Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1587/transcom.2022fgp0004
Takanobu Doi, Jun Shikida, Daichi Shirase, K. Muraoka, N. Ishii, Takumi Takahashi, S. Ibi
SUMMARY This paper proposes two full-digital receive beamforming (BF) methods for low-complexity and high-accuracy uplink signal detection via Gaussian belief propagation (GaBP) at base stations (BSs) adopting massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) for open radio access network (O-RAN). In addition, beyond fifth generation mobile communication (beyond 5G) systems will increase uplink capacity. In the scenarios such as O-RAN and beyond 5G, it is vital to reduce the cost of the BSs by limiting the bandwidth of fronthaul (FH) links, and the dimensionality reduction of the received signal based on the receive BF at a radio unit is a well-known strategy to reduce the amount of data transported via the FH links. In this paper, we clarify appropriate criteria for designing a BF weight considering the subsequent GaBP signal detection with the proposed meth-ods: singular-value-decomposition-basedBFandQR-decomposition-based BF with the aid of discrete-Fourier-transformation-based spreading. Both methods achieve the dimensionality reduction without compromising the desired signal power by taking advantage of a null space of channels. The proposed receive BF methods reduce correlations between the received signals in the BF domain, which improves the robustness of GaBP against spatial correlation among fading coefficients. Simulation results assuming realistic BS and user equipment arrangement show that the proposed methods improve detection capability while significantly reducing the computational cost.
{"title":"Receive Beamforming Designed for Massive Multi-User MIMO Detection via Gaussian Belief Propagation","authors":"Takanobu Doi, Jun Shikida, Daichi Shirase, K. Muraoka, N. Ishii, Takumi Takahashi, S. Ibi","doi":"10.1587/transcom.2022fgp0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2022fgp0004","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY This paper proposes two full-digital receive beamforming (BF) methods for low-complexity and high-accuracy uplink signal detection via Gaussian belief propagation (GaBP) at base stations (BSs) adopting massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) for open radio access network (O-RAN). In addition, beyond fifth generation mobile communication (beyond 5G) systems will increase uplink capacity. In the scenarios such as O-RAN and beyond 5G, it is vital to reduce the cost of the BSs by limiting the bandwidth of fronthaul (FH) links, and the dimensionality reduction of the received signal based on the receive BF at a radio unit is a well-known strategy to reduce the amount of data transported via the FH links. In this paper, we clarify appropriate criteria for designing a BF weight considering the subsequent GaBP signal detection with the proposed meth-ods: singular-value-decomposition-basedBFandQR-decomposition-based BF with the aid of discrete-Fourier-transformation-based spreading. Both methods achieve the dimensionality reduction without compromising the desired signal power by taking advantage of a null space of channels. The proposed receive BF methods reduce correlations between the received signals in the BF domain, which improves the robustness of GaBP against spatial correlation among fading coefficients. Simulation results assuming realistic BS and user equipment arrangement show that the proposed methods improve detection capability while significantly reducing the computational cost.","PeriodicalId":50385,"journal":{"name":"IEICE Transactions on Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67304254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1587/transcom.2023cep0009
Ryuji Miyamoto, O. Takyu, Hiroshi Fujiwara, Koichi Adachi, M. Ohta, T. Fujii
{"title":"Data Gathering Method with High Accuracy of Environment Recognition Using Mathematical Optimization in Packet-level Index Modulation","authors":"Ryuji Miyamoto, O. Takyu, Hiroshi Fujiwara, Koichi Adachi, M. Ohta, T. Fujii","doi":"10.1587/transcom.2023cep0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2023cep0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50385,"journal":{"name":"IEICE Transactions on Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67304540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1587/transcom.2022tmp0005
Javier Jose Diaz Rivera, Waleed Akbar, T. Khan, Afaq Muhammad, Wang-Cheol Song
SUMMARY Zero Trust Networking (ZTN) is a security model where no default trust is given to entities in a network infrastructure. The first bastion of security for achieving ZTN is strong identity verification. Several standard methods for assuring a robust identity exist (E.g., OAuth2.0, OpenID Connect). These standards employ JSON Web Tokens (JWT) during the authentication process. However, the use of JWT for One Time Token (OTT) enrollment has a latent security issue. A third party can intercept a JWT, and the payload information can be exposed, revealing the details of the enrollment server. Furthermore, an intercepted JWT could be used for enrollment by an impersonator as long as the JWT remains active. Our proposed mechanism aims to secure the ownership of the OTT by including the JWT as encrypted metadata into a Non-Fungible Token (NFT). The mechanism uses the blockchain Public Key of the intended owner for encrypting the JWT. The blockchain assures the JWT ownership by mapping it to the intended owner’s blockchain public address. Our proposed mechanism is applied to an emerging Zero Trust framework (OpenZiti) alongside a permissioned Ethereum blockchain using Hyperledger Besu. The Zero Trust Framework provides enrollment functionality. At the same time, our proposed mechanism based on blockchain and NFT assures the secure distribution of OTTs that is used for the enrollment of identities.
