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Compassionate Principlism: Towards a Novel Alternative to Standard Principlism in Bioethics. 富有同情心的原则主义:生物伦理学中的标准原则主义的新替代方案》(Towards a Novel Alternative to Standard Principlism in Bioethics)。
IF 1.8 3区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-024-10373-9
Adam J Braus

Principlism appears to be the prevailing applied ethical framework in bioethics. Despite the view's various strengths, critics point out that since the principles are ad hoc, conflicts indubitably emerge leading to inconsistency. There is debate around whether principlism can provide definitive action-guiding moral prescriptions or only help structure intelligent analyses and justifications of moral choices. In this paper, I contend that applying concepts of moral symmetry and moral asymmetry allows us to modify one of principlism's principles-the principle of beneficence-into what I will call the principle of compassion. I argue that the principle of compassion can function as an arbitrating or primary principle within the principlist framework. The result is a view we might call compassionate principlism. Arguably, compassionate principlism leads to fewer inconsistencies and provides more acceptable action-guiding moral prescriptions than traditional principlism.

原则主义似乎是生物伦理学中流行的应用伦理框架。尽管这种观点有各种优点,但批评者指出,由于原则是临时性的,因此不可避免地会出现冲突,导致不一致。关于原则主义能否提供明确的指导行动的道德处方,还是只能帮助对道德选择进行明智的分析和论证,存在着争论。在本文中,我认为运用道德对称性和道德不对称性的概念,我们可以将原则主义的原则之一--恩惠原则--修改为我所称的同情原则。我认为,同情原则可以在原则主义框架内发挥仲裁原则或首要原则的作用。我们可以将这种观点称为 "同情原则主义"。可以说,与传统的原则主义相比,同情原则主义导致的不一致性更少,提供的指导行动的道德规定更容易被接受。
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引用次数: 0
Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Sugar-Sweetened Beverages (SSBs) in America: A Novel Bioethical Argument for a Radical Public Health Proposal 美国的肥胖症、代谢综合征和含糖饮料 (SSB):为激进的公共卫生建议提供新颖的生物伦理学论据
IF 2.4 3区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-024-10369-5
Michael Gentzel

The prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and the associated long-term chronic diseases (cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, depression) have reached epidemic levels in the United States and Western nations. In response to this public health calamity, the author of this paper presents and defends a novel bioethical argument: the consistency argument for outlawing SSBs (sugar-sweetened beverages) for child consumption (the “consistency argument”). This argument’s radical conclusion states that the government is justified in outlawing SSBs consumption for child consumption. The reasoning is as follows: if one accepts that the physical harm caused by chronic alcohol consumption justifies the government outlawing alcoholic beverages for child consumption, and there is strong evidence that comparable physical harms result from chronic SSBs consumption, then, mutatis mutandis, the government is also justified in outlawing child consumption of SSBs. To support this argument, the author provides extensive evidence based on epidemiological observational studies, interventional studies, controlled trials, large meta-analyses, and the pathophysiology and biological mechanisms of action behind SSBs and chronic disease. Chronic consumption of large doses of SSBs and alcoholic beverages both drive the same diseases: obesity and insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and cancer. Chronic SSB consumption carries the additional risk of Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, and depression. The author concludes this paper by considering prominent objections to the consistency argument, and then demonstrating that each objection is unsound.

在美国和西方国家,肥胖症、代谢综合征以及相关的长期慢性疾病(心血管疾病、II 型糖尿病、癌症、老年痴呆症、抑郁症)的发病率已达到流行病的水平。为了应对这一公共卫生灾难,本文作者提出并捍卫了一个新颖的生命伦理学论点:取缔儿童饮用的 SSB(含糖饮料)的一致性论点("一致性论点")。这一论证的根本结论是,政府有理由取缔儿童饮用含糖饮料。其推理如下:如果人们承认长期饮用酒精饮料对身体造成的伤害是政府取缔儿童饮用酒精饮料的正当理由,并且有确凿证据表明长期饮用固态饮料也会造成类似的身体伤害,那么,经适当变通后,政府也有理由取缔儿童饮用固态饮料。为了支持这一论点,作者根据流行病学观察研究、干预研究、对照试验、大型荟萃分析以及 SSB 和慢性疾病背后的病理生理学和生物学作用机制提供了大量证据。长期饮用大剂量的固态苏打水和酒精饮料会导致同样的疾病:肥胖和胰岛素抵抗、心血管疾病、高血压和癌症。长期饮用 SSB 还会增加患老年痴呆症、痴呆症和抑郁症的风险。在本文的最后,作者考虑了对一致性论证的主要反对意见,然后证明了每种反对意见都是站不住脚的。
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引用次数: 0
Practising Less is More: An Exploration of What it Means to See "This Patient" Not a "Patient Like This". 少即是多:探索看 "这个病人 "而非 "这样的病人 "的意义。
IF 1.8 3区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-024-10378-4
M Bobbio, M Chiarlo, P Arcadi, E Kidd

