Pub Date : 2023-03-29DOI: 10.1177/09596836231157059
Pablo Heredia Barión, S. Roberts, C. Spiegel, S. Binnie, L. Wacker, J. Davies, Imogen Gabriel, V. Jones, S. Blockley, E. Pearson, Louise C. Foster, S. Davies, T. Roland, Emma P. Hocking, M. J. Bentley, D. Hodgson, C. Hayward, R. McCulloch, J. Strelin, G. Kuhn
To provide insights into glacier-climate dynamics of the South Shetland Islands (SSI), NW Antarctic Peninsula, we present a new deglaciation and readvance model for the Bellingshausen Ice Cap (BIC) on Fildes Peninsula and for King George Island/Isla 25 de Mayo (KGI) ~62°S. Deglaciation on KGI began after c. 15 cal. ka BP and had progressed to within present-day limits on the Fildes Peninsula, its largest ice-free peninsula, by c. 6.6–5.3 cal. ka BP. Probability density phase analysis of chronological data constraining Holocene glacier advances on KGI revealed up to eight 95% probability ‘gaps’ during which readvances could have occurred. These are grouped into four stages – Stage 1: a readvance and marine transgression, well-constrained by field data, between c. 7.4 and 6.6 cal. ka BP; Stage 2: four probability ‘gaps’, less well-constrained by field data, between c. 5.3 and 2.2 cal. ka BP; Stage 3: a well-constrained but restricted ‘readvance’ between c. 1.7 and 1.5 cal. ka BP; Stage 4: two further minor ‘readvances’, one less well-constrained by field data between c. 1.3 and 0.7 cal. ka BP (68% probability), and a ‘final’ well-constrained ‘readvance’ after <0.7 cal. ka BP. The Stage 1 readvance occurred as colder and more negative Southern Annular Mode (SAM)-like conditions developed, and marginally stronger/poleward shifted westerly winds led to more storms and precipitation on the SSI. Readvances after c. 5.3 cal. ka BP were possibly more frequent, driven by reducing spring/summer insolation at 62°S and negative SAM-like conditions, but weaker (equatorward shifted) Westerlies over the SSI led to reduced storminess, restricting readvances within or close to present day limits. Late Holocene readvances were anti-phased with subaquatic freshwater moss layers in lake records unaffected by glaciofluvial inputs. Retreat from ‘Neoglacial’ glacier limits and the recolonisation of lakes by subaquatic freshwater moss after 1950 CE is associated with recent warming/more positive SAM-like conditions.
{"title":"Holocene deglaciation and glacier readvances on the Fildes Peninsula and King George Island (Isla 25 de Mayo), South Shetland Islands, NW Antarctic Peninsula","authors":"Pablo Heredia Barión, S. Roberts, C. Spiegel, S. Binnie, L. Wacker, J. Davies, Imogen Gabriel, V. Jones, S. Blockley, E. Pearson, Louise C. Foster, S. Davies, T. Roland, Emma P. Hocking, M. J. Bentley, D. Hodgson, C. Hayward, R. McCulloch, J. Strelin, G. Kuhn","doi":"10.1177/09596836231157059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836231157059","url":null,"abstract":"To provide insights into glacier-climate dynamics of the South Shetland Islands (SSI), NW Antarctic Peninsula, we present a new deglaciation and readvance model for the Bellingshausen Ice Cap (BIC) on Fildes Peninsula and for King George Island/Isla 25 de Mayo (KGI) ~62°S. Deglaciation on KGI began after c. 15 cal. ka BP and had progressed to within present-day limits on the Fildes Peninsula, its largest ice-free peninsula, by c. 6.6–5.3 cal. ka BP. Probability density phase analysis of chronological data constraining Holocene glacier advances on KGI revealed up to eight 95% probability ‘gaps’ during which readvances could have occurred. These are grouped into four stages – Stage 1: a readvance and marine transgression, well-constrained by field data, between c. 7.4 and 6.6 cal. ka BP; Stage 2: four probability ‘gaps’, less well-constrained by field data, between c. 5.3 and 2.2 cal. ka BP; Stage 3: a well-constrained but restricted ‘readvance’ between c. 1.7 and 1.5 cal. ka BP; Stage 4: two further minor ‘readvances’, one less well-constrained by field data between c. 1.3 and 0.7 cal. ka BP (68% probability), and a ‘final’ well-constrained ‘readvance’ after <0.7 cal. ka BP. The Stage 1 readvance occurred as colder and more negative Southern Annular Mode (SAM)-like conditions developed, and marginally stronger/poleward shifted westerly winds led to more storms and precipitation on the SSI. Readvances after c. 5.3 cal. ka BP were possibly more frequent, driven by reducing spring/summer insolation at 62°S and negative SAM-like conditions, but weaker (equatorward shifted) Westerlies over the SSI led to reduced storminess, restricting readvances within or close to present day limits. Late Holocene readvances were anti-phased with subaquatic freshwater moss layers in lake records unaffected by glaciofluvial inputs. Retreat from ‘Neoglacial’ glacier limits and the recolonisation of lakes by subaquatic freshwater moss after 1950 CE is associated with recent warming/more positive SAM-like conditions.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":"33 1","pages":"636 - 658"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47672218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-26DOI: 10.1177/09596836231157292
