media constructions of environment.
{"title":"An underworld tailored to tourists: A dragon, a photo-model, and a bio-indicator","authors":"Ivo Lučić","doi":"10.4311/2018SS0106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4311/2018SS0106","url":null,"abstract":"The history of studies of a subterranean tailed amphibian, known as the olm or proteus (Proteus anguinus), is a colorful indicator of the changing view of the world beneath our feet. Throughout history, the underground has been presented as other worldly inhabited by life not of this world. At first, caves were the habitat of ghosts and spirtits, and then as a symbol for hell with all its attributes. The olm, in light of this prominant worldview, is discussed here, in which its status changed from that of a mythical dragon, to a photo-model, to a biological indicator of environmental health. The mix of these roles, with which the modern notion of this animal is presented, is mostly generated by the experience of tourguides in Postojna Cave in Slovenia. For a long time, Postojna was the only place that the wider public recognized as a home for proteus. This clearly shows the need to analyze the popular media constructions of environment.","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80211228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Caves and cave-like voids are common features within and beneath glaciers. The physical environment is harsh and extreme, and often considered barren and devoid of life. However, accumulating evidence indicates that these caves may support a diverse invertebrate fauna with species endemic to each region. As glaciers continue to disappear at an alarming rate due to global warming, they take their largely unknown fauna with them. Thus, glacier caves may harbor one of the most endangered ecosystems globally, and yet their biodiversity is among the least studied or known. Faunal surveys and ecological studies are urgently needed before all examples are lost.
{"title":"Glacier caves: a globally threatened subterranean biome","authors":"F. Howarth","doi":"10.4311/2019LSC0132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4311/2019LSC0132","url":null,"abstract":"Caves and cave-like voids are common features within and beneath glaciers. The physical environment is harsh and extreme, and often considered barren and devoid of life. However, accumulating evidence indicates that these caves may support a diverse invertebrate fauna with species endemic to each region. As glaciers continue to disappear at an alarming rate due to global warming, they take their largely unknown fauna with them. Thus, glacier caves may harbor one of the most endangered ecosystems globally, and yet their biodiversity is among the least studied or known. Faunal surveys and ecological studies are urgently needed before all examples are lost.","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88992304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Capshaw Cave functions as a major stormwater runoff channel for the city of Cookeville, Tennessee, receiving inputs from several large sinkholes. Sediments deposited in the cave reflect the history of erosion and runoff from the city as it grew over the last century. At various locations in the cave, 1 m thick sequences of flood-deposited, laminated fine sediments were observed along the modern stream. Alternating laminations observed in the upper 40 cm of the sediment profile varied between 0.5 cm thick (10Y 7/6 yellow, fine sand) and 2.0 cm thick (10Y 3/2 very dark grayish brown silty sand) layers. Based on measurements of 137Cs activity, the upper 35 cm of sediment was deposited between 1963 (the peak year of 137Cs fallout from nuclear testing) and 2013 (the year samples were collected), at an average rate of 0.7 cm y1. A total of 23 alternating pairs of layers indicate an average flood recurrence interval of 2.2 years between 1963 and 2013. Total Pb concentrations measured in cave sediments showed a peak at the 45 cm depth, suggesting that sediments above this level were deposited after the decline in Pb emissions in the 1970s, and showing general agreement with the timing of deposition suggested by 137Cs. Below 40 cm, the dark silty sand layers were fewer in number and increased in thickness (up to 10 cm), possibly due to changes in cave hydrology or sediment erosion from the surrounding watershed. These findings suggest that, before the 1960s, sedimentation rates were higher and floods were less frequent. After the 1960s, sedimentation rates decreased and floods became more common, probably as a result of urbanization in the watershed.