In the last decade literature focused on a "less is more" approach has been primarily represented by clinical cases describing the excesses of an aggressive, redundant, non-personalized, and non-respectful medicine. Most of these articles focus on a "more is worse" approach and centre around the downstream negative consequences of medical overuse. Having identified a gap in the literature on the experience and practice of less, rather than the harms of excess, we carried out an exploratory qualitative study into how a "less is more" approach works in practice. A hermeneutic phenomenological approach was adopted to allow us to examine the realm of lived experience as a valid data source and as a path from which to understand a "less is more" approach "from the bedside." A Phenomenology of Practice was chosen as a more specific frame for this research because of its added focus on action and practical application in professional settings. Seventy stories written by physicians, patients, nurses, caregivers, and other health professionals have been received and analysed. These stories were gathered as part of a project called "Slow Stories" which aimed to collect clinical cases that have been positively resolved by adopting a "less is more" approach to patient care. After having conducted an in-depth analysis, separately and as a group, the researchers identified five key phenomenological themes; Time to relate is time to heal; Doing more does not mean doing better; Settings for a slow medicine; Slow care at the end of life; and Personalized vs. standardized treatment. Each of these themes offers insights into how a "less is more" approach can be used in practice and illustrates how a "less is more" strategy can play a significant role in positively resolving certain clinical cases.

在过去十年中,以 "少即是多 "为主题的文献主要以临床病例为代表,描述了侵略性、冗余、非个性化和非尊重性的过度医疗。这些文章大多以 "越多越糟糕 "的方法为重点,围绕医疗过度使用的下游负面影响展开。我们发现有关 "少即是多 "的经验和实践而非过度使用的危害的文献存在空白,因此对 "少即是多 "方法在实践中如何发挥作用开展了一项探索性定性研究。我们采用了诠释学现象学方法,将生活经验作为有效的数据来源和 "从床边 "理解 "少即是多 "方法的途径进行研究。实践现象学 "被选为本研究更具体的框架,因为它更加关注行动和在专业环境中的实际应用。我们收到并分析了由医生、病人、护士、护理人员和其他医疗专业人员撰写的 70 个故事。这些故事是作为 "慢故事 "项目的一部分收集的,该项目旨在收集通过采用 "少即是多 "的方法来积极解决病人护理问题的临床案例。在分别和作为一个小组进行深入分析后,研究人员确定了五个关键的现象学主题:联系的时间就是治愈的时间;做得更多并不意味着做得更好;慢药的设置;生命末期的慢护理;个性化治疗与标准化治疗。每一个主题都为如何在实践中使用 "少即是多 "方法提供了启示,并说明了 "少即是多 "策略如何在积极解决某些临床病例方面发挥重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Donation After Circulatory Death following Withdrawal of Life-Sustaining Treatments. Are We Ready to Break the Dead Donor Rule? 停止维持生命治疗后循环死亡的捐献。我们准备好打破死亡捐献者规则了吗?
IF 1.8 3区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-024-10382-8
Sara Patuzzo Manzati, Antonella Galeone, Francesco Onorati, Giovanni Battista Luciani

A fundamental criterion considered essential to deem the procedure of vital organ procurement for transplantation ethical is that the donor must be dead, as per the Dead Donor Rule (DDR). In the case of Donation after Circulatory Death (DCD), is the donor genuinely dead? The main aim of this article is to clarify this uncertainty, which primarily arises from the fact that in DCD, death is determined based on cardiac criteria (Circulatory Death, CD), rather than neurological criteria (Brain Death, BD), and that to allow the procurement procedure, physicians reperfuse the organs in an assisted manner. To ensure that the cessation of circulation leads to the irreversible loss of brain functions, DCD regulations require that physicians wait a certain period after CD before commencing vital organ procurement. However, during this "no-touch period," the organs are at risk of damage, potentially rendering them unsuitable for transplantation. When DCD is performed on patients whose CD follows a Withdrawal of Life-Sustaining Treatment (WLST) (DCD Maastricht III category), how long should the no-touch period last? Does its existence really make sense? Does beginning the procedure of vital organ procurement immediately after WLST constitute a violation of the DDR that can be ethically justified? The discussion aims to provide arguments in support of the non-absoluteness of the DDR.

