Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1177/09596836231176486
L. Caruso Fermé, Ivana Leticia González Bagur
The study of wooden artifacts recovered in dry context is scarce. The objective of this work is to identify morphometric patterns in wooden artifacts and to evaluate their relationship with the technological manufacturing processes. To this end, wooden artifacts were analyzed from the site Cerro Casa de Piedra 7, through the 3D scanning, calculation of curvature directions and archaeobotanical analysis. These artifacts are associated to hunter-gatherer groups and different occupations of the early Holocene. The results obtained show, on the one hand, the efficiency of the use of these techniques in the analysis of wooden artifacts recovered in completely dry contexts. The use of 3D scanning techniques showed that they can improve the analysis of manufacturing traces and/or use of wooden artifacts and the possibility of simulating the obtained results by computer. On the other hand, they show the existence of morphometric patterns, sustained in time, which are related to the manufacturing of the artifacts from the Cerro Casa de Piedra 7. In summary, the archaeobotanical analysis methodology presented and developed in this work allows its application to the study of different woody materials regardless of their chronology and recovery site.
在干燥环境中发现的木制文物的研究很少。这项工作的目的是识别木制文物的形态测量模式，并评估它们与技术制造过程的关系。为此，通过3D扫描、曲率方向计算和考古植物学分析，对Cerro Casa de Piedra 7遗址的木制文物进行了分析。这些器物与全新世早期的狩猎采集者群体和不同职业有关。所获得的结果表明，一方面，在完全干燥的环境中使用这些技术分析木制文物的效率。3D扫描技术的使用表明，它们可以改善对制造痕迹和/或木制文物的使用的分析，以及通过计算机模拟所获得结果的可能性。另一方面，它们显示了形态测量模式的存在，这些模式在时间上持续存在，这与Cerro Casa de Piedra 7号文物的制造有关。总之，在这项工作中提出和发展的考古植物学分析方法允许其应用于不同木质材料的研究，而不考虑其年代和恢复地点。
{"title":"3D digitization and archaeobotanical analysis of wooden artifacts","authors":"L. Caruso Fermé, Ivana Leticia González Bagur","doi":"10.1177/09596836231176486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836231176486","url":null,"abstract":"The study of wooden artifacts recovered in dry context is scarce. The objective of this work is to identify morphometric patterns in wooden artifacts and to evaluate their relationship with the technological manufacturing processes. To this end, wooden artifacts were analyzed from the site Cerro Casa de Piedra 7, through the 3D scanning, calculation of curvature directions and archaeobotanical analysis. These artifacts are associated to hunter-gatherer groups and different occupations of the early Holocene. The results obtained show, on the one hand, the efficiency of the use of these techniques in the analysis of wooden artifacts recovered in completely dry contexts. The use of 3D scanning techniques showed that they can improve the analysis of manufacturing traces and/or use of wooden artifacts and the possibility of simulating the obtained results by computer. On the other hand, they show the existence of morphometric patterns, sustained in time, which are related to the manufacturing of the artifacts from the Cerro Casa de Piedra 7. In summary, the archaeobotanical analysis methodology presented and developed in this work allows its application to the study of different woody materials regardless of their chronology and recovery site.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41950859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1177/09596836231176497
I. Rivera-Collazo, S. Perdikaris
This article explores the landscape dynamics at the island of Barbuda in the context of changing climate to understand (1) the environmental setting of indigenous settlements; (2) the impacts of current coastal processes; and (3) the potential threats moving forward toward increasing pressure of climate change. Focusing on the site of Seaview, on the east coast of Barbuda, we use geoarchaeological methods to reconstruct the ancient geomorphological setting, investigate changes post-abandonment, and identify the hazards faced under future sea-level projections. Our study shows that (1) sea level stabilization after the Mid-Holocene allowed the formation of coral reefs, seagrass beds and other benthic ecosystems that allowed for biogenic sediment accumulation and growth of sand dune retention ridges. (2) These environmental characteristics, including rich marine food sources, supported the establishment and flourishing of Seaview starting ca. 160 BC. (3) Occupation ended at some point between AD960 and 1000. This change coincided with a period of increased storminess, higher SSTs, and possible coral reef mortality that affected both food availability and sediment supply. (4) Lack of sediments triggered progressive sand dune erosion that continues today and has left the sand dune ridge past the tipping point of erosion. (5) Looking into a future of rapidly changing climate, sea level rise poses a severe and devastating threat to the land- and seascapes of Barbuda. With the lowland coastal plain at or only slightly above current sea level, a rate of SLR comparable to Mid-Holocene rates, and rapid loss of sand dune ridges and coral reefs as natural barriers, it is just a matter of time before the lowlands become transformed beyond recognition. The results of this analysis can be used to improve long-term management of the heritage resources of Barbudans and shed light on parallel challenges experienced on other tropical coastal locations.
