Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.14311/app.2023.43.0057
Tomáš Kohout, L. Nouzovský, P. Vrtal, K. Kocián
This conference paper discusses a new analytical approach to the evaluation of traffic safety at the railway crossings. The new method is based on the use of ontological principles. The ontological tools present a comprehensive decision-making tool, will can be applied to any potential hazardous railway crossing on a road or rail network. The ontology can be considered as a knowledge base that not only stores the data itself, but also defines the relationships between these data, and can therefore be described as a clearly suitable tool for describing risks at level crossings.
{"title":"Application of ontology/conceptual modelling in the context of risk identification at level crossings","authors":"Tomáš Kohout, L. Nouzovský, P. Vrtal, K. Kocián","doi":"10.14311/app.2023.43.0057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14311/app.2023.43.0057","url":null,"abstract":"This conference paper discusses a new analytical approach to the evaluation of traffic safety at the railway crossings. The new method is based on the use of ontological principles. The ontological tools present a comprehensive decision-making tool, will can be applied to any potential hazardous railway crossing on a road or rail network. The ontology can be considered as a knowledge base that not only stores the data itself, but also defines the relationships between these data, and can therefore be described as a clearly suitable tool for describing risks at level crossings.","PeriodicalId":503914,"journal":{"name":"Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139247404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.14311/app.2023.43.0081
Petr Nachtigall, E. Tischer
This paper deals with a simulation assessment of the impact of the introduction of ETCS L2 and L3 on the capacity of railway lines. The simulation itself is carried out in the OpenTrack simulation software, especially in the tool headway calculator. For this research, an infrastructure model has been built, which represents a typical layout of lines and stations in the Czech Republic. By successive modifications of the model, the significance of the impact of the implementation of ATP systems on the capacity of lines can be simulated. In the paper, the influence of the implementation of different application levels of ATP systems on the capacity of railway lines is evaluated.
本文论述了引入 ETCS L2 和 L3 对铁路线路运力影响的模拟评估。模拟本身是在 OpenTrack 模拟软件中进行的，特别是在列车运行时间计算器工具中。为开展这项研究，我们建立了一个基础设施模型，该模型代表了捷克共和国线路和车站的典型布局。通过对模型进行连续修改，可以模拟 ATP 系统的实施对线路运力的重要影响。本文评估了 ATP 系统不同应用水平的实施对铁路线路运力的影响。
{"title":"Simulation assessment of the headway under the ETCS L3","authors":"Petr Nachtigall, E. Tischer","doi":"10.14311/app.2023.43.0081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14311/app.2023.43.0081","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with a simulation assessment of the impact of the introduction of ETCS L2 and L3 on the capacity of railway lines. The simulation itself is carried out in the OpenTrack simulation software, especially in the tool headway calculator. For this research, an infrastructure model has been built, which represents a typical layout of lines and stations in the Czech Republic. By successive modifications of the model, the significance of the impact of the implementation of ATP systems on the capacity of lines can be simulated. In the paper, the influence of the implementation of different application levels of ATP systems on the capacity of railway lines is evaluated.","PeriodicalId":503914,"journal":{"name":"Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139249447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.14311/app.2023.43.0001
T. Brandejsky, V. Fábera, Martin Leso
This paper analyses the component of the Integrated Interlocking System which forms the central logical and functional unit implementing all logical and computational functions necessary for railway traffic control in the Railway 4.0 concept. The main principle is that this approach centralizes the technology of station interlocking system, track line interlocking systems, level crossing interlocking systems and the functions of train interlocking system – the line part of ETCS L2/3 radio block control panel (RBC). The operation control is centralised to the controlling dispatcher centres.The paper discusses the concept of integrated interlocking system including safety issues addressed from the perspective of the requirements of CENELEC standards EN 50126, EN 50128 and EN 50129. These requirements are addressed from the perspective of the authors of the paper, who also work as independent assessors of the safety of railway control and command systems.