根据 "死亡捐献者规则"(DDR),要使重要器官移植程序合乎道德,一个基本标准是捐献者必须死亡。在循环死亡后捐献(DCD)的情况下,捐献者是否真正死亡?本文的主要目的是澄清这一不确定性,它主要源于以下事实:在 DCD 中,死亡是根据心脏标准(循环死亡,CD)而不是神经标准(脑死亡,BD)来确定的,而且为了进行器官获取程序,医生会以辅助方式对器官进行再灌注。为确保循环停止导致不可逆转的脑功能丧失,DCD 规定要求医生在 CD 之后等待一段时间再开始重要器官的采购。然而,在这段 "不接触期 "内,器官有受损的风险,可能导致其不适合移植。当对 CD 后停止维持生命治疗(WLST)(DCD 马斯特里赫特 III 类)的患者实施 DCD 时,禁触期应该持续多长时间?它的存在是否真的有意义?在生命垂危治疗结束后立即开始重要器官的获取程序是否构成违反 DDR,在伦理上是否合理?讨论的目的是为支持 "复员方案 "的非绝对性提供论据。
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引用次数: 0
Humanitarian Action and the Value of Relationships: A Book Review of Chin Ruamps’ The Humanitarian Exit Dilemma 人道主义行动与关系的价值:Chin Ruamps 的《人道主义退出困境》书评
IF 2.4 3区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-024-10383-7
Isabel Munoz Beaulieu

“The Humanitarian Exit Dilemma” by Chin Ruamps explores the complex ethical challenges faced by humanitarian organizations when exiting projects in crisis settings, particularly armed conflict situations. The humanitarian exit dilemma arises in contexts where humanitarian assistance may generate an overall negative, rather than positive impact on affected populations due to potential entanglement in conflict situations. Yet, the book rejects a simplistic consequentialist account that focuses on maximizing harm-reduction and proposes a refreshing values-focused perspective. The book’s values-focused perspective emphasizes the importance of special relationships, distinct dependence, and reasonable expectations as essential considerations in the decision-making process on whether humanitarian organizations should stay and remain engaged or exit the conflict setting. In addition, the book proposes new humanitarian principles organizations could adopt, including the principles of vulnerability, causality, appropriateness, trust, and culpability. Humanitarian practitioners and policymakers, as well as (bio)ethicists, will find compelling insights of real-world policy on how value-based considerations can be incorporated when dealing with difficult trade-offs for vulnerable populations.

Chin Ruamps 的 "人道主义退出困境 "探讨了人道主义组织在危机环境下,特别是在武装冲突局势中退出项目时所面临的复杂伦理挑战。在人道主义援助可能会对受影响人群产生消极而非积极影响的情况下,人道主义退出困境就会出现,因为人道主义援助可能会卷入冲突局势。然而,该书摒弃了简单化的后果论,将重点放在最大限度地减少伤害上,而提出了一个令人耳目一新的以价值观为重点的视角。该书以价值观为重点的观点强调了特殊关系、明显的依赖性和合理期望的重要性,将其作为决策过程中的基本考虑因素,决定人道主义组织是应该继续参与还是退出冲突环境。此外,该书还提出了各组织可以采用的新的人道主义原则,包括脆弱性原则、因果关系原则、适当性原则、信任原则和罪责原则。人道主义工作者、政策制定者以及(生物)伦理学家将从现实世界的政策中找到令人信服的见解,了解在为弱势人群进行艰难权衡时,如何将基于价值的考虑因素纳入其中。
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引用次数: 0
Organ Markets, Options, and an Over-Inclusiveness Objection: On Rippon's Argument. 器官市场、选择权和过度包容的异议:关于里彭的论点。
IF 1.8 3区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-024-10363-x
J Damgaard Thaysen, J Sønderholm

Human organs available for transplant are in short supply. One way to increase the supply of organs consists in legalizing a live donor market. Such a market is, however, controversial. This article is about an objection to live donor organ markets made by Simon Rippon. Rippon's objection is that the presence of a market option creates new social and legal pressures that harm the poor. Legalizing the option of selling your organs transforms into a harmful, and morally indefensible, social, and legal pressure to sell on the financially desperate. This article defends the conclusion that Rippon's argument fails as an objection to live donor organ markets. It fails because it has implausibly expansive implications about which markets are morally problematic. In short, Rippon's argument proves too much. Sections one and two introduce Rippon's argument. Sections three and four contain the argument against Rippon. The main argumentative move is that the features of an organ market that, according to Rippon, justify a ban on such a market are features that also characterize several other markets that are normally considered unproblematic, for example, markets where individuals sell their labour abroad in jobs that are dangerous. So, if an organ market should be legally impermissible, so should these labour markets. Section five considers several objections to the argument against Rippon. It is argued that these objections fail. Section six is a conclusion that sums up the findings of the article.