{"title":"Climate change, site formation, and indigenous use of coastlines in Barbuda","authors":"I. Rivera-Collazo, S. Perdikaris","doi":"10.1177/09596836231176497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836231176497","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the landscape dynamics at the island of Barbuda in the context of changing climate to understand (1) the environmental setting of indigenous settlements; (2) the impacts of current coastal processes; and (3) the potential threats moving forward toward increasing pressure of climate change. Focusing on the site of Seaview, on the east coast of Barbuda, we use geoarchaeological methods to reconstruct the ancient geomorphological setting, investigate changes post-abandonment, and identify the hazards faced under future sea-level projections. Our study shows that (1) sea level stabilization after the Mid-Holocene allowed the formation of coral reefs, seagrass beds and other benthic ecosystems that allowed for biogenic sediment accumulation and growth of sand dune retention ridges. (2) These environmental characteristics, including rich marine food sources, supported the establishment and flourishing of Seaview starting ca. 160 BC. (3) Occupation ended at some point between AD960 and 1000. This change coincided with a period of increased storminess, higher SSTs, and possible coral reef mortality that affected both food availability and sediment supply. (4) Lack of sediments triggered progressive sand dune erosion that continues today and has left the sand dune ridge past the tipping point of erosion. (5) Looking into a future of rapidly changing climate, sea level rise poses a severe and devastating threat to the land- and seascapes of Barbuda. With the lowland coastal plain at or only slightly above current sea level, a rate of SLR comparable to Mid-Holocene rates, and rapid loss of sand dune ridges and coral reefs as natural barriers, it is just a matter of time before the lowlands become transformed beyond recognition. The results of this analysis can be used to improve long-term management of the heritage resources of Barbudans and shed light on parallel challenges experienced on other tropical coastal locations.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44335655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1177/09596836231176502
R. Blong, K. Fryirs, R. Wood, Fleur King, L. Schneider, Emilie Dotte-Sarout, S. Fallon, R. Gillespie, Qianyang Chen, R. Esmay
Radiocarbon dates on multiple individual charcoal fragments floating together down the Macdonald River, New South Wales, Australia, have calibrated ages spanning >1700 years. Partial explanations of this range of inherited ages can be attributed to the inbuilt age of living biomass, charcoalisation conditions, hillslope transport and storage and/or valley floor (fluvial) transport and storage, but the contribution of each of these components can be constrained only rarely. These results caution against using radiocarbon dating of charcoal as the sole dating technique to interpret Late-Holocene sedimentary histories. These findings also show that it is unlikely that deposit age has a dependable relationship to charcoal age.
