Health Affairs最新文献

Over the course of the past two decades, attrition within the US governmental public health workforce has passed concerning and become dire. The practice sector has struggled to recruit and retain new talent, despite the infusion of considerable federal investment in workforce expansion initiatives. In 2020, Emory University's Rollins School of Public Health partnered with the Georgia Department of Public Health to establish the Rollins Epidemiology Fellowship Program. Initially created to recruit and place early-career master of public health-level epidemiologists into Georgia's public health system for COVID-19 pandemic response, the two-year service-learning program has evolved into an effective and replicable model of direct academic involvement in strengthening the governmental public health workforce. Here we describe the program's structure and early results, spotlighting it for consideration by the federal government and other jurisdictions interested in directly engaging academia in efforts to revitalize the public health workforce.

Public health surveillance and data systems in the US remain an unnamed facet of structural racism. What gets measured, which data get collected and analyzed, and how and by whom are not matters of happenstance. Rather, surveillance and data systems are productions and reproductions of political priority, epistemic privilege, and racialized state power. This has consequences for how communities of color are represented or misrepresented, viewed, and valued and for what is prioritized and viewed as legitimate cause for action. Surveillance and data systems accordingly must be understood as both an instrument of structural racism and an opportunity to dismantle it. Here, we outline a critique of standard surveillance systems and practice, drawing from the social epidemiology, critical theory, and decolonial theory literatures to illuminate matters of power germane to epistemic and procedural justice in the surveillance of communities of color. We then summarize how community partners, academics, and state health department data scientists collaborated to reimagine survey practices in Oregon, engaging public health critical race praxis and decolonial theory to reorient toward antiracist surveillance systems. We close with a brief discussion of implications for practice and areas for continued consideration and reflection.

Multisector collaboration is critical for improving population health. Improving alignment between nonprofit hospitals and local health departments is one promising approach to achieving health improvement, and a number of states are exploring policies to facilitate such collaboration. Using public documents, we evaluated the alignment between Ohio nonprofit hospitals and local health departments in the community health needs they identify and those they prioritize. The top three needs identified by hospitals and health departments were mental health, substance use, and obesity. Alignment across organizations was high among the top needs, but it varied more among less commonly identified needs. Alignment related to social determinants of health was low, with health departments being more responsive to social determinants than hospitals. Given the different strengths and capacities of hospitals and health departments, this divergence may be in the best interests of the communities they serve. Community benefit policies should consider how to promote collaboration between hospitals and health departments while also encouraging organizations to use their own expertise to meet community needs.

The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated a need to strengthen the US public health system by shifting toward much greater community engagement and leadership. In November and December 2023, we conducted separate online surveys of community-based organizations and large metropolitan health departments to identify barriers and opportunities for building a public health system with strong community partnerships. Identified barriers included mistrust, siloed health departments with structural challenges in funding community-based organizations, and insufficient shared decision making. The surveys helped inform our six policy recommendations: establish state and local community councils to formalize the roles of community-based organizations in public health decision making; dedicate funding to these organizations; offer funding that is not limited to a specific disease or condition; simplify procurement and reporting processes directed to community-based organizations; create a training and technical assistance program for these organizations; and increase public health worker diversity, including sustainable funding for community health workers.

Public health departments in the US have experienced workforce shortages and challenges in recruiting new employees for decades. Reimagining the public health system will require sufficiently staffed health departments. This Commentary summarizes what is known about the issues that state and local health departments face during the hiring process, with a focus on civil service and merit-based hiring barriers. Although health departments have recently received funding to recruit new employees, they still struggle to hire them. Recommendations for change include tracking hiring process metrics; implementing formal quality improvement to strategically resolve delays; developing formal pathways for converting fellows, interns, and contractors into staff positions; and initiating workarounds in the short term and legal changes to hiring rules as necessary and feasible.

Public health legal powers are increasingly under pressure from the courts in the United States. During the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals and organizations successfully challenged many community mitigation orders (for example, mask mandates, vaccination mandates, and restrictions on gatherings), demonstrating the legal vulnerability of disease control measures. Analyzing 112 judicial decisions in which the plaintiff prevailed from March 2020 through March 2023, we examined the ways in which courts constrained public health powers during the COVID-19 pandemic. We found that in these 112 decisions, courts shifted how they analyze religious liberty claims and reviewed challenges to the exercise of statutory powers by health officials in novel ways. We discuss implications for public health policy going forward, and we recommend ways in which legislatures and health officials can design policies to maximize their prospects of surviving legal challenges.

Governmental public health agencies in the US are understaffed, and ongoing shortages will have a detrimental effect on their ability to provide basic public health services and protections. Public Health AmeriCorps was established in 2022 to support efforts to create a stronger and more diverse public health workforce nationwide. The Minnesota Public Health Corps, one of the largest Public Health AmeriCorps models, is a capacity-building program that places AmeriCorps members directly into governmental public health settings across the state. We used data from the first year of the Minnesota Public Health Corps (2022-23) to describe the experiences of thirty-five sites participating in the program. We also examined preliminary findings about how it shaped AmeriCorps members' skills and prospects related to career development in public health. Corps members were younger and more diverse than the current public health workforce in Minnesota, and the majority said that they intended to pursue a public health career. Host sites reported improved capacity to deliver public health services and indicated that corps members helped them reach new populations. Our evaluation demonstrates that this statewide program may be a scalable model to address parts of the acute capacity gaps at public health agencies, as well as long-term efforts to revitalize the workforce.