卡普肖洞穴是田纳西州库克维尔市的主要雨水径流通道，接收来自几个大天坑的输入。洞穴中沉积的沉积物反映了上个世纪城市发展过程中侵蚀和径流的历史。在洞穴的不同位置，沿着现代河流观察到1 m厚的洪水沉积序列，层状细沉积物。在沉积物剖面上40cm处观察到的交替层状在0.5 cm厚(10y7 /6黄色细砂)和2.0 cm厚(10y3 /2极暗灰褐色粉砂)层之间变化。根据对137Cs活度的测量，沉积物上部35 cm的沉积在1963年(核试验137Cs沉降的高峰年份)至2013年(收集样本的年份)之间，平均沉积速率为0.7 cm y 1。共23对交替层表示1963—2013年平均洪水重现周期为× × 2.2年。溶洞沉积物中总Pb浓度在45 cm处出现峰值，表明45 cm以上的沉积物是在20世纪70年代铅排放下降后沉积的，与137Cs的沉积时间基本一致。在40厘米以下，暗粉质砂层数量较少，厚度增加(可达10厘米)，可能是由于洞穴水文的变化或周围流域的泥沙侵蚀。这些发现表明，在20世纪60年代之前，沉积速率更高，洪水更不频繁。20世纪60年代以后，沉降率下降，洪水变得更加常见，这可能是流域城市化的结果。
{"title":"Dating and interpretation of recent clastic sediments in an urban cave","authors":"E. Hart","doi":"10.4311/2019ES0141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4311/2019ES0141","url":null,"abstract":"Capshaw Cave functions as a major stormwater runoff channel for the city of Cookeville, Tennessee, receiving inputs from several large sinkholes. Sediments deposited in the cave reflect the history of erosion and runoff from the city as it grew over the last century. At various locations in the cave, 1 m thick sequences of flood-deposited, laminated fine sediments were observed along the modern stream. Alternating laminations observed in the upper 40 cm of the sediment profile varied between 0.5 cm thick (10Y 7/6 yellow, fine sand) and 2.0 cm thick (10Y 3/2 very dark grayish brown silty sand) layers. Based on measurements of 137Cs activity, the upper 35 cm of sediment was deposited between 1963 (the peak year of 137Cs fallout from nuclear testing) and 2013 (the year samples were collected), at an average rate of 0.7 cm y1. A total of 23 alternating pairs of layers indicate an average flood recurrence interval of 2.2 years between 1963 and 2013. Total Pb concentrations measured in cave sediments showed a peak at the 45 cm depth, suggesting that sediments above this level were deposited after the decline in Pb emissions in the 1970s, and showing general agreement with the timing of deposition suggested by 137Cs. Below 40 cm, the dark silty sand layers were fewer in number and increased in thickness (up to 10 cm), possibly due to changes in cave hydrology or sediment erosion from the surrounding watershed. These findings suggest that, before the 1960s, sedimentation rates were higher and floods were less frequent. After the 1960s, sedimentation rates decreased and floods became more common, probably as a result of urbanization in the watershed.","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82235844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We analyzed the microbial community of multicolored speleosol deposits found in Grand Canyon Caverns, a dry sulfuric karst cave in northwest Arizona, USA. Underground cave and karst systems harbor a great range of microbial diversity; however, the inhabitants of dry sulfuric karst caves, including extremophiles, remain poorly understood. Understanding the microbial communities inhabiting cave and karst systems is essential to provide information on the multidirectional feedback between biology and geology, to elucidate the role of microbial biogeochemical processes on cave formation, and potentially aid in the development of biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. Based on the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, the microbial community was determined to consist of 2207 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) using species-level annotations, representing 55 phyla. The five most abundant Bacteria were Actinobacteria 51.3 35.4 %, Proteobacteria 12.6 9.5 %, Firmicutes 9.8 7.3 %, Bacteroidetes 8.3 5.9 %, and Cyanobacteria 7.1 7.3 %. The relative abundance of Archaea represented 1.1 0.9 % of all samples and 0.2 0.04 % of samples were unassigned. Elemental analysis found that the composition of the rock varied by sample and that calcium (6200 3494 ppm), iron (1141 ± 1066 ppm), magnesium (25 17 ppm), and phosphorous (37 33 ppm) were the most prevalent elements detected across all samples. Furthermore, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen were found to compose 4.7 4.9 %, 0.3 0.4 %, and 0.1 0.1 % of samples, respectively. Finally, Raman spectra compared to the RRUFF Project database using CrystalSleuth found that the mineral composition of the speleosol consisted of calcite, hematite, paraspurrite, quartz, and trattnerite. These data suggest that dry sulfuric karst caves can harbor robust microbial communities under oligotrophic, endolithic, and troglophilic conditions.