{"title":"Inherited age of floating charcoal fragments in a sand-bed stream, Macdonald River, NSW, Australia: Implications for radiocarbon dating of sediments","authors":"R. Blong, K. Fryirs, R. Wood, Fleur King, L. Schneider, Emilie Dotte-Sarout, S. Fallon, R. Gillespie, Qianyang Chen, R. Esmay","doi":"10.1177/09596836231176502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836231176502","url":null,"abstract":"Radiocarbon dates on multiple individual charcoal fragments floating together down the Macdonald River, New South Wales, Australia, have calibrated ages spanning >1700 years. Partial explanations of this range of inherited ages can be attributed to the inbuilt age of living biomass, charcoalisation conditions, hillslope transport and storage and/or valley floor (fluvial) transport and storage, but the contribution of each of these components can be constrained only rarely. These results caution against using radiocarbon dating of charcoal as the sole dating technique to interpret Late-Holocene sedimentary histories. These findings also show that it is unlikely that deposit age has a dependable relationship to charcoal age.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41985042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-04DOI: 10.1177/09596836231185839
Victor Lundström
The use of archaeological proxy records representative of population dynamics is paramount for a richer understanding of prehistoric cultural change, but its use require a dialectic assessment between proximate climatic drivers and ultimate cultural responses. Focusing on the Stone Age archaeological record of Western Norway (11,500–4300 cal. BP), this paper presents an exhaustive empirical curation and statistical testing between changing climates and demographic responses among coastal hunter-fisher-gatherers. The results connect long-term demographic fluctuations with changes in annual mean temperatures and seasonality and the results are discussed in relation changes in technology, subsistence and mobility. The paper also highlights the process of population decline and cultural loss towards the end of the Late Mesolithic (ca. 7000–6000 cal. BP) and emerging cultural novelties and population re-growth during the Early and Middle Neolithic (ca. 6000–4300 cal. BP). However, despite its strong correlation, the archaeological record of Western Norway lacks sufficient detail to ascribe an exclusive explanatory role to climate change, especially in episodes of significant population decline. This helps to emphasise that changing climates, while evidently central, form but a part of a larger system of interactions leading to demographic fluctuations and cultural change, the substantiation of which requires significant empirical improvements to the archaeological record.
{"title":"Living through changing climates: Temperature and seasonality correlate with population fluctuations among Holocene hunter-fisher-gatherers on the west coast of Norway","authors":"Victor Lundström","doi":"10.1177/09596836231185839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836231185839","url":null,"abstract":"The use of archaeological proxy records representative of population dynamics is paramount for a richer understanding of prehistoric cultural change, but its use require a dialectic assessment between proximate climatic drivers and ultimate cultural responses. Focusing on the Stone Age archaeological record of Western Norway (11,500–4300 cal. BP), this paper presents an exhaustive empirical curation and statistical testing between changing climates and demographic responses among coastal hunter-fisher-gatherers. The results connect long-term demographic fluctuations with changes in annual mean temperatures and seasonality and the results are discussed in relation changes in technology, subsistence and mobility. The paper also highlights the process of population decline and cultural loss towards the end of the Late Mesolithic (ca. 7000–6000 cal. BP) and emerging cultural novelties and population re-growth during the Early and Middle Neolithic (ca. 6000–4300 cal. BP). However, despite its strong correlation, the archaeological record of Western Norway lacks sufficient detail to ascribe an exclusive explanatory role to climate change, especially in episodes of significant population decline. This helps to emphasise that changing climates, while evidently central, form but a part of a larger system of interactions leading to demographic fluctuations and cultural change, the substantiation of which requires significant empirical improvements to the archaeological record.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43654948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.1177/09596836231185826
Rebecca Topness, R. Vachula, N. Balascio, W. D'Andrea, G. Pugsley, Moussa Dia, Martina T. Tingley, L. Curtin, S. Wickler, R. Anderson
Paleofire records document fire’s response to climate, ecosystem changes, and human-activity, offering insights into climate-fire-human relationships and the potential response of fire to anthropogenic climate change. We present three new lake sediment PAH records and a charcoal record from the Lofoten Islands, Norway to evaluate the Holocene fire history of northern Norway and examine human impacts on fire in this region. All three datasets show an increase in PAH accumulation rate over the past c. 7500 cal years BP, with an increase c. 5000 cal years BP that signals initial human impacts on fire activity. More significant increases c. 3500 cal years BP reach a maximum c. 2000 cal years BP that correlates with the establishment and expansion of agricultural settlements in Lofoten during the Late Bronze Age and Pre-Roman Iron Age. Decreased PAH accumulation rates c. 1500–900 cal years BP reflect less burning during the Late Iron Age and early medieval period. A shift toward higher molecular weight PAHs and increasing PAHs overall from c. 1000 cal years BP to present, reflects intensified human activity. Sedimentary charcoal (>125 and 63–125 µm) in the Lauvdalsvatnet record does not vary until an increase in the last 900 years, showing a proxy insensitivity to human-caused fire. The Late-Holocene increase in fire activity in Lofoten follows trends in regional charcoal records, but exhibits two distinct phases of increased fire that reflect the intensity of burning due to human landscape changes that overwhelm the signal of natural variations in regional fire activity.