本文分析了综合联锁系统的组成部分，在铁路 4.0 概念中，综合联锁系统是实现铁路交通控制所需的所有逻辑和计算功能的核心逻辑和功能单元。其主要原理是，这种方法集中了车站联锁系统、轨道线路联锁系统、平交道口联锁系统的技术和列车联锁系统的功能--ETCS L2/3 无线电块控制面板（RBC）的线路部分。本文讨论了综合联锁系统的概念，包括从 CENELEC 标准 EN 50126、EN 50128 和 EN 50129 要求的角度解决安全问题。本文作者同时也是铁路控制和指挥系统安全性的独立评估员，他们从自己的角度探讨了这些要求。
{"title":"Integral railway interlocking system and its assessment according to European standards","authors":"T. Brandejsky, V. Fábera, Martin Leso","doi":"10.14311/app.2023.43.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14311/app.2023.43.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the component of the Integrated Interlocking System which forms the central logical and functional unit implementing all logical and computational functions necessary for railway traffic control in the Railway 4.0 concept. The main principle is that this approach centralizes the technology of station interlocking system, track line interlocking systems, level crossing interlocking systems and the functions of train interlocking system – the line part of ETCS L2/3 radio block control panel (RBC). The operation control is centralised to the controlling dispatcher centres.The paper discusses the concept of integrated interlocking system including safety issues addressed from the perspective of the requirements of CENELEC standards EN 50126, EN 50128 and EN 50129. These requirements are addressed from the perspective of the authors of the paper, who also work as independent assessors of the safety of railway control and command systems.","PeriodicalId":503914,"journal":{"name":"Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139250053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.14311/app.2023.43.0039
Dana Hubáčková, Tomáš Říha, Erik Dušek
The paper deals with the sleeper substructure design for a speed of 200 kph according to the Czech SŽ S4 standard. The paper includes the design of sub-ballast and capping layers. The second part of the paper is focused on transition area design. The conclusion brings recommendations of alterations which would be appropriate to incorporate into the standard.
{"title":"Experience with sleeper substructure design for a speed of 200 kph according to the S4 standard","authors":"Dana Hubáčková, Tomáš Říha, Erik Dušek","doi":"10.14311/app.2023.43.0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14311/app.2023.43.0039","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with the sleeper substructure design for a speed of 200 kph according to the Czech SŽ S4 standard. The paper includes the design of sub-ballast and capping layers. The second part of the paper is focused on transition area design. The conclusion brings recommendations of alterations which would be appropriate to incorporate into the standard.","PeriodicalId":503914,"journal":{"name":"Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139247588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.14311/app.2023.43.0072
Lukáš Křižan, Martin Vojtek
Railway transport in the Czech Republic largely uses transit corridors, which are significantly more used than the rest of the railway network. This assumption leads to an increase in the safety of these lines and gradual double-tracking. All these aspects lead to the fact that the given lines are controlled from dispatching centres, while other lines are controlled from regional dispatch offices. The above parameters also apply to other non-corridor but still busy lines. It can therefore be concluded that this trend of remote control brings significant operational and technological advantages. The most visible benefit is the personnel saving of operational employees, but another significant benefit, which is not so obvious at first glance, is the benefit of a more efficient organization and management of railway transport. This impact brings the effect of smoother traffic, which manifests itself in a lower burden on the environment, thanks to fewer train starts and stops, or there will be no complete stop, but only a reduction in train speed. Furthermore, this influence is evident in the more frequent overtaking of trains not in railway stations, but in inter-station sections. All these advantages lead to an increase in an important operational indicator, which is the throughput of the track.
{"title":"Benefits of remote control on the railway lines","authors":"Lukáš Křižan, Martin Vojtek","doi":"10.14311/app.2023.43.0072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14311/app.2023.43.0072","url":null,"abstract":"Railway transport in the Czech Republic largely uses transit corridors, which are significantly more used than the rest of the railway network. This assumption leads to an increase in the safety of these lines and gradual double-tracking. All these aspects lead to the fact that the given lines are controlled from dispatching centres, while other lines are controlled from regional dispatch offices. The above parameters also apply to other non-corridor but still busy lines. It can therefore be concluded that this trend of remote control brings significant operational and technological advantages. The most visible benefit is the personnel saving of operational employees, but another significant benefit, which is not so obvious at first glance, is the benefit of a more efficient organization and management of railway transport. This impact brings the effect of smoother traffic, which manifests itself in a lower burden on the environment, thanks to fewer train starts and stops, or there will be no complete stop, but only a reduction in train speed. Furthermore, this influence is evident in the more frequent overtaking of trains not in railway stations, but in inter-station sections. All these advantages lead to an increase in an important operational indicator, which is the throughput of the track.","PeriodicalId":503914,"journal":{"name":"Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139249258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.14311/app.2023.43.0106
Přemysl Šrámek, J. Široký, Martin Vojtek
The main goal of this article is to present the possibility of using artificial intelligence in operational application of railway infrastructure manager. Railway 4.0 can be controlled fully digitally – operational applications based on the artificial intelligence can optimize the technology of railway traffic control. Thereafter, a wide range of equipment could be controlled by application through a secure interface.