{"title":"Microbiome of Grand Canyon Caverns, a dry sulfuric karst cave in Arizona, supports diverse extremo-philic bacterial and archaeal communities","authors":"Ray Keeler, B. Lusk","doi":"10.4311/2019MB0126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4311/2019MB0126","url":null,"abstract":"We analyzed the microbial community of multicolored speleosol deposits found in Grand Canyon Caverns, a dry sulfuric karst cave in northwest Arizona, USA. Underground cave and karst systems harbor a great range of microbial diversity; however, the inhabitants of dry sulfuric karst caves, including extremophiles, remain poorly understood. Understanding the microbial communities inhabiting cave and karst systems is essential to provide information on the multidirectional feedback between biology and geology, to elucidate the role of microbial biogeochemical processes on cave formation, and potentially aid in the development of biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. Based on the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, the microbial community was determined to consist of 2207 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) using species-level annotations, representing 55 phyla. The five most abundant Bacteria were Actinobacteria 51.3 35.4 %, Proteobacteria 12.6 9.5 %, Firmicutes 9.8 7.3 %, Bacteroidetes 8.3 5.9 %, and Cyanobacteria 7.1 7.3 %. The relative abundance of Archaea represented 1.1 0.9 % of all samples and 0.2 0.04 % of samples were unassigned. Elemental analysis found that the composition of the rock varied by sample and that calcium (6200 3494 ppm), iron (1141 ± 1066 ppm), magnesium (25 17 ppm), and phosphorous (37 33 ppm) were the most prevalent elements detected across all samples. Furthermore, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen were found to compose 4.7 4.9 %, 0.3 0.4 %, and 0.1 0.1 % of samples, respectively. Finally, Raman spectra compared to the RRUFF Project database using CrystalSleuth found that the mineral composition of the speleosol consisted of calcite, hematite, paraspurrite, quartz, and trattnerite. These data suggest that dry sulfuric karst caves can harbor robust microbial communities under oligotrophic, endolithic, and troglophilic conditions.","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84294708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Waring, S. Hankin, S. Solomon, Stephen Long, A. Yule, Robert Blackley, S. Werczynski, A. Baker
Many caves around the world have very high concentrations of naturally occurring 222Rn that may vary dramatically with seasonal and diurnal patterns. For most caves with a variable seasonal or diurnal pattern, 222Rn concentration is driven by bi-directional convective ventilation, which responds to external temperature contrast with cave temperature. Cavers and cave workers exposed to high 222Rn have an increased risk of contracting lung cancer. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has re-evaluated its estimates of lung cancer risk from inhalation of radon progeny (ICRP 115) and for cave workers the risk may now (ICRP 137) be 4–6 times higher than previously recognized. Cave Guides working underground in caves with annual average 222Rn activity 1,000 Bq m3 and default ICRP assumptions (2,000 workplace hours per year, equilibrium factor F 0.4, dose conversion factor DCF 14 μSv (kBq h m3)1 could now receive a dose of 20 mSv y1. Using multiple gas tracers (dCCO2, Rn and N2O), linked weather, source gas flux chambers, and convective air flow measurements a previous study unequivocally identified the external soil above Chifley Cave as the source of cave 222Rn. If the source of 222Rn is external to the cave, a strategy to lower cave 222Rn by passively decreasing summer pattern convective ventilation, which draws 222Rn into caves, is possible without harming the cave environment. A small net annual average temperature difference (warmer cave air) due to geothermal heat flux produces a large net annual volumetric air flow bias (2–5:1) favoring a winter ventilation pattern that flushes Rn from caves with ambient air. Rapid anthropogenic climate change over decades may heat the average annual external temperature relative to the cave temperature that is stabilized by the thermal inertia of the large rock mass. Relative external temperature increases due to climate change (Jenolan Caves, 2008–2018, 0.17°C) reduces the winter pattern air flow bias and increases Rn concentration in caves.