{"title":"Secure enrollment token delivery mechanism for Zero Trust networks using blockchain","authors":"Javier Jose Diaz Rivera, Waleed Akbar, T. Khan, Afaq Muhammad, Wang-Cheol Song","doi":"10.1587/transcom.2022tmp0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2022tmp0005","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Zero Trust Networking (ZTN) is a security model where no default trust is given to entities in a network infrastructure. The first bastion of security for achieving ZTN is strong identity verification. Several standard methods for assuring a robust identity exist (E.g., OAuth2.0, OpenID Connect). These standards employ JSON Web Tokens (JWT) during the authentication process. However, the use of JWT for One Time Token (OTT) enrollment has a latent security issue. A third party can intercept a JWT, and the payload information can be exposed, revealing the details of the enrollment server. Furthermore, an intercepted JWT could be used for enrollment by an impersonator as long as the JWT remains active. Our proposed mechanism aims to secure the ownership of the OTT by including the JWT as encrypted metadata into a Non-Fungible Token (NFT). The mechanism uses the blockchain Public Key of the intended owner for encrypting the JWT. The blockchain assures the JWT ownership by mapping it to the intended owner’s blockchain public address. Our proposed mechanism is applied to an emerging Zero Trust framework (OpenZiti) alongside a permissioned Ethereum blockchain using Hyperledger Besu. The Zero Trust Framework provides enrollment functionality. At the same time, our proposed mechanism based on blockchain and NFT assures the secure distribution of OTTs that is used for the enrollment of identities.","PeriodicalId":50385,"journal":{"name":"IEICE Transactions on Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67304806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1587/transcom.2022obp0001
Masato Yoshida, K. Kimura, T. Hirooka, K. Kasai, M. Nakazawa
{"title":"Demodulation Performance Comparison of High-Speed Coherent Nyquist Pulse Signal with Analog and Digital Demultiplexing Schemes","authors":"Masato Yoshida, K. Kimura, T. Hirooka, K. Kasai, M. Nakazawa","doi":"10.1587/transcom.2022obp0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2022obp0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50385,"journal":{"name":"IEICE Transactions on Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67304896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1587/transcom.2022ebp3183
Duc Chinh Bui, Y. Kayano, F. Xiao, Y. Kami
{"title":"Multi-Objective Design of EMI Filter with Uncertain Parameters by Preference Set-Based Design Method and Polynomial Chaos Method","authors":"Duc Chinh Bui, Y. Kayano, F. Xiao, Y. Kami","doi":"10.1587/transcom.2022ebp3183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2022ebp3183","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50385,"journal":{"name":"IEICE Transactions on Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67304202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1587/transcom.2022obi0004
Shinji Nimura, S. Ishimura, Kazuki Tanaka, K. Nishimura, R. Inohara