C. Lüthgens, M. Luciani, S. Prochazka, Gustav Firla, P. Hoelzmann, A. M. Abualhassan
The phenomenon of very extended desert oases settlements, mega-sites featuring complex irrigation systems and monumental walls has long been observed in Northern Arabia. In the past, it has been linked to the settling down of nomadic components of the population and dated through archaeological material to the Late Bronze or Iron Ages (late second to mid-first millennium BCE). Since 2014 we have been investigating this development through the case study of the oasis of Qurayyah, a walled site of over 300 ha (Tabuk, NW Saudi Arabia). After mapping the geomorphological and hydroarchaeological layout of this ancient settlement, we established the age of key locations of the site through OSL and radiometric measurements from controlled stratigraphic excavations. We could thus confirm that a major – the largest so far documented in Arabia – flood protection and surface water harvesting system (SWHS) was developed already during the Early Bronze Age (2900–2600 calBCE) onto the relict late Pleistocene playa landscape. This sophisticated anthropogenic hydraulic infrastructure enabled the foundation of the river oasis and construction of the permanent walled settlement. Since different components of the SWHS erected on the site (dam, inlet, canals, weirs, outlet, etc.) resulted being synchronic, they are understood as functional elements of one and the same system. A test of the functionality of the identified SWHS for different rainfall scenarios has confirmed that the volume of its catchment’s surface-water supply was sufficient for irrigation, productive and drinking needs of the large oasis since its Early Bronze Age creation.
{"title":"Watering the desert: Oasis hydroarchaeology, geochronology and functionality in Northern Arabia","authors":"C. Lüthgens, M. Luciani, S. Prochazka, Gustav Firla, P. Hoelzmann, A. M. Abualhassan","doi":"10.1177/09596836231157292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836231157292","url":null,"abstract":"The phenomenon of very extended desert oases settlements, mega-sites featuring complex irrigation systems and monumental walls has long been observed in Northern Arabia. In the past, it has been linked to the settling down of nomadic components of the population and dated through archaeological material to the Late Bronze or Iron Ages (late second to mid-first millennium BCE). Since 2014 we have been investigating this development through the case study of the oasis of Qurayyah, a walled site of over 300 ha (Tabuk, NW Saudi Arabia). After mapping the geomorphological and hydroarchaeological layout of this ancient settlement, we established the age of key locations of the site through OSL and radiometric measurements from controlled stratigraphic excavations. We could thus confirm that a major – the largest so far documented in Arabia – flood protection and surface water harvesting system (SWHS) was developed already during the Early Bronze Age (2900–2600 calBCE) onto the relict late Pleistocene playa landscape. This sophisticated anthropogenic hydraulic infrastructure enabled the foundation of the river oasis and construction of the permanent walled settlement. Since different components of the SWHS erected on the site (dam, inlet, canals, weirs, outlet, etc.) resulted being synchronic, they are understood as functional elements of one and the same system. A test of the functionality of the identified SWHS for different rainfall scenarios has confirmed that the volume of its catchment’s surface-water supply was sufficient for irrigation, productive and drinking needs of the large oasis since its Early Bronze Age creation.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":"33 1","pages":"562 - 580"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49598032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-22DOI: 10.1177/09596836231157064
Lu Dai, Yu Bai, S. Y. Foong, Zhongjing Cheng
The underrepresentation of many important rainforest species in pollen records still hinders accurate paleovegetation reconstructions in tropical Southeast Asia. In this study, we conducted a modern phytolith study of 141 plant and 15 surface soil samples around the forests of Jerai Hill in western Peninsular Malaysia to evaluate the potential of phytolith assemblages as a proxy for indicating tropical vegetation types. In the plant samples, including many Dipterocarpaceae species, tracheary annulate/helical phytoliths occur most commonly, followed by silicified epidermis, silicified stomata, elongate entire, sclereid, trichomes, irregular. A few diagnostic phytoliths with unique morphological features are found in dicotyledonous trees, palms, and ferns, such as spheroid ornate (sph_orn) and spheroid echinate (sph_ech). In contrast, the phytolith assemblage of surface sediment is dominated by sph_orn, sph_ech, and spheroid psilate. This suggests that similar to pollen, the contribution from dominating forest vegetation rich in Dipterocarpaceae species is obscure in phytolith deposits. However, phytolith analysis highlights the representation of monocotyledons and a few dicotyledonous trees. The more sensitive indication of Poaceae short-cell phytoliths than pollen for parent plants implies that their ratio to forest indicator phytoliths might be a valuable proxy of landscape openness. Additionally, the statistical analysis confirms that phytolith assemblages in the heath forest are slightly different from those in the lowland dipterocarp forest, exhibiting their potential to indicate various vegetation types.