{"title":"Cave radon exposure, dose, dynamics and mitigation","authors":"C. Waring, S. Hankin, S. Solomon, Stephen Long, A. Yule, Robert Blackley, S. Werczynski, A. Baker","doi":"10.4311/2019ES0124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4311/2019ES0124","url":null,"abstract":"Many caves around the world have very high concentrations of naturally occurring 222Rn that may vary dramatically with seasonal and diurnal patterns. For most caves with a variable seasonal or diurnal pattern, 222Rn concentration is driven by bi-directional convective ventilation, which responds to external temperature contrast with cave temperature. Cavers and cave workers exposed to high 222Rn have an increased risk of contracting lung cancer. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has re-evaluated its estimates of lung cancer risk from inhalation of radon progeny (ICRP 115) and for cave workers the risk may now (ICRP 137) be 4–6 times higher than previously recognized. Cave Guides working underground in caves with annual average 222Rn activity 1,000 Bq m3 and default ICRP assumptions (2,000 workplace hours per year, equilibrium factor F 0.4, dose conversion factor DCF 14 μSv (kBq h m3)1 could now receive a dose of 20 mSv y1. Using multiple gas tracers (dCCO2, Rn and N2O), linked weather, source gas flux chambers, and convective air flow measurements a previous study unequivocally identified the external soil above Chifley Cave as the source of cave 222Rn. If the source of 222Rn is external to the cave, a strategy to lower cave 222Rn by passively decreasing summer pattern convective ventilation, which draws 222Rn into caves, is possible without harming the cave environment. A small net annual average temperature difference (warmer cave air) due to geothermal heat flux produces a large net annual volumetric air flow bias (2–5:1) favoring a winter ventilation pattern that flushes Rn from caves with ambient air. Rapid anthropogenic climate change over decades may heat the average annual external temperature relative to the cave temperature that is stabilized by the thermal inertia of the large rock mass. Relative external temperature increases due to climate change (Jenolan Caves, 2008–2018, 0.17°C) reduces the winter pattern air flow bias and increases Rn concentration in caves.","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84882488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tammi R Duncan, Margaret Werner-Washburne, Diana E Northup
Siderophores are microbially-produced ferric iron chelators. They are essential for microbial survival, but their presence and function for cave microorganisms have not been extensively studied. Cave environments are nutrient-limited and previous evidence suggests siderophore usage in carbonate caves. We hypothesize that siderophores are likely used as a mechanism in caves to obtain critical nutrients such as iron. Cave bacteria were collected from Long-term parent cultures (LT PC) or Short-term parent cultures (ST PC) inoculated with ferromanganese deposits (FMD) and carbonate secondary minerals from Lechuguilla and Spider caves in Carlsbad Caverns National Park (CCNP), NM. LT PC were incubated for 10-11 years to identify potential chemolithoheterotrophic cultures able to survive in nutrient-limited conditions. ST PC were incubated for 1-3 days to identify a broader diversity of cave isolates. A total of 170 LT and ST cultures,18 pure and 152 mixed, were collected and used to classify siderophore production and type and to identify siderophore producers. Siderophore production was slow to develop (>10 days) in LT cultures with a greater number of weak siderophore producers in comparison to the ST cultures that produced siderophores in <10 days, with a majority of strong siderophore producers. Overall, 64% of the total cultures were siderophore producers, which the majority preferred hydroxamate siderophores. Siderophore producers were classified into Proteobacteria (Alpha-, Beta-, or Gamma-), Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes phyla using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Our study supports our hypothesis that cave bacteria have the capability to produce siderophores in the subsurface to obtain critical ferric iron.