古火记录记录了火对气候、生态系统变化和人类活动的响应，提供了对气候-火-人关系以及火对人为气候变化的潜在响应的见解。本文利用挪威罗弗敦群岛的3个湖泊沉积物多环芳烃记录和一个木炭记录来评估挪威北部全新世的火灾历史，并研究该地区人类活动对火灾的影响。所有三个数据集都显示，在过去的约7500 cal BP中，多环芳烃积累率有所增加，其中约5000 cal BP的增加标志着人类对火灾活动的初始影响。更显著的增加是在公元前3500年左右，在公元前2000年左右达到最大值，这与青铜时代晚期和罗马铁器时代前罗弗敦农业定居点的建立和扩张有关。1500-900 cal years BP的多环芳烃积累速率降低反映了铁器时代晚期和中世纪早期燃烧较少。从大约1000 cal years BP到现在，向更高分子量的多环芳烃的转变和多环芳烃的总体增加反映了人类活动的加剧。Lauvdalsvatnet记录中的沉积木炭(>125和63-125µm)直到最近900年才发生变化，表明对人为火灾不敏感。罗浮敦晚全新世火灾活动的增加遵循区域木炭记录的趋势，但表现出两个不同的火灾增加阶段，反映了由于人类景观变化而导致的燃烧强度，这些变化淹没了区域火灾活动的自然变化信号。
{"title":"Northern Norway paleofire records reveal two distinct phases of early human impacts on fire activity","authors":"Rebecca Topness, R. Vachula, N. Balascio, W. D'Andrea, G. Pugsley, Moussa Dia, Martina T. Tingley, L. Curtin, S. Wickler, R. Anderson","doi":"10.1177/09596836231185826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836231185826","url":null,"abstract":"Paleofire records document fire’s response to climate, ecosystem changes, and human-activity, offering insights into climate-fire-human relationships and the potential response of fire to anthropogenic climate change. We present three new lake sediment PAH records and a charcoal record from the Lofoten Islands, Norway to evaluate the Holocene fire history of northern Norway and examine human impacts on fire in this region. All three datasets show an increase in PAH accumulation rate over the past c. 7500 cal years BP, with an increase c. 5000 cal years BP that signals initial human impacts on fire activity. More significant increases c. 3500 cal years BP reach a maximum c. 2000 cal years BP that correlates with the establishment and expansion of agricultural settlements in Lofoten during the Late Bronze Age and Pre-Roman Iron Age. Decreased PAH accumulation rates c. 1500–900 cal years BP reflect less burning during the Late Iron Age and early medieval period. A shift toward higher molecular weight PAHs and increasing PAHs overall from c. 1000 cal years BP to present, reflects intensified human activity. Sedimentary charcoal (>125 and 63–125 µm) in the Lauvdalsvatnet record does not vary until an increase in the last 900 years, showing a proxy insensitivity to human-caused fire. The Late-Holocene increase in fire activity in Lofoten follows trends in regional charcoal records, but exhibits two distinct phases of increased fire that reflect the intensity of burning due to human landscape changes that overwhelm the signal of natural variations in regional fire activity.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47334849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-30DOI: 10.1177/09596836231185830
M. Gjerde, Oddmund Løkensgard Hoel, A. Nesje
This study presents a cross-disciplinary revision of the Little Ice Age (LIA) advance of Nigardsbreen glacier, an outlet from Jostedalsbreen ice cap in western Norway. The associated glacier foreland is characterised by a well-preserved moraine series succeeding the 1748 CE LIA culmination, and a robust age control of individual moraines exists from abundant historical written and pictorial information as well as extensive lichenometric studies. The retreat dynamics of Nigardsbreen ever since the LIA maximum extent was attained is considered well-known. The timing of initiation of the LIA advance and dynamics of the glacier growth prior to reaching its maximum extent, however, is less understood as any moraines predating 1748 CE have been subsequently overridden. Potential archives available for exploring the glacier advance are therefore mostly confined to historical data such as for example, tax records, paintings, and church books, which has resulted in a present-day consensus of the LIA onset of Nigardsbreen c. 1710 CE. However, we show that a lack of adequate critical analysis on the accuracy of published historical data has allowed erroneous ages of glacier terminus positions to manifest in literature, resulting in for example, overestimated glacial advance rates. Here, we combine a novel data set of local tax load directly reflecting glacial impact on farming productivity with a cross-disciplinary assessment of published historical data, including rejection of several data points of former glacier extents. As a result, we present a revised glacier length curve for the LIA advance of Nigardsbreen towards its maximum extent.