{"title":"Phytolith analyses of tropical plants and topsoil from western Peninsular Malaysia and their implications for paleoenvironmental reconstruction","authors":"Lu Dai, Yu Bai, S. Y. Foong, Zhongjing Cheng","doi":"10.1177/09596836231157064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836231157064","url":null,"abstract":"The underrepresentation of many important rainforest species in pollen records still hinders accurate paleovegetation reconstructions in tropical Southeast Asia. In this study, we conducted a modern phytolith study of 141 plant and 15 surface soil samples around the forests of Jerai Hill in western Peninsular Malaysia to evaluate the potential of phytolith assemblages as a proxy for indicating tropical vegetation types. In the plant samples, including many Dipterocarpaceae species, tracheary annulate/helical phytoliths occur most commonly, followed by silicified epidermis, silicified stomata, elongate entire, sclereid, trichomes, irregular. A few diagnostic phytoliths with unique morphological features are found in dicotyledonous trees, palms, and ferns, such as spheroid ornate (sph_orn) and spheroid echinate (sph_ech). In contrast, the phytolith assemblage of surface sediment is dominated by sph_orn, sph_ech, and spheroid psilate. This suggests that similar to pollen, the contribution from dominating forest vegetation rich in Dipterocarpaceae species is obscure in phytolith deposits. However, phytolith analysis highlights the representation of monocotyledons and a few dicotyledonous trees. The more sensitive indication of Poaceae short-cell phytoliths than pollen for parent plants implies that their ratio to forest indicator phytoliths might be a valuable proxy of landscape openness. Additionally, the statistical analysis confirms that phytolith assemblages in the heath forest are slightly different from those in the lowland dipterocarp forest, exhibiting their potential to indicate various vegetation types.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":"33 1","pages":"659 - 670"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47613067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-21DOI: 10.1177/09596836231157066
Sumit Sagwal, Dipanwita Sengupta, Adarsh Kumar, S. Dutt, P. Srivastava, R. Agnihotri, S. K. Gahlaud, Partha Sarathi Jena, A. Shivam, R. Bhushan
Wildfire is an integral component of the terrestrial ecosystem that plays a significant role in regulating the vegetation cover. The paleofire records stored in lacustrine, peat, or marine sedimentary deposits along with environmental proxy records provide temporal information on fire activity and contemporary climatic conditions on a regional scale. A ~2.8m long peat sedimentary profile from Stagmo, Indus Valley, Ladakh Himalaya was examined for sedimentology and charcoal microfossil contents to investigate fire characteristics and reconstruct wildfires which are compared with paleoclimatic changes and past human activities to assess their significance in biomass burning. Charcoal count (CC) analysis provides a suitable method for investigating climatic and vegetation changes with human intervention when no direct evidence is available in the Late-Holocene Trans Himalaya records. The results bring new insight into the interaction between vegetation, fire, and human activity in the Ladakh Himalaya during the past ~2.8 cal kyr BP. An event characterized by high CC at ~2.8 cal kyr BP is distinct from the whole sequence and cannot easily be explained as only the result of a climatic event. This first high charcoal count phase (2.81–2.55 cal kyr BP) could be a natural response to the expansion of forest and dense vegetation with human management interruption. This paleo wildfire event likely corresponds with the time of the Tibetan Plateau’s immediate human occupation. In the second phase, a relatively low charcoal count (1.65–1.54 cal kyr BP) is supported by the high fuel availability during a transitional phase. The third phase of wildfire reconstruction in Ladakh Himalaya is identified at ~1.38 cal kyr BP. This phase can be correlated with the intensified Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) advancing to Trans-Himalaya leading to increased human settlement in the region.