铁载体是微生物产生的铁螯合剂。它们是微生物生存所必需的，但它们在洞穴微生物中的存在和功能尚未得到广泛研究。洞穴环境是营养有限的，以前的证据表明碳酸盐洞穴中使用铁载体。我们推测，铁载体可能是洞穴中获取铁等关键营养物质的一种机制。从美国NM Carlsbad Caverns National Park (CCNP)的Lechuguilla和Spider caves中接种锰铁矿床(FMD)和碳酸盐次生矿物的长期亲本培养物(LT PC)或短期亲本培养物(ST PC)中收集洞穴细菌。LT PC孵育10-11年，以确定能够在营养有限的条件下存活的潜在的化质异养培养物。ST PC孵育1-3天，以确定更广泛的洞穴分离株多样性。共收集了170个LT和ST培养物，其中18个为纯培养物，152个为混合培养物，用于对铁载体的产生和类型进行分类，并鉴定了铁载体的产生者。利用16S rRNA基因测序，与在变形菌门(α -、β -或γ -)、放线菌门、拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门产生铁载体的ST培养物相比，在LT培养物中产生弱铁载体的速度较慢(>10天)。我们的研究支持了我们的假设，即洞穴细菌有能力在地下产生铁载体，以获得临界铁。
{"title":"DIVERSITY OF SIDEROPHORE-PRODUCING BACTERIAL CULTURES FROM CARLSBAD CAVERNS NATIONAL PARK (CCNP) CAVES, CARLSBAD, NEW MEXICO.","authors":"Tammi R Duncan, Margaret Werner-Washburne, Diana E Northup","doi":"10.4311/2019es0118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4311/2019es0118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Siderophores are microbially-produced ferric iron chelators. They are essential for microbial survival, but their presence and function for cave microorganisms have not been extensively studied. Cave environments are nutrient-limited and previous evidence suggests siderophore usage in carbonate caves. We hypothesize that siderophores are likely used as a mechanism in caves to obtain critical nutrients such as iron. Cave bacteria were collected from Long-term parent cultures (LT PC) or Short-term parent cultures (ST PC) inoculated with ferromanganese deposits (FMD) and carbonate secondary minerals from Lechuguilla and Spider caves in Carlsbad Caverns National Park (CCNP), NM. LT PC were incubated for 10-11 years to identify potential chemolithoheterotrophic cultures able to survive in nutrient-limited conditions. ST PC were incubated for 1-3 days to identify a broader diversity of cave isolates. A total of 170 LT and ST cultures,18 pure and 152 mixed, were collected and used to classify siderophore production and type and to identify siderophore producers. Siderophore production was slow to develop (>10 days) in LT cultures with a greater number of weak siderophore producers in comparison to the ST cultures that produced siderophores in <10 days, with a majority of strong siderophore producers. Overall, 64% of the total cultures were siderophore producers, which the majority preferred hydroxamate siderophores. Siderophore producers were classified into <i>Proteobacteria</i> (<i>Alpha</i>-, <i>Beta</i>-, or <i>Gamma-</i>), <i>Actinobacteria</i>, <i>Bacteroidetes</i>, and <i>Firmicutes</i> phyla using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Our study supports our hypothesis that cave bacteria have the capability to produce siderophores in the subsurface to obtain critical ferric iron.</p>","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8455092/pdf/nihms-1611045.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9754945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over 1,500 caves have been documented in North Carolina, however, cave fauna in the Blue Ridge Mountains and Piedmont regions of North Carolina have been overlooked historically compared to the cave-rich karst terrains in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge and Interior Low Plateau to the west. Here, we provide the first comprehensive faunal list of caves and other subterranean habitats in the state based on over 40 years of periodic surveys and compilation of literature, biodiversity databases, and museum records. We report 475 occurrences from 127 caves, springs, and wells in 29 counties, representing 5 phyla, 17 classes, 43 orders, 90 families, 124 genera, and at least 164 species. Vertebrate fauna comprised 32 species, including 4 fishes, 9 salamanders, 1 lizard, 4 snakes, 2 birds, and 12 mammals (8 bats). Diverse invertebrate groups included spiders (11 families and 18 genera), springtails (7 families and 9 genera), segmented worms (3 families and 8 genera), and snails (6 families and 9 genera). At least 25 taxa are troglobites/ stygobites (cave obligates), including 5 species of cave flatworms, 5 cave springtails, and 5 cave amphipods. Most troglobitic/stygobitic fauna documented in this study are endemic to North Carolina. Counties with the greatest cave biodiversity include Rutherford, McDowell, Swain, Henderson, Polk, and Avery counties. Over 20 species documented are of conservation concern, including 14 