{"title":"Artificial intelligence in operational applications of railway infrastructure manager","authors":"Přemysl Šrámek, J. Široký, Martin Vojtek","doi":"10.14311/app.2023.43.0106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14311/app.2023.43.0106","url":null,"abstract":"The main goal of this article is to present the possibility of using artificial intelligence in operational application of railway infrastructure manager. Railway 4.0 can be controlled fully digitally – operational applications based on the artificial intelligence can optimize the technology of railway traffic control. Thereafter, a wide range of equipment could be controlled by application through a secure interface.","PeriodicalId":503914,"journal":{"name":"Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139249780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.14311/app.2023.43.0013
Jan Froněk, Jaroslav Chlumecký, Daniel Vymětal
Quality public transport is an essential part of global mobility. In general, there is an effort to ensure that as many transport users as possible use public transport. The public transport subsystems also include rail transport. Nowadays, traveling by train is not only a matter of overcoming longer distances in national and international transport, but also a matter of daily commuting to work, school or service. Suburban rail transport is usually part of integrated transport systems, the principle of which is the possibility to use several types of means of transport in one journey per ticket. An indicator of the proper functioning of these systems is the existence of quality and convenient transfer dates times and reliable transfer links that minimize waiting times and total time spent on transportation. Within these systems, there is no network-specific maximum transfer time, which usually depends on the technical solution of the transfer point, the distance that passengers have to cover between vehicles or check-in technology (for example, front door boarding, turnstiles, etc.). the ideal value of the transfer time in terms of the probability that the passenger will not miss the connection and at the same time represents different aspects of the view of this issue. This is on the specific route Ostrava – Prague, which is the busiest in the Czech Republic. Within it, two reference links will be selected (one for each direction), the mean value of the delay in the stations with connections and other statistical indicators will be determined. Furthermore, a simulation of train delays is created using the Monte Carlo method, from which the probability of a connection is determined and subsequently the degree of dissatisfaction with the route is determined while maintaining the current connections. From which a transfer time is subsequently identified in which the probability of passing is as low as possible, but at the same time in normal situations passengers do not have to wait too long.
{"title":"Length of transfer time between connecting trains – is there an ideal value?","authors":"Jan Froněk, Jaroslav Chlumecký, Daniel Vymětal","doi":"10.14311/app.2023.43.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14311/app.2023.43.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Quality public transport is an essential part of global mobility. In general, there is an effort to ensure that as many transport users as possible use public transport. The public transport subsystems also include rail transport. Nowadays, traveling by train is not only a matter of overcoming longer distances in national and international transport, but also a matter of daily commuting to work, school or service. Suburban rail transport is usually part of integrated transport systems, the principle of which is the possibility to use several types of means of transport in one journey per ticket. An indicator of the proper functioning of these systems is the existence of quality and convenient transfer dates times and reliable transfer links that minimize waiting times and total time spent on transportation. Within these systems, there is no network-specific maximum transfer time, which usually depends on the technical solution of the transfer point, the distance that passengers have to cover between vehicles or check-in technology (for example, front door boarding, turnstiles, etc.). the ideal value of the transfer time in terms of the probability that the passenger will not miss the connection and at the same time represents different aspects of the view of this issue. This is on the specific route Ostrava – Prague, which is the busiest in the Czech Republic. Within it, two reference links will be selected (one for each direction), the mean value of the delay in the stations with connections and other statistical indicators will be determined. Furthermore, a simulation of train delays is created using the Monte Carlo method, from which the probability of a connection is determined and subsequently the degree of dissatisfaction with the route is determined while maintaining the current connections. From which a transfer time is subsequently identified in which the probability of passing is as low as possible, but at the same time in normal situations passengers do not have to wait too long.","PeriodicalId":503914,"journal":{"name":"Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139247036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.14311/app.2023.43.0018
Adam Hlubuček
This paper is focused on the data description of the railway infrastructure. Its aim is to present the possibilities of constructing of linear elements representing tracks in 2D and their subsequent transformation into 3D using the parametric description of horizontal and vertical curves. The transformation is based on determining the spatial coordinates of the newly emerging 3D linear elements. This process is supposed to be implemented in such a graphical editor environment that allows the relevant data to be transferred to the the database based on the Multipurpose Railway Infrastructure Model. With the use of this data, it is possible to perform, among other things, the visualization of the railway infrastructure.