SUMMARY In 5th generation (5G) and Beyond 5G mobile communication systems, it is expected that numerous antennas will be densely deployed to realize ultra-broadband communication and uniform coverage. However, as the number of antennas increases, total power consumption of all antennas will also increase, which leads to a negative impact on the environment and operating costs of telecommunication operators. Thus, it is necessary to simplify an antenna structure to suppress the power consumption of each antenna. On the other hand, as a way to realize ultra-broadband communication, millimeter waves will be utilized because they can transmit signals with a broader bandwidth than lower frequencies. However, since millimeter waves have a large propagation loss, a propagation distance is shorter than that of low frequencies. Therefore, in order to extend the propagation distance, it is necessary to increase an equivalent isotropic radiated power by beamforming with phased array antenna. In this paper, a phased antenna array module in combined with analog radio over fiber (A-RoF) technology for 40-GHz millimeter wave is developed and evaluated for the first time. An 8 × 8 phased array antenna for 40-GHz millimeter wave with integrated photodiodes and RF chains has been developed, and end-to-end transmission experiment including 20km A-RoF transmission and 3-m over-the-air transmission from the developed phased array antenna has been conducted. The results showed that the 40-GHz RF signal after the end-to-end transmission satisfied the criteria of 3GPP signal quality requirements within ± 50 degrees of main beam direction.
在第五代(5G)及5G以上移动通信系统中，预计将密集部署众多天线，实现超宽带通信和均匀覆盖。但是，随着天线数量的增加，所有天线的总功耗也会增加，这将对环境和电信运营商的运营成本产生负面影响。因此，有必要简化天线结构，以抑制每个天线的功耗。另一方面，作为实现超宽带通信的方式，毫米波比低频率传输的信号带宽更宽，因此将被利用。但由于毫米波的传播损耗大，传播距离比低频短。因此，为了延长传输距离，需要采用相控阵天线波束形成的方法来增加等效各向同性辐射功率。本文首次开发了一种结合光纤模拟无线电(a - rof)技术的40 ghz毫米波相控阵天线模块，并对其性能进行了评价。研制了集成光电二极管和射频链的40 ghz毫米波8×8相控阵天线，并对所研制的相控阵天线进行了端到端传输实验，包括20 km A-RoF传输和3 m空中传输。结果表明，端到端传输后的40 ghz射频信号在主波束方向±50度范围内满足3GPP信号质量要求标准。
{"title":"40-GHz band photodiode-integrated phased array antenna module for analog-radio over fiber toward Beyond 5G","authors":"Shinji Nimura, S. Ishimura, Kazuki Tanaka, K. Nishimura, R. Inohara","doi":"10.1587/transcom.2022obi0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2022obi0004","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY In 5th generation (5G) and Beyond 5G mobile communication systems, it is expected that numerous antennas will be densely deployed to realize ultra-broadband communication and uniform coverage. However, as the number of antennas increases, total power consumption of all antennas will also increase, which leads to a negative impact on the environment and operating costs of telecommunication operators. Thus, it is necessary to simplify an antenna structure to suppress the power consumption of each antenna. On the other hand, as a way to realize ultra-broadband communication, millimeter waves will be utilized because they can transmit signals with a broader bandwidth than lower frequencies. However, since millimeter waves have a large propagation loss, a propagation distance is shorter than that of low frequencies. Therefore, in order to extend the propagation distance, it is necessary to increase an equivalent isotropic radiated power by beamforming with phased array antenna. In this paper, a phased antenna array module in combined with analog radio over fiber (A-RoF) technology for 40-GHz millimeter wave is developed and evaluated for the first time. An 8 × 8 phased array antenna for 40-GHz millimeter wave with integrated photodiodes and RF chains has been developed, and end-to-end transmission experiment including 20km A-RoF transmission and 3-m over-the-air transmission from the developed phased array antenna has been conducted. The results showed that the 40-GHz RF signal after the end-to-end transmission satisfied the criteria of 3GPP signal quality requirements within ± 50 degrees of main beam direction.","PeriodicalId":50385,"journal":{"name":"IEICE Transactions on Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67304880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1587/transcom.2023ebp3028