troglobites and 3 federally-listed bats. Although not as diverse as adjacent states, caves and other subterranean habitats in North Carolina support a diverse community of invertebrates and vertebrates. Our review serves as a base line for future cave biological surveys in the state and highlights the importance of subterranean habitats for North Carolina biodiversity. Introduction Caves and associated subterranean habitats are home to a unique and taxonomically diverse assemblage of invertebrate and vertebrate organisms in North America. In addition to the more than 1,350 species that are obligate inhabitants of terrestrial and aquatic subterranean habitats in the United States (i.e., troglobites and stygobites) (Niemiller et al., 2019), hundreds of other species use caves on an occasional to semi-permanent basis. Most of this subterranean diversity is known from the ten major karst biogeographic regions defined in the United States that are associated with carbonate exposures (Culver et al., 2003; Hobbs, 2012). Several additional smaller karst regions exist, but these regions have received comparatively little attention from biospeleologists. The fauna of caves and associated subterranean habitats in the Blue Ridge Mountains and Piedmont physiographic provinces of North Carolina has been grossly understudied compared to subterranean fauna of the cave-rich Appalachian and Interior Low Plateau karst to the west of the Appalachian Mountains in Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, and Virginia. In contrast to most cave systems in the Appalachians an
{"title":"The fauna of caves and other subter-ranean habitats of North Carolina, USA","authors":"Cato Holler, Jonathan D. Mays, M. Niemiller","doi":"10.4311/2019lsc0133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4311/2019lsc0133","url":null,"abstract":"Over 1,500 caves have been documented in North Carolina, however, cave fauna in the Blue Ridge Mountains and Piedmont regions of North Carolina have been overlooked historically compared to the cave-rich karst terrains in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge and Interior Low Plateau to the west. Here, we provide the first comprehensive faunal list of caves and other subterranean habitats in the state based on over 40 years of periodic surveys and compilation of literature, biodiversity databases, and museum records. We report 475 occurrences from 127 caves, springs, and wells in 29 counties, representing 5 phyla, 17 classes, 43 orders, 90 families, 124 genera, and at least 164 species. Vertebrate fauna comprised 32 species, including 4 fishes, 9 salamanders, 1 lizard, 4 snakes, 2 birds, and 12 mammals (8 bats). Diverse invertebrate groups included spiders (11 families and 18 genera), springtails (7 families and 9 genera), segmented worms (3 families and 8 genera), and snails (6 families and 9 genera). At least 25 taxa are troglobites/ stygobites (cave obligates), including 5 species of cave flatworms, 5 cave springtails, and 5 cave amphipods. Most troglobitic/stygobitic fauna documented in this study are endemic to North Carolina. Counties with the greatest cave biodiversity include Rutherford, McDowell, Swain, Henderson, Polk, and Avery counties. Over 20 species documented are of conservation concern, including 14 troglobites and 3 federally-listed bats. Although not as diverse as adjacent states, caves and other subterranean habitats in North Carolina support a diverse community of invertebrates and vertebrates. Our review serves as a base line for future cave biological surveys in the state and highlights the importance of subterranean habitats for North Carolina biodiversity. Introduction Caves and associated subterranean habitats are home to a unique and taxonomically diverse assemblage of invertebrate and vertebrate organisms in North America. In addition to the more than 1,350 species that are obligate inhabitants of terrestrial and aquatic subterranean habitats in the United States (i.e., troglobites and stygobites) (Niemiller et al., 2019), hundreds of other species use caves on an occasional to semi-permanent basis. Most of this subterranean diversity is known from the ten major karst biogeographic regions defined in the United States that are associated with carbonate exposures (Culver et al., 2003; Hobbs, 2012). Several additional smaller karst regions exist, but