可供移植的人体器官供不应求。增加器官供应的一个办法是使活体捐赠市场合法化。然而,这种市场是有争议的。本文讨论的是西蒙-里彭对活体器官捐赠市场提出的反对意见。里彭的反对意见是,市场选择的存在会产生新的社会和法律压力,对穷人造成伤害。将出售器官的选择合法化会转化为一种有害的、道德上站不住脚的社会和法律压力,迫使经济上绝望的人出售器官。本文为里彭的论点不能作为反对活体器官捐赠市场的论据这一结论进行辩护。它之所以失败,是因为它对哪些市场在道德上存在问题的含义过于宽泛,令人难以置信。简而言之,里彭的论点证明得太多了。第一节和第二节介绍了里彭的论点。第三和第四节是对里彭论点的反驳。主要的论证思路是,里彭认为有理由禁止器官市场的特征,也是通常被认为没有问题的其他几个市场的特征,例如,个人在国外出卖劳动力从事危险工作的市场。因此,如果器官市场在法律上是不允许的,那么这些劳动力市场也应该是不允许的。第五部分考虑了反对里彭的论点的若干反对意见。本文认为这些反对意见都不成立。第六节是结论部分,对文章的结论进行了总结。
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引用次数: 0
Bioinformation and Identity Interests: A Book Review of Emily Postan's Embodied Narratives. 生物信息与身份利益:艾米莉-波斯坦(Emily Postan)的《化身叙事》书评。
IF 1.8 3区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-024-10384-6
Muriel Leuenberger
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引用次数: 0
Personhood Begins at Birth: The Rational Foundation for Abortion Policy in a Secular State. 人格始于出生:世俗国家堕胎政策的合理基础》。
IF 1.8 3区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-024-10352-0
L Lewis Wall, Douglas Brown

The struggle over legal abortion access in the United States is a religious controversy, not a scientific debate. Religious activists who believe that meaningful individual life (i.e., "personhood") begins at a specific "moment-of-conception" are attempting to pass laws that force this view upon all pregnant persons, irrespective of their medical circumstances, individual preferences, or personal religious beliefs. This paper argues that such actions promote a constitutionally prohibited "establishment of religion." Abortion policy in a secular state must be based upon scientifically accurate biology, not unprovable theological presuppositions. The scientific facts regarding human pregnancy do not support the position that personhood begins with fertilization-at which point a pregnancy does not yet even exist. Abortion policy should regard the embryo/fetus as part of the pregnant individual's body until delivery. We argue that individual "personhood" only begins when the latent potentialities of the fetal nervous system are actualized in the newborn after delivery. The paper argues that instantiating non-scientific beliefs concerning embryonic/fetal "personhood" into the law as the basis for abortion policy establishes a state-sponsored religion. The protection of religious liberty requires that abortion be decriminalized. Abortion should be treated like any other medical procedure and regulated similarly. To protect both religious freedom and sound medical practice, individual legal personhood should be recognized as beginning only at birth.

美国在合法堕胎问题上的斗争是一场宗教争论,而不是科学辩论。一些宗教活动家认为,有意义的个体生命(即 "人格")始于特定的 "受孕时刻",他们试图通过法律将这一观点强加于所有孕妇,而不论其医疗状况、个人偏好或个人宗教信仰如何。本文认为,这种行为助长了宪法禁止的 "建立宗教"。世俗国家的堕胎政策必须建立在科学准确的生物学基础之上,而不是建立在无法证实的神学预设之上。有关人类怀孕的科学事实并不支持人格始于受精的立场--此时怀孕甚至还不存在。堕胎政策应将胚胎/胎儿视为孕妇身体的一部分,直至分娩。我们认为,个人的 "人格 "只有在胎儿神经系统的潜在能力在分娩后的新生儿身上实现时才开始。本文认为,将有关胚胎/胎儿 "人格 "的非科学信仰写入法律,作为堕胎政策的依据,这就确立了国家支持的宗教。保护宗教自由要求堕胎合法化。堕胎应与任何其他医疗程序一样对待,并受到类似的监管。为了保护宗教自由和合理的医疗实践,应承认个人的合法人格始于出生。
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引用次数: 0
Navigating the Nexus of Bioethics and Geopolitics: Implications for Global Health Security and Scientific Collaboration. 探索生物伦理与地缘政治的联系:对全球健康安全和科学合作的影响》。
IF 1.8 3区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-024-10379-3
Alexandra Klimovich-Mickael, Mariusz Sacharczuk, Michel Edwar Mickael