野火是陆地生态系统的一个组成部分，在调节植被覆盖方面发挥着重要作用。储存在湖泊、泥炭或海洋沉积矿床中的古火灾记录以及环境代理记录提供了区域尺度上火灾活动和当代气候条件的时间信息。对拉达克喜马拉雅印度河流域斯塔格莫的一条约2.8米长的泥炭沉积剖面进行了沉积学和木炭微体化石含量的检查，以调查火灾特征并重建野火，将其与古气候变化和过去的人类活动进行比较，以评估其在生物质燃烧中的意义。当全新世晚期横贯喜马拉雅山脉的记录中没有直接证据时，木炭计数（CC）分析为在人类干预下调查气候和植被变化提供了一种合适的方法。这些结果为过去~2.8年拉达克喜马拉雅地区植被、火灾和人类活动之间的相互作用带来了新的见解 cal kyr BP。以~2.8的高CC为特征的事件 cal kyr BP与整个序列不同，不能简单地解释为只是气候事件的结果。第一个高碳含量阶段（2.81–2.55 cal kyr BP）可能是对人类管理中断的森林和茂密植被扩张的自然反应。这场古野火事件可能与青藏高原被人类直接占领的时间相对应。在第二阶段，木炭含量相对较低（1.65–1.54 cal kyr BP）在过渡阶段期间的高燃料可用性支持。拉达克-喜马拉雅山火重建的第三阶段确定为1.38 cal kyr BP。这一阶段可能与印度夏季风（ISM）向跨喜马拉雅地区推进，导致该地区人类定居增加有关。
{"title":"Late-Holocene wildfire record from the Stagmo peat section, Leh valley, NW Himalaya","authors":"Sumit Sagwal, Dipanwita Sengupta, Adarsh Kumar, S. Dutt, P. Srivastava, R. Agnihotri, S. K. Gahlaud, Partha Sarathi Jena, A. Shivam, R. Bhushan","doi":"10.1177/09596836231157066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836231157066","url":null,"abstract":"Wildfire is an integral component of the terrestrial ecosystem that plays a significant role in regulating the vegetation cover. The paleofire records stored in lacustrine, peat, or marine sedimentary deposits along with environmental proxy records provide temporal information on fire activity and contemporary climatic conditions on a regional scale. A ~2.8m long peat sedimentary profile from Stagmo, Indus Valley, Ladakh Himalaya was examined for sedimentology and charcoal microfossil contents to investigate fire characteristics and reconstruct wildfires which are compared with paleoclimatic changes and past human activities to assess their significance in biomass burning. Charcoal count (CC) analysis provides a suitable method for investigating climatic and vegetation changes with human intervention when no direct evidence is available in the Late-Holocene Trans Himalaya records. The results bring new insight into the interaction between vegetation, fire, and human activity in the Ladakh Himalaya during the past ~2.8 cal kyr BP. An event characterized by high CC at ~2.8 cal kyr BP is distinct from the whole sequence and cannot easily be explained as only the result of a climatic event. This first high charcoal count phase (2.81–2.55 cal kyr BP) could be a natural response to the expansion of forest and dense vegetation with human management interruption. This paleo wildfire event likely corresponds with the time of the Tibetan Plateau’s immediate human occupation. In the second phase, a relatively low charcoal count (1.65–1.54 cal kyr BP) is supported by the high fuel availability during a transitional phase. The third phase of wildfire reconstruction in Ladakh Himalaya is identified at ~1.38 cal kyr BP. This phase can be correlated with the intensified Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) advancing to Trans-Himalaya leading to increased human settlement in the region.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":"33 1","pages":"685 - 694"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46187484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.1177/09596836221149586
S. Lukas
{"title":"Holocene book review: Landscapes and Landforms of Scotland (World Geomorphological Landscapes book series)","authors":"S. Lukas","doi":"10.1177/09596836221149586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836221149586","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":"33 1","pages":"484 - 485"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46241055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-17DOI: 10.1177/09596836231157060
D. Behera, P. Chauhan
From the early Holocene onward, the Indian Subcontinent has accommodated a range of diverse human cultures and associated ecological adaptations and lifestyles. Around 10 kyrs ago, the Subcontinent has witnessed the development of later Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and their subsequent regional transitions to pastoralist (Neolithic) and agricultural (Chalcolithic) lifeways. The Holocene climate records reveal discrepancies in the timing and duration of climatic events, which can be attributed to a vast geographic isolation, the influence of height, elevation, and local climatic conditions. These changing climatic patterns including the development of a geographically variable monsoon directly impacted these various cultures including the Harappans and their contemporaries as well as younger Historical and Medieval empires across India, at various levels. In some regions, environmental changes led to uneven cultural transitions, geographic migrations, and the development of regionally-distinct material cultures along with establishment of sedentary life-ways. This paper attempts to present a review broadly correlating general climatic