{"title":"The ‘Little Ice Age’ advance of Nigardsbreen, Norway: A cross-disciplinary revision of the chronological framework","authors":"M. Gjerde, Oddmund Løkensgard Hoel, A. Nesje","doi":"10.1177/09596836231185830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836231185830","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a cross-disciplinary revision of the Little Ice Age (LIA) advance of Nigardsbreen glacier, an outlet from Jostedalsbreen ice cap in western Norway. The associated glacier foreland is characterised by a well-preserved moraine series succeeding the 1748 CE LIA culmination, and a robust age control of individual moraines exists from abundant historical written and pictorial information as well as extensive lichenometric studies. The retreat dynamics of Nigardsbreen ever since the LIA maximum extent was attained is considered well-known. The timing of initiation of the LIA advance and dynamics of the glacier growth prior to reaching its maximum extent, however, is less understood as any moraines predating 1748 CE have been subsequently overridden. Potential archives available for exploring the glacier advance are therefore mostly confined to historical data such as for example, tax records, paintings, and church books, which has resulted in a present-day consensus of the LIA onset of Nigardsbreen c. 1710 CE. However, we show that a lack of adequate critical analysis on the accuracy of published historical data has allowed erroneous ages of glacier terminus positions to manifest in literature, resulting in for example, overestimated glacial advance rates. Here, we combine a novel data set of local tax load directly reflecting glacial impact on farming productivity with a cross-disciplinary assessment of published historical data, including rejection of several data points of former glacier extents. As a result, we present a revised glacier length curve for the LIA advance of Nigardsbreen towards its maximum extent.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46289395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-30DOI: 10.1177/09596836231185836
A. de Vareilles, J. Woodbridge, R. Pelling, R. Fyfe, David Smith, G. Campbell, Wendy Smith, W. Carruthers, Stacey Adams, Karine le Hégarat, Lucy Allot
The onset of prehistoric farming brought unprecedented changes to landscapes and their biodiversity. Past biodiversity patterns are broadly understood for different parts of Europe, and demonstrate trajectories that have been linked to prehistoric and historic demographic transitions, and associated land-use practices. To our knowledge, this paper is the first attempt to directly link evidence of agricultural practice from the archaeological record to biodiversity patterns. Records of fossil pollen are used to estimate plant and landscape diversity patterns, and novel approaches are employed to analyse 1194 harmonised archaeobotanical samples (plant macrofossil remains) spanning the prehistoric and Roman periods, from southern England. We demonstrate changes in the use of crops and gathered edible plants and non-linear trends in cultivation practices. Whilst, overall, cereal production is characterised by ever larger and extensive regimes, different trajectories are evident for most of early prehistory, the Middle Iron Age and the Late Roman period. Comparisons with the Shannon diversity of fossil pollen records from the same region suggest a positive relationship between developing agricultural regimes and landscape scale biodiversity during the prehistoric period. The Roman period represents a tipping point in the relationship between expanding agriculture and pollen diversity, with declining pollen diversity evident in the records from the region.