Yanming Chen, Bin Lyu, Zhen Yang, Fei Li
{"title":"Stackelberg Game for Wireless-Powered Relays Assisted Batteryless IoT Networks","authors":"Yanming Chen, Bin Lyu, Zhen Yang, Fei Li","doi":"10.1587/transcom.2023ebp3028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2023ebp3028","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50385,"journal":{"name":"IEICE Transactions on Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67305176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1587/transcom.2023ebp3035
Tu Nguyen Van, S. Yagitani, Kensuke Shimizu, Shinjiro Nishi, M. Ozaki, T. Imachi
{"title":"Plane-Wave Spectrum Analysis of Spherical Wave Absorption and Reflection by Metasurface Absorber","authors":"Tu Nguyen Van, S. Yagitani, Kensuke Shimizu, Shinjiro Nishi, M. Ozaki, T. Imachi","doi":"10.1587/transcom.2023ebp3035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2023ebp3035","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50385,"journal":{"name":"IEICE Transactions on Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67305261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1587/transcom.2023ebp3038
S. Denno, Tomoya Tanikawa, Yafei Hou
SUMMARY This paper proposes overloaded multiple input multiple output (MIMO) bi-directional communication with physical layer network coding(PLNC)toenhancethetransmissionspeedinheterogeneouswireless multihopnetworkswherethenumberofantennasontherelayislessthanthatontheterminals.TheproposedoverloadedMIMOcommunicationsystem appliesprecodingandrelayfilteringtoreducecomputationalcomplexityinspiteofthetransmissionspeed.Aneigenvector-basedfilterisproposed fortherelayfilter.Furthermore,weproposeatechniquetoselectthebestfilteramongcandidateseigenvector-basedfilters.Theperformanceof theproposedoverloadedMIMObi-directionalcommunicationisevaluatedbycomputersimulationinaheterogeneouswireless2-hopnetwork.The proposedfilterselectiontechniqueattainsagainofabout1 . 5dB at the BER of 10 − 5 in a 2-hop network where 2 antennas and 4 antennas are placed on the relay and the terminal, respectively. This paper shows that 6 stream spatial multiplexing is made possible in the system with 2 antennas on the relay.
{"title":"Overloaded MIMO Bi-Directional Communication With Physical Layer Network Coding in Heterogeneous Multihop Networks","authors":"S. Denno, Tomoya Tanikawa, Yafei Hou","doi":"10.1587/transcom.2023ebp3038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2023ebp3038","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY This paper proposes overloaded multiple input multiple output (MIMO) bi-directional communication with physical layer network coding(PLNC)toenhancethetransmissionspeedinheterogeneouswireless multihopnetworkswherethenumberofantennasontherelayislessthanthatontheterminals.TheproposedoverloadedMIMOcommunicationsystem appliesprecodingandrelayfilteringtoreducecomputationalcomplexityinspiteofthetransmissionspeed.Aneigenvector-basedfilterisproposed fortherelayfilter.Furthermore,weproposeatechniquetoselectthebestfilteramongcandidateseigenvector-basedfilters.Theperformanceof theproposedoverloadedMIMObi-directionalcommunicationisevaluatedbycomputersimulationinaheterogeneouswireless2-hopnetwork.The proposedfilterselectiontechniqueattainsagainofabout1 . 5dB at the BER of 10 − 5 in a 2-hop network where 2 antennas and 4 antennas are placed on the relay and the terminal, respectively. This paper shows that 6 stream spatial multiplexing is made possible in the system with 2 antennas on the relay.","PeriodicalId":50385,"journal":{"name":"IEICE Transactions on Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67305323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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