patterns throughout the Holocene period of India with regional cultural dynamics. All geomorphic-climatic zones of the Subcontinent showed strong inter-proxy coherence between 9 and 5 kyrs in response to increased precipitation. After this warming period ends, we see a moderate dry period as a result of a weakening monsoon and an overall tendency toward aridity throughout all zones (after 4 kyrs). The temporal variation of human habitation and respective adaptive responses suggest broad linkages to the varying climatic and physiographic features at a regional scale. Learning how this shaped human eco-dynamics in the past can help us expand our understanding of human history and implement lessons for the present as well as the future.
{"title":"Investigating possible links between Holocene environmental changes and cultural transitions across India","authors":"D. Behera, P. Chauhan","doi":"10.1177/09596836231157060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836231157060","url":null,"abstract":"From the early Holocene onward, the Indian Subcontinent has accommodated a range of diverse human cultures and associated ecological adaptations and lifestyles. Around 10 kyrs ago, the Subcontinent has witnessed the development of later Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and their subsequent regional transitions to pastoralist (Neolithic) and agricultural (Chalcolithic) lifeways. The Holocene climate records reveal discrepancies in the timing and duration of climatic events, which can be attributed to a vast geographic isolation, the influence of height, elevation, and local climatic conditions. These changing climatic patterns including the development of a geographically variable monsoon directly impacted these various cultures including the Harappans and their contemporaries as well as younger Historical and Medieval empires across India, at various levels. In some regions, environmental changes led to uneven cultural transitions, geographic migrations, and the development of regionally-distinct material cultures along with establishment of sedentary life-ways. This paper attempts to present a review broadly correlating general climatic patterns throughout the Holocene period of India with regional cultural dynamics. All geomorphic-climatic zones of the Subcontinent showed strong inter-proxy coherence between 9 and 5 kyrs in response to increased precipitation. After this warming period ends, we see a moderate dry period as a result of a weakening monsoon and an overall tendency toward aridity throughout all zones (after 4 kyrs). The temporal variation of human habitation and respective adaptive responses suggest broad linkages to the varying climatic and physiographic features at a regional scale. Learning how this shaped human eco-dynamics in the past can help us expand our understanding of human history and implement lessons for the present as well as the future.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":"3 3","pages":"728 - 745"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41296670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-16DOI: 10.1177/09596836231157067
I. Ward, Tjaltjraak Healthy Country Program Team, David R. Guilfoyle, A. O’Donnell, Chae Byrne, M. Macphail, S. Hopper
In early 2021 several tree stumps embedded in a remnant peat deposit were found in the intertidal zone of Wharton Beach, southwestern Australia by Esperance Tjaltjraak Rangers. Attempts were made to identify the tree using both dendrochronological and anthracological methods but were limited by the lack of reference information from tree species in the southwestern Australia. Radiocarbon dates from one stump indicates the tree lived for approximately 200 years, growing into the peaty sediments sometime before ca. 7340 cal yrs BP and died directly or indirectly as a result of marine transgression. The peat deposit is dated to 7608–7429 cal yrs BP but its exposed seaward edge was unconformably underlain by younger sand, dated by OSL to around 3550 years, which may have intruded as a result of a storm event. An OSL age of 12,600 years was obtained from the base of a laminated dune sequence behind the exposed peat deposit, and is significant given a similar age for a previously documented infant burial site in the area. Together these records provide a rare insight into the former wetland landscape and a cultural and scientific link to the drowned coastal plain. A need for more integrative research along this cultural corridor is clear but this preliminary study has demonstrated the value of combining Cultural Knowledge Systems and Western Science, for Tjaltjraak Healthy Country Program and analogous Aboriginal ‘caring for country’ programmes throughout Australia.