{"title":"The development of arable cultivation in the south-east of England and its relationship with vegetation cover: A honeymoon period for biodiversity?","authors":"A. de Vareilles, J. Woodbridge, R. Pelling, R. Fyfe, David Smith, G. Campbell, Wendy Smith, W. Carruthers, Stacey Adams, Karine le Hégarat, Lucy Allot","doi":"10.1177/09596836231185836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836231185836","url":null,"abstract":"The onset of prehistoric farming brought unprecedented changes to landscapes and their biodiversity. Past biodiversity patterns are broadly understood for different parts of Europe, and demonstrate trajectories that have been linked to prehistoric and historic demographic transitions, and associated land-use practices. To our knowledge, this paper is the first attempt to directly link evidence of agricultural practice from the archaeological record to biodiversity patterns. Records of fossil pollen are used to estimate plant and landscape diversity patterns, and novel approaches are employed to analyse 1194 harmonised archaeobotanical samples (plant macrofossil remains) spanning the prehistoric and Roman periods, from southern England. We demonstrate changes in the use of crops and gathered edible plants and non-linear trends in cultivation practices. Whilst, overall, cereal production is characterised by ever larger and extensive regimes, different trajectories are evident for most of early prehistory, the Middle Iron Age and the Late Roman period. Comparisons with the Shannon diversity of fossil pollen records from the same region suggest a positive relationship between developing agricultural regimes and landscape scale biodiversity during the prehistoric period. The Roman period represents a tipping point in the relationship between expanding agriculture and pollen diversity, with declining pollen diversity evident in the records from the region.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44828238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-29DOI: 10.1177/09596836231185827
Xiner Wu, Mathieu Lemay-Tougas, A. de Vernal, M. Garneau, B. Fréchette, T. Audet, C. Hillaire‐Marcel
The micropaleontological and palynological content, and geochemical and isotopic composition of a marine sediment core collected off Pointe-des-Monts in eastern Québec, Canada, reveal regional palaeoclimatic and paleoceanographic conditions in the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary over the last ~8200 years. The pollen and spore content allows comparison with the terrestrial palynostratigraphy, whereas dinoflagellate cysts and benthic foraminifera are used to reconstruct sea-surface conditions and bottom water properties, respectively. The dinocyst-based reconstructions indicate shifts between estuarine and oceanic conditions with important changes in sea-surface temperature, salinity, and primary productivity. Both the dinocyst assemblages and the quantitative sea-surface estimates highlight a distinct transition at ca. 4200 cal years BP. It is notably marked by a change towards higher salinity, which suggests reduced freshwater discharge, hence lower precipitation in the watershed, during the Late-Holocene. The isotopic composition (δ18O and δ13C) and assemblages of the benthic foraminifera indicate centennial to millennial frequency variability of bottom water properties, over a general trend towards decreasing temperatures and increasing ventilation from the beginning of the Middle Holocene until the last century. Since then, reverse trends with abrupt warming and decreasing dissolved oxygen content in bottom water have been observed.
摘要/ abstract摘要:通过对加拿大qubec东部Pointe-des-Monts海相沉积物岩心的微古生物学、孢粉学含量、地球化学和同位素组成的分析，揭示了近8200年来下圣劳伦斯河口地区的区域古气候和古海洋条件。花粉和孢子含量可以与陆地孢粉地层进行比较，而鞭毛藻囊和底栖有孔虫则分别用于重建海面条件和底水性质。基于恐龙囊的重建显示了河口和海洋条件之间的变化，海面温度、盐度和初级生产力发生了重要变化。恐龙囊组合和定量的海面估计都强调了大约4200 cal BP的明显转变。其显著特征是盐度升高，这表明晚全新世期间淡水流量减少，因此流域降水减少。底栖有孔虫的同位素组成(δ18O和δ13C)和组合表明，从中全新世开始到上个世纪，海底水性质的频率变化呈现出温度下降和通风增加的总体趋势。自那以后，观测到底部水溶解氧含量突然变暖和减少的相反趋势。
{"title":"Multi-proxy reconstruction of climate changes in the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary, Canada, during the Middle and Late-Holocene","authors":"Xiner Wu, Mathieu Lemay-Tougas, A. de Vernal, M. Garneau, B. Fréchette, T. Audet, C. Hillaire‐Marcel","doi":"10.1177/09596836231185827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836231185827","url":null,"abstract":"The micropaleontological and palynological content, and geochemical and isotopic composition of a marine sediment core collected off Pointe-des-Monts in eastern Québec, Canada, reveal regional palaeoclimatic and paleoceanographic conditions in the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary over the last ~8200 years. The pollen and spore content allows comparison with the terrestrial palynostratigraphy, whereas dinoflagellate cysts and benthic foraminifera are used to reconstruct sea-surface conditions and bottom water properties, respectively. The dinocyst-based reconstructions indicate shifts between estuarine and oceanic conditions with important changes in sea-surface temperature, salinity, and primary productivity. Both the dinocyst assemblages and the quantitative sea-surface estimates highlight a distinct transition at ca. 4200 cal years BP. It is notably marked by a change towards higher salinity, which suggests reduced freshwater discharge, hence lower precipitation in the watershed, during the Late-Holocene. The isotopic composition (δ18O and δ13C) and assemblages of the benthic foraminifera indicate centennial to millennial frequency variability of bottom water properties, over a general trend towards decreasing temperatures and increasing ventilation from the beginning of the Middle Holocene until the last century. Since then, reverse trends with abrupt warming and decreasing dissolved oxygen content in bottom water have been observed.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45018244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-29DOI: 10.1177/09596836231185838