these regions have received comparatively little attention from biospeleologists. The fauna of caves and associated subterranean habitats in the Blue Ridge Mountains and Piedmont physiographic provinces of North Carolina has been grossly understudied compared to subterranean fauna of the cave-rich Appalachian and Interior Low Plateau karst to the west of the Appalachian Mountains in Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, and Virginia. In contrast to most cave systems in the Appalachians an","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74785095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sinkholes are a well-known, but poorly studied, aspect of karst environments. In 2015, the Hoosier National Forest in southern Indiana, USA, commissioned a study of sinkhole habitats to assess their ecological role. The ecosystems of 26 sinkholes were evaluated to determine if sinkhole floor biological communities and species richness were a function of the surrounding plant community. Each sinkhole was sampled four times for five target groups of invertebrates at intervals of approximately three months, for a total of 104 visits. The sampling resulted in finding 140 taxa, including 31 land snails, 14 millipedes, 3 terrestrial isopods, 83 spiders and 9 pseudoscorpions. Of exceptional note were at least 12 new state records and a probable new species of pseudoscorpion. Several of these species appear to be endemic to sinkhole habitats. A link was confirmed between species richness and the surrounding plant community, specifically that the highest biodiversity was found in sinkholes surrounded by native deciduous forest, followed by native glades. Sinkholes in fields from which deciduous forest had been removed possessed markedly decreased species diversity, as did non-native plantings of pines. Sinkhole habitats had a significantly higher species richness than adjacent non-sinkhole control sites. Moreover, the arthropod communities that were found in each sinkhole within each plant community type were different from each other and the surrounding non-sinkhole areas. These data suggest that sinkholes are more than just depressions in epigean landscapes, but possess unique invertebrate communities linked to the surrounding plant community.
{"title":"Karst sinkholes as foci of biodiversity in the Hoosier National Forest","authors":"J. Lewis, M. Milne, C. Stephen, Daniel C. Dourson","doi":"10.4311/2020lsc0103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4311/2020lsc0103","url":null,"abstract":"Sinkholes are a well-known, but poorly studied, aspect of karst environments. In 2015, the Hoosier National Forest in southern Indiana, USA, commissioned a study of sinkhole habitats to assess their ecological role. The ecosystems of 26 sinkholes were evaluated to determine if sinkhole floor biological communities and species richness were a function of the surrounding plant community. Each sinkhole was sampled four times for five target groups of invertebrates at intervals of approximately three months, for a total of 104 visits. The sampling resulted in finding 140 taxa, including 31 land snails, 14 millipedes, 3 terrestrial isopods, 83 spiders and 9 pseudoscorpions. Of exceptional note were at least 12 new state records and a probable new species of pseudoscorpion. Several of these species appear to be endemic to sinkhole habitats. A link was confirmed between species richness and the surrounding plant community, specifically that the highest biodiversity was found in sinkholes surrounded by native deciduous forest, followed by native glades. Sinkholes in fields from which deciduous forest had been removed possessed markedly decreased species diversity, as did non-native plantings of pines. Sinkhole habitats had a significantly higher species richness than adjacent non-sinkhole control sites. Moreover, the arthropod communities that were found in each sinkhole within each plant community type were different from each other and the surrounding non-sinkhole areas. These data suggest that sinkholes are more than just depressions in epigean landscapes, but possess unique invertebrate communities linked to the surrounding plant community.","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75988166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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