2021年初，Esperance Tjaltjraak Rangers在澳大利亚西南部沃顿海滩的潮间带发现了几根嵌入残余泥炭沉积物中的树桩。人们试图使用树木分类学和炭疽学方法来鉴定这棵树，但由于缺乏澳大利亚西南部树种的参考信息而受到限制。一个树桩的放射性碳年代表明这棵树活了大约200年 年，在约7340年前的某个时候生长在泥炭沉积物中 年BP，直接或间接死于海侵。泥炭矿床的年代为7608-7429年 cal years BP，但其暴露的向海边缘被较年轻的沙子不整合地覆盖，OSL确定其年代为3550年左右 年，可能是风暴事件的结果。12600岁的OSL年龄 年是从暴露的泥炭矿床后面的层状沙丘序列的底部获得的，考虑到该地区先前记录的婴儿埋葬地点的年龄相似，这一点意义重大。这些记录共同提供了对前湿地景观的罕见见解，并与淹没的沿海平原建立了文化和科学联系。很明显，有必要沿着这条文化走廊进行更综合的研究，但这项初步研究已经证明了将文化知识系统和西方科学相结合的价值，用于Tjaltjraak健康乡村计划和澳大利亚各地类似的原住民“关爱乡村”计划。
{"title":"Remnant peat deposit provides clues to the inundated cultural landscapes of Kepa Kurl, southwestern Australia","authors":"I. Ward, Tjaltjraak Healthy Country Program Team, David R. Guilfoyle, A. O’Donnell, Chae Byrne, M. Macphail, S. Hopper","doi":"10.1177/09596836231157067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836231157067","url":null,"abstract":"In early 2021 several tree stumps embedded in a remnant peat deposit were found in the intertidal zone of Wharton Beach, southwestern Australia by Esperance Tjaltjraak Rangers. Attempts were made to identify the tree using both dendrochronological and anthracological methods but were limited by the lack of reference information from tree species in the southwestern Australia. Radiocarbon dates from one stump indicates the tree lived for approximately 200 years, growing into the peaty sediments sometime before ca. 7340 cal yrs BP and died directly or indirectly as a result of marine transgression. The peat deposit is dated to 7608–7429 cal yrs BP but its exposed seaward edge was unconformably underlain by younger sand, dated by OSL to around 3550 years, which may have intruded as a result of a storm event. An OSL age of 12,600 years was obtained from the base of a laminated dune sequence behind the exposed peat deposit, and is significant given a similar age for a previously documented infant burial site in the area. Together these records provide a rare insight into the former wetland landscape and a cultural and scientific link to the drowned coastal plain. A need for more integrative research along this cultural corridor is clear but this preliminary study has demonstrated the value of combining Cultural Knowledge Systems and Western Science, for Tjaltjraak Healthy Country Program and analogous Aboriginal ‘caring for country’ programmes throughout Australia.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":"33 1","pages":"671 - 684"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46025375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-10DOI: 10.1177/09596836231157062
Mengyao Du, V. Jones, M. van Hardenbroek, Louisa Matthews, Kejia Ji
Temperate lake sediments store a substantial amount of organic carbon (OC) over millennia. Despite the importance of quantifying terrestrial carbon budgets for Nature-based Solutions, the long-term accumulation of OC in European temperate lakes is poorly constrained. In this study, we analyzed 30 lake sediment records to generate a preliminary first-order estimate of Holocene OC accumulation rate (OCAR) and OC storage in UK lakes. We also examined the environmental variables that influence OCAR and produced synthesized Holocene records of %OC and z-scores of log-transformed OCAR and sediment accumulation rate (SAR) at 500-year resolution. Based on our estimation, we report an average Holocene OCAR of 7.4 ± 5.5 g C m−2 yr−1 and a Holocene total OC storage of 0.24 ± 0.18 Pg C in UK lakes. Apart from latitude, no relationship was found between the average Holocene OCAR and the various environmental variables (i.e. temperature, precipitation, surface area, catchment area, depth, altitude, and geology type). During the Holocene, OCAR closely resembles variations in SAR, whereas the increase in %OC is likely explained by the warming climate. Early Holocene variations in OCAR were primarily climate-driven. In contrast, the anthropogenic impact on the landscape exerted a predominant influence on OC burial during the middle-late Holocene. Our results improve the current understanding of terrestrial carbon budgets in the UK and demonstrate the under-appreciated importance of lakes as long-term OC stores.