Krzysztof Ninard, Mateusz Stolarczyk, Piotr Łapcik, A. Uchman
The paleopedological record documented in aeolian dunes of the eastern European Sand Belt comprises predominantly Arenosols and only occasionally well-developed Podzols. There are several Late Pleistocene pedostratigraphic marker horizons of varied soil types designated in the European dune and loess deposits, but none falls within the range of the Holocene. Buried Podzol occurrences found recently in 10 inland dune sites dispersed throughout Central and Eastern Poland share similar pedological properties, geomorphological setting, and age in the 5th–15th century AD range of the historical Middle Ages. Therefore, they meet the criteria for distinction as a pedostratigraphic marker under the name Grębociny soil, after a locality with the most advanced podzolization of the paleosol dated to the High Middle Ages (1000–1300 AD). Preservation of the soils was enabled by burial during anthropogenically induced dune remobilization. At least some of the investigated dunes were used as pasture during soil development, as evidenced by tetrapod hoofprints recorded in and above the buried Podzols. Prevalent podzolization during the Middle Ages, in contrast to preceding and later times, could be facilitated by not only an impact of agriculture and forestry, but also relative warmth and humidity of the Medieval Climatic Optimum (ca. 900–1400 AD).
{"title":"Buried Podzols as a pedostratigraphic marker for the Medieval Climatic Optimum: Grębociny soil in the dune deposits of the European Sand Belt","authors":"Krzysztof Ninard, Mateusz Stolarczyk, Piotr Łapcik, A. Uchman","doi":"10.1177/09596836231185838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836231185838","url":null,"abstract":"The paleopedological record documented in aeolian dunes of the eastern European Sand Belt comprises predominantly Arenosols and only occasionally well-developed Podzols. There are several Late Pleistocene pedostratigraphic marker horizons of varied soil types designated in the European dune and loess deposits, but none falls within the range of the Holocene. Buried Podzol occurrences found recently in 10 inland dune sites dispersed throughout Central and Eastern Poland share similar pedological properties, geomorphological setting, and age in the 5th–15th century AD range of the historical Middle Ages. Therefore, they meet the criteria for distinction as a pedostratigraphic marker under the name Grębociny soil, after a locality with the most advanced podzolization of the paleosol dated to the High Middle Ages (1000–1300 AD). Preservation of the soils was enabled by burial during anthropogenically induced dune remobilization. At least some of the investigated dunes were used as pasture during soil development, as evidenced by tetrapod hoofprints recorded in and above the buried Podzols. Prevalent podzolization during the Middle Ages, in contrast to preceding and later times, could be facilitated by not only an impact of agriculture and forestry, but also relative warmth and humidity of the Medieval Climatic Optimum (ca. 900–1400 AD).","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47184851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-29DOI: 10.1177/09596836231185828
Kurt H. Wogau, Benjamin Keenan, H. Arz, H. Böhnel
The Northern Mesoamerican Frontier was a complex multicultural region characterized by frequent human settlement changes and shifts in agricultural conditions during the Late Preclassic period (~400 BCE-150 CE). Here, we report a high-resolution paleoenvironmental record from the varved sedimentary sequence of the crater maar La Alberca which spans the Late Preclassic (~400 BCE-150 CE) to part of the Early Classic period (~150 CE-250 CE) corresponding to Late Chupicuaro phase (400 BCE-100 CE) and Mixtlan phase (0–250 CE). Our work aims to study the paleoenvironmental conditions during the rise of agriculture in the Northern Mesoamerican Frontier and provide insights related to landscape alteration by human activity. To reach these aims, a multiproxy investigation was conducted by means of varve counting, high-resolution XRF scans, magnetic susceptibility, pollen data and fecal stanol biomarkers as a proxy for human population change. Our results reveal two varve type. Type 1 is characterized by the alternation of detrital-organic layers and aragonite layers, type 2 by alternating detrital-organic layers with an organic layer formed by diatom frustules and aragonite layers. This study suggest that the increase of erosion by human activity during the Late Chupicuaro phase (400 BCE-100 CE) and the start of the Mixtlan phase (0–250 CE) coincide with a high percentage of Amaranthaceae pollen, a rise of sedimentation rates, increase in nutrient content and the increase of human waste flux interpreted with the (Coprostanol + epi) :((Coprostanol + epi)+cholestanol biomarker. Moreover, a wetter period (~137 BCE-37 CE) interpreted during the Late Chupiacuaro phase and the start of the Mixtlan phase could suggest favorable environmental conditions for the establishment of agriculture.