Bioethics plays a pivotal role in guiding ethical decision-making within the realm of medical research and healthcare. However, the influence of geopolitics on bioethical considerations, particularly regarding bioweapons research, remains an underexplored area. This study delves into the uncharted territory of how international political interests can intersect with bioethical principles, potentially shaping collaborative efforts and global health policies related to bioweapons research. Through a hypothetical scenario involving a hypothetical pathogen, a collaborative effort between unspecified countries, we examine the implications of such cooperation on global health governance, with a specific focus on bioweapons research. Ethical dilemmas surrounding responsible research, potential risks and benefits, equitable distribution of findings, and biosafety measures are explored. This analysis underscores the importance of transparent and responsible practices in bioweapons research amidst geopolitical tensions. By striking a balance between national interests and international solidarity, we advocate for robust bioethical frameworks to navigate such collaborations for the collective well-being of humanity and to mitigate potential risks associated with bioweapons research.

生物伦理学在指导医学研究和医疗保健领域的伦理决策方面发挥着举足轻重的作用。然而,地缘政治对生物伦理的影响,尤其是对生物武器研究的影响,仍然是一个未被充分探索的领域。本研究深入探讨了国际政治利益如何与生物伦理原则相交织,从而可能影响与生物武器研究相关的合作努力和全球卫生政策的未知领域。通过一个涉及假定病原体的假定情景,以及未指定国家之间的合作努力,我们研究了这种合作对全球卫生治理的影响,并特别关注生物武器研究。我们探讨了围绕负责任的研究、潜在风险和利益、研究成果的公平分配以及生物安全措施等方面的伦理困境。分析强调了在地缘政治紧张局势下,生物武器研究中透明和负责任做法的重要性。通过在国家利益与国际团结之间取得平衡,我们主张建立健全的生物伦理框架,以引导此类合作,促进人类的集体福祉,并降低与生物武器研究相关的潜在风险。
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引用次数: 0
Ethical Challenges in Information Disclosure and Decision-making in Prenatal Testing: A Focus Group Study of Chinese Health Professionals in Maternal and Child Health Services. 产前检测中信息披露和决策的伦理挑战:中国妇幼保健专业人员焦点小组研究》。
IF 1.8 3区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-024-10376-6
Yuqiong Zhong, Tianchi Hao, Xing Liu, Xin Zhang, Ying Wu, Xiaomin Wang, Dan Luo

The international community has proposed a comprehensive strategy to prevent congenital abnormalities. And China, with a high incidence of congenital diseases, has implemented measures including prenatal screening and diagnosis to reduce the morbidity of congenital abnormalities. However, ethical challenges arise in the practice of prenatal screening and diagnosis among healthcare professionals. Five focus group discussions were conducted with twenty-four health professionals working in maternal and child health services in Hunan Province, China, to explore the ethical challenges they encountered in prenatal testing decision-making and information disclosure practices, as well as their views on these challenges. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, ensuring maximum demographic diversity. Three main themes were identified: 1) balancing between information disclosure and privacy protection; 2) patient-oriented decision-making and tensions within family-oriented decision-making; 3) the disparity between the limited help clinical ethics committees (CECs) can provide and professionals' need for CECs. Ethical norms for information disclosure and autonomous decision-making within prenatal screening and diagnostic institutions must be established. Utilizing CECs is crucial to guide professionals in delivering prenatal testing services while simultaneously focusing on targeted improvement of communication skills among these professionals.

国际社会提出了预防先天性畸形的综合战略。而中国作为先天性疾病的高发国家,也已经实施了包括产前筛查和诊断在内的措施,以降低先天性畸形的发病率。然而,在产前筛查和诊断的实践中,医护人员面临着伦理挑战。我们与中国湖南省妇幼保健服务机构的 24 名医护人员进行了五次焦点小组讨论,探讨他们在产前检查决策和信息披露实践中遇到的伦理挑战,以及他们对这些挑战的看法。参与者是通过有目的的抽样选出的,以确保最大程度的人口多样性。我们确定了三大主题1) 信息公开与隐私保护之间的平衡;2) 以患者为导向的决策与以家庭为导向的决策之间的矛盾;3) 临床伦理委员会(CEC)所能提供的有限帮助与专业人员对临床伦理委员会的需求之间的差距。必须在产前筛查和诊断机构内建立信息披露和自主决策的伦理规范。利用临床伦理委员会对于指导专业人员提供产前检查服务至关重要,同时还能有针对性地提高这些专业人员的沟通技巧。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Bioethical Inquiry
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