温带湖泊沉积物储存了数千年的大量有机碳。尽管量化陆地碳预算对于基于自然的解决方案很重要，但OC在欧洲温带湖泊的长期积累受到了很好的限制。在这项研究中，我们分析了30个湖泊沉积物记录，以初步估计英国湖泊中全新世OC积累率（OCAR）和OC储存量。我们还研究了影响OCAR的环境变量，并在500年分辨率下产生了对数转换OCAR和沉积物累积率（SAR）的%OC和z分数的全新世综合记录。根据我们的估计，我们报告的全新世平均OCAR为7.4 ± 5.5 g C m−2 yr−1，全新世总有机碳储量为0.24 ± 0.18 英国湖泊中的Pg C。除纬度外，全新世平均OCAR与各种环境变量（即温度、降水量、表面积、集水区、深度、海拔和地质类型）之间没有关系。全新世期间，OCAR与SAR的变化非常相似，而%OC的增加可能是由气候变暖引起的。OCAR的全新世早期变化主要是由气候驱动的。相反，在全新世中晚期，人类对景观的影响对OC埋藏产生了主要影响。我们的研究结果提高了目前对英国陆地碳预算的理解，并证明了湖泊作为长期OC储存的重要性被低估。
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Pub Date : 2023-03-10DOI: 10.1177/09596836231157058
Mingying Quan, Wei Zhong, Xiaojun Wang, Bingxiang Wang, Tianhang Li
Understanding the responses of vegetation composition to climate, fire regimes and human disturbance is crucial to provide valuable insights to protect current and future ecosystems. However, relevant studies were poorly performed on the heavily forested montane areas in subtropic East Asia. In this study, we present pollen and charcoal records from a 95-cm long peat core in the subalpine Daping swamp in the western Nanling Mountains in subtropic China, to discuss the possible interactions among vegetation, fire, climatic change, and human activities in the late-Holocene. Our results suggest that the vegetation in the study area was composed of deciduous–evergreen mixed forests with few fire events during 3140–630 cal yr BP, and its changes were mainly controlled by climate with rare human impacts reflected by low concentrations of charcoals, low proportions of Poaceae pollen, and high AP/NAP ratios. After 630 cal yr BP, pollen data indicate an obvious shift from dense forests to more open landscape. The sharp increase of charcoal concentrations, the extremely low AP/NAP and increased Poaceae percentages suggest that this vegetation shift is not only impacted by the dry climate conditions, but also by the intensified deforestation due to enhanced human activities such as the slash-and-burn cultivation, etc. This study reveals a vital transitional timing from the natural to the superimposed anthropogenic forcing of vegetation composition and fire regimes at ~630 cal yr BP. Regional comparison of charcoal records indicates that the onset timing of intensified human disturbance in the inland montane areas is much later than that in the coastal areas in subtropic China. We infer the obstacle impacts of the montane terrain and the different responses of the dissemination of agriculture and enhanced population migration have played a crucial role in this asynchronous spreading pattern.