中美洲北部边境是一个复杂的多文化地区，其特点是前古典主义晚期（约公元前400年至公元前150年）人类定居频繁变化，农业条件发生变化。在这里，我们报告了一份高分辨率的古环境记录，该记录来自maar La Alberca火山口的可变沉积序列，该序列跨越了前古典晚期（约公元前400年至公元前150年）到对应于Chupicuaro晚期（约前400年-公元前100年）和Mixtlan期（0–250年）的早期古典期（约150年至公元后250年）。我们的工作旨在研究中美洲北部边境农业兴起期间的古环境条件，并提供与人类活动造成的景观变化有关的见解。为了实现这些目标，通过变异计数、高分辨率XRF扫描、磁化率、花粉数据和粪便锡醇生物标志物作为人类种群变化的指标，进行了一项多基因研究。我们的结果揭示了两种变异型。类型1的特征是碎屑有机层和霰石层的交替，类型2的特征是将碎屑有机层与由硅藻截头体和霰石形成的有机层交替。这项研究表明，在Chupicuaro晚期（公元前400年至公元前100年）和Mixtlan期开始（0–250年），人类活动造成的侵蚀增加，与苋科花粉的高百分比、沉降速率的上升、营养成分的增加以及用（Coprostanol）解释的人类排泄物流量的增加相一致 + 表）：（Coprostanol + epi）+胆甾烷醇生物标志物。此外，Chupiacuaro晚期和Mixtlan期开始期间的湿润期（约公元前137年至公元前37年）可能为农业的建立提供了有利的环境条件。
{"title":"Paleoenvironmental study of the Late Preclassic period in the Northern Mesoamerican Frontier","authors":"Kurt H. Wogau, Benjamin Keenan, H. Arz, H. Böhnel","doi":"10.1177/09596836231185828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836231185828","url":null,"abstract":"The Northern Mesoamerican Frontier was a complex multicultural region characterized by frequent human settlement changes and shifts in agricultural conditions during the Late Preclassic period (~400 BCE-150 CE). Here, we report a high-resolution paleoenvironmental record from the varved sedimentary sequence of the crater maar La Alberca which spans the Late Preclassic (~400 BCE-150 CE) to part of the Early Classic period (~150 CE-250 CE) corresponding to Late Chupicuaro phase (400 BCE-100 CE) and Mixtlan phase (0–250 CE). Our work aims to study the paleoenvironmental conditions during the rise of agriculture in the Northern Mesoamerican Frontier and provide insights related to landscape alteration by human activity. To reach these aims, a multiproxy investigation was conducted by means of varve counting, high-resolution XRF scans, magnetic susceptibility, pollen data and fecal stanol biomarkers as a proxy for human population change. Our results reveal two varve type. Type 1 is characterized by the alternation of detrital-organic layers and aragonite layers, type 2 by alternating detrital-organic layers with an organic layer formed by diatom frustules and aragonite layers. This study suggest that the increase of erosion by human activity during the Late Chupicuaro phase (400 BCE-100 CE) and the start of the Mixtlan phase (0–250 CE) coincide with a high percentage of Amaranthaceae pollen, a rise of sedimentation rates, increase in nutrient content and the increase of human waste flux interpreted with the (Coprostanol + epi) :((Coprostanol + epi)+cholestanol biomarker. Moreover, a wetter period (~137 BCE-37 CE) interpreted during the Late Chupiacuaro phase and the start of the Mixtlan phase could suggest favorable environmental conditions for the establishment of agriculture.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49330105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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