{"title":"Determining 3D coordinates based on the track geometry description","authors":"Adam Hlubuček","doi":"10.14311/app.2023.43.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14311/app.2023.43.0018","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is focused on the data description of the railway infrastructure. Its aim is to present the possibilities of constructing of linear elements representing tracks in 2D and their subsequent transformation into 3D using the parametric description of horizontal and vertical curves. The transformation is based on determining the spatial coordinates of the newly emerging 3D linear elements. This process is supposed to be implemented in such a graphical editor environment that allows the relevant data to be transferred to the the database based on the Multipurpose Railway Infrastructure Model. With the use of this data, it is possible to perform, among other things, the visualization of the railway infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":503914,"journal":{"name":"Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139248199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.14311/app.2023.43.0051
Martin Jacura, L. Týfa
Railway freight transport represents an advantageous way for regular transport of bulk substrates. As a result of changes within the industry and energy sectors as well as in the field of consumer behaviour, such business cases decline significantly. Nevertheless, transport such of the characteristic have being (and will be) still realized however, in addition, quantities of transported goods will be known in advance – as a part of major construction or environmental remediation projects.In the period of 2020–2021, the Department of Transporting Systems in the CTU in Prague, Faculty of Transportation Sciences prepared the study “Vlára, Vlachovice Hydraulic Structure, Logistic Study of Material Transport for the Dam Construction” for the state enterprise Povodí Moravy (the Morava River Basin). Among other things, the study dealt with transport of more than 2.5 million tonnes from two quarries to the construction site of the Vlachovice dam by goods trains (the Vlachovice dam will be built in Moravia – the eastern part of the Czech Republic). It was necessary to determine an optimal route of the goods trains, their parameters and general operating concept so that the transport costs would be minimised and, concurrently, the transport performance would be as high as possible.This paper sets itself a goal to present a general procedure and principles for proposal of freight trains for a business case characterized by long-term and regular transport of large quantities of goods. For the stated case study, transport technology in the railway station Bohuslavice nad Vláří is discussed in detail.
铁路货运是定期运输散装基质的有利方式。由于工业和能源行业以及消费者行为领域的变化，这种商业案例明显减少。2020-2021 年期间，布拉格 CTU 运输科学学院运输系统系为国营企业 Povodí Moravy（摩拉瓦河流域）准备了 "Vlára, Vlachovice 水力结构，大坝建设材料运输物流研究 "的研究报告。除其他事项外，该研究还涉及用货物列车将 250 多万吨货物从两个采石场运往弗拉乔维采大坝的施工现场（弗拉乔维采大坝将建在捷克东部的摩拉维亚）。本文的目标是为长期和定期运输大量货物的业务案例提供货运列车建议的一般程序和原则。本文以 Bohuslavice nad Vláří 火车站的运输技术为案例进行了详细讨论。
{"title":"Proposal of operational concept for bulk substrates transport by freight trains and its application within case study of aggregate transport for construction of Vlachovice dam","authors":"Martin Jacura, L. Týfa","doi":"10.14311/app.2023.43.0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14311/app.2023.43.0051","url":null,"abstract":"Railway freight transport represents an advantageous way for regular transport of bulk substrates. As a result of changes within the industry and energy sectors as well as in the field of consumer behaviour, such business cases decline significantly. Nevertheless, transport such of the characteristic have being (and will be) still realized however, in addition, quantities of transported goods will be known in advance – as a part of major construction or environmental remediation projects.In the period of 2020–2021, the Department of Transporting Systems in the CTU in Prague, Faculty of Transportation Sciences prepared the study “Vlára, Vlachovice Hydraulic Structure, Logistic Study of Material Transport for the Dam Construction” for the state enterprise Povodí Moravy (the Morava River Basin). Among other things, the study dealt with transport of more than 2.5 million tonnes from two quarries to the construction site of the Vlachovice dam by goods trains (the Vlachovice dam will be built in Moravia – the eastern part of the Czech Republic). It was necessary to determine an optimal route of the goods trains, their parameters and general operating concept so that the transport costs would be minimised and, concurrently, the transport performance would be as high as possible.This paper sets itself a goal to present a general procedure and principles for proposal of freight trains for a business case characterized by long-term and regular transport of large quantities of goods. For the stated case study, transport technology in the railway station Bohuslavice nad Vláří is discussed in detail.","PeriodicalId":503914,"journal":{"name":"Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139248130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.14311/app.2023.43.0028
Jakub Hora, Filip Baran
The concept of public transport with periodic timetables has been slowly spreading in the Czech Republic for many years. Together with the announcement of tenders for the operation of compulsory transport according to the European Parliament’s Regulations 1370/2007 and 2338/2016, circular integrations occur in many regions, which usually represent the adjustment of public transport to a concept corresponding to current trends and needs.
{"title":"Integrated cyclic timetable on the railways in the Karlovy Vary region","authors":"Jakub Hora, Filip Baran","doi":"10.14311/app.2023.43.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14311/app.2023.43.0028","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of public transport with periodic timetables has been slowly spreading in the Czech Republic for many years. Together with the announcement of tenders for the operation of compulsory transport according to the European Parliament’s Regulations 1370/2007 and 2338/2016, circular integrations occur in many regions, which usually represent the adjustment of public transport to a concept corresponding to current trends and needs.","PeriodicalId":503914,"journal":{"name":"Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139247325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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