了解植被组成对气候、火情和人类干扰的反应，对于保护当前和未来的生态系统提供有价值的见解至关重要。然而，对东亚亚热带森林茂密的山地地区的相关研究却很少。在本研究中，我们提供了中国亚热带南岭西部亚高山大坪沼泽中一个95厘米长的泥炭芯的花粉和木炭记录，以讨论植被、火灾、气候变化和人类活动在全新世晚期的可能相互作用。我们的研究结果表明，研究区域的植被由落叶-常绿混合林组成，在3140–630年期间很少发生火灾 cal-yr-BP，其变化主要受气候控制，低浓度的木炭、低比例的禾本科花粉和高AP/NAP比率反映了罕见的人类影响。630之后 cal yr BP，花粉数据表明，从茂密的森林到更开阔的景观有了明显的转变。木炭浓度的急剧增加、极低的AP/NAP和禾本科植物百分比的增加表明，这种植被变化不仅受到干旱气候条件的影响，还受到人类活动（如刀耕火种）加强导致的森林砍伐加剧的影响。这项研究揭示了植被组成和火情从自然到人为叠加的重要过渡时间，约为630 cal yr BP。木炭记录的区域比较表明，中国亚热带内陆山区人类干扰加剧的发生时间远晚于沿海地区。我们推断，山地地形的障碍影响以及农业传播和人口迁移增强的不同反应在这种异步传播模式中发挥了至关重要的作用。
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Pub Date : 2023-03-09DOI: 10.1177/09596836231157063
H. Iijima, J. Nagata, A. Izuno, K. Uchiyama, N. Akashi, Daisuke Fujiki, Takeo Kuriyama
Deer species were repeatedly overexploited and protected for their meat and fur and they had strong impacts on ecosystems and human society by damaging crops and planted trees, altering vegetation, deer vehicle collision, and increasing ticks that vector zoonosis. To accomplish appropriate population management, the historical demography and its main driver need to be clarified. In this study, we estimated the historical demography of effective population size (Ne) of sika deer (Cervus nippon Temminck) in Hokkaido and Hyogo Prefectures of the Japanese archipelago. We estimated Ne of >100 generations from present (2020) by folded single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) frequency spectra and, within 100 generations from present, by linkage disequilibrium between SNP. In Hokkaido, Ne drastically increased around 3.0 ky BP and decreased around 100–150 years ago with the assumption of their generation length as 4 or 9 years. The Ne decreased by a 10th before the recent bottleneck. In Hyogo, Ne increased around 80 and 1 ky BP and decreased around 100–250 years ago. Ne decreased by a 100th before the recent bottleneck. After these recent bottlenecks, Ne of both regions recovered and the current Ne has nearly reaches the highest level of the last 100 ky BP. Literature survey and paleoclimate indicates that the decrease and increase of Ne of sika deer in Japanese archipelago may be caused by variations in the hunting activity of humans rather than climate change or the top predator extinction.
鹿物种因其肉和毛皮而一再被过度开发和保护，它们破坏了作物和种植的树木，改变了植被，鹿与车辆相撞，并增加了传播人畜共患疾病的蜱虫，对生态系统和人类社会产生了强烈影响。为了实现适当的人口管理，需要澄清历史人口学及其主要驱动因素。在本研究中，我们估计了日本列岛北海道和兵库县梅花鹿（Cervus nippon Temminck）有效种群规模（Ne）的历史人口学。我们通过折叠单核苷酸多态性（SNP）频谱估计了从现在（2020年）起>100代的Ne，并通过SNP之间的连锁不平衡估计了在从现在起100代内的Ne。在北海道，Ne在3.0左右急剧上升 ky BP，下降约100-150 几年前，假设它们的世代长度为4或9 年。在最近出现瓶颈之前，Ne下降了十分之一。在兵库县，Ne增加了约80和1 ky BP，下降约100-250 几年前。Ne在最近的瓶颈之前下降了100。在最近的这些瓶颈之后，两个地区的Ne都恢复了，目前的Ne几乎达到了过去100年的最高水平 ky BP。文献调查和古气候表明，日本列岛梅花鹿Ne的减少和增加可能是由于人类狩猎活动的变化，而不是气候变化或顶级捕食者的灭绝。
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