The above article, published online on 17 March 2021 in Wiley Online Library (https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley. com/doi/10.1002/1873-3468.14075), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor in Chief, Michael Brunner, and John Wiley and Sons Ltd. The retraction has been agreed because, following publication, the authors realized that the clone used as WT strain (PCC7942) and reference in their study had acquired a spontaneous mutation that affected its temperature sensitivity, which impacted the conclusions about the role of RpaA. Therefore, the interpretation of the results was considered incorrect.
上述文章于2021年3月17日在线发表在Wiley在线图书馆(https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley)。http://www.doi/10.1002/1873-3468.14075)，经作者、期刊主编Michael Brunner和John Wiley and Sons Ltd.同意撤回。由于在论文发表后，作者意识到作为WT菌株(PCC7942)和参考的克隆获得了一个影响其温度敏感性的自发突变，从而影响了关于RpaA作用的结论，因此同意撤回。因此，对结果的解释被认为是不正确的。
{"title":"Retraction Statement: The circadian rhythm regulator RpaA modulates photosynthetic electron transport and alters the preferable temperature range for growth in a cyanobacterium","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/1873-3468.14363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.14363","url":null,"abstract":"The above article, published online on 17 March 2021 in Wiley Online Library (https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley. com/doi/10.1002/1873-3468.14075), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor in Chief, Michael Brunner, and John Wiley and Sons Ltd. The retraction has been agreed because, following publication, the authors realized that the clone used as WT strain (PCC7942) and reference in their study had acquired a spontaneous mutation that affected its temperature sensitivity, which impacted the conclusions about the role of RpaA. Therefore, the interpretation of the results was considered incorrect.","PeriodicalId":50454,"journal":{"name":"FEBS Letters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42126236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zheng Qin, Yanan Wu, T. Sun, Ting Ma, Meng Xu, Chen Pang, Sha Li, Sha Li
The development of male and female gametophytes is a prerequisite for successful propagation of angiosperms. The small GTPases RAN play fundamental roles in numerous cellular processes. Although RAN GTPases have been characterized in plants, their roles in cellular processes are far from understood. We report here that RAN GTPases in Arabidopsis are critical for gametophytic development. RAN1 loss‐of‐function showed no defects in gametophytic development likely due to redundancy. However, the expression of a dominant negative or constitutively active RAN1 resulted in gametophytic lethality. Genetic interference of RAN GTPases caused the arrest of pollen mitosis I and of mitosis of functional megaspores, implying a key role of properly regulated RAN activity in mitosis during gametophytic development.
{"title":"Arabidopsis RAN GTPases are critical for mitosis during male and female gametogenesis","authors":"Zheng Qin, Yanan Wu, T. Sun, Ting Ma, Meng Xu, Chen Pang, Sha Li, Sha Li","doi":"10.1002/1873-3468.14422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.14422","url":null,"abstract":"The development of male and female gametophytes is a prerequisite for successful propagation of angiosperms. The small GTPases RAN play fundamental roles in numerous cellular processes. Although RAN GTPases have been characterized in plants, their roles in cellular processes are far from understood. We report here that RAN GTPases in Arabidopsis are critical for gametophytic development. RAN1 loss‐of‐function showed no defects in gametophytic development likely due to redundancy. However, the expression of a dominant negative or constitutively active RAN1 resulted in gametophytic lethality. Genetic interference of RAN GTPases caused the arrest of pollen mitosis I and of mitosis of functional megaspores, implying a key role of properly regulated RAN activity in mitosis during gametophytic development.","PeriodicalId":50454,"journal":{"name":"FEBS Letters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46336172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The immunomodulating effect of phlorotannin was investigated in mice stimulated by ovalbumin. When analyzing the main components of phlorotannin concentrate (PTC) from Eisenia nipponica, seven phlorotannins [eckol, 6,6'-bieckol, 6,8'-bieckol, 8,8'-bieckol, dieckol, phlorofucofuroeckol (PFF)-A, and PFF-B] were detected. These phlorotannins accounted for approximately 80% of PTC. Oral administration of PTC to mice daily for 21 days reduced serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and total IgG1 levels attributable to Th2 cells. The production of splenic cytokines [interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor-β1] and Treg cell-mediated expression of forkhead box protein P3 mRNA were significantly increased whereas the production of inflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-17) by Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells was markedly suppressed. IL-21 production and basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor mRNA expression attributable to follicular helper T (Tfh) cells were also suppressed. Flow cytometric analyses demonstrated increased number of Treg cells despite a decrease in the total T cell population. An increase in total B cells was also observed by the flow cytometric analyses in addition to increases in IL-10 production, which activates B cells. In contrast, the significantly suppressed production of inflammatory cytokines and moderate increase in Treg cell subpopulation indicated a direct impact of PTC on inflammatory lymphocytes (Th1, Th2, Th17, and Tfh). Thus, PTC may exert antiallergic effects by immunomodulation of T cells and inactivation of inflammatory lymphocyte.
{"title":"The Immunomodulating Effect of Phlorotannins from a Brown Alga, Eisenia nipponica, on Mice Stimulated with Ovalbumin through T Cell Regulation.","authors":"Yoshimasa Sugiura, Yuta Matsuura, Hirotaka Katsuzaki, Makoto Kakinuma, Hideomi Amano, Masakatsu Usui, Ryusuke Tanaka, Teruo Matsushita, Masaaki Miyata","doi":"10.1007/s11130-022-00974-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11130-022-00974-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The immunomodulating effect of phlorotannin was investigated in mice stimulated by ovalbumin. When analyzing the main components of phlorotannin concentrate (PTC) from Eisenia nipponica, seven phlorotannins [eckol, 6,6'-bieckol, 6,8'-bieckol, 8,8'-bieckol, dieckol, phlorofucofuroeckol (PFF)-A, and PFF-B] were detected. These phlorotannins accounted for approximately 80% of PTC. Oral administration of PTC to mice daily for 21 days reduced serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and total IgG<sub>1</sub> levels attributable to Th2 cells. The production of splenic cytokines [interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor-β1] and Treg cell-mediated expression of forkhead box protein P3 mRNA were significantly increased whereas the production of inflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-17) by Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells was markedly suppressed. IL-21 production and basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor mRNA expression attributable to follicular helper T (Tfh) cells were also suppressed. Flow cytometric analyses demonstrated increased number of Treg cells despite a decrease in the total T cell population. An increase in total B cells was also observed by the flow cytometric analyses in addition to increases in IL-10 production, which activates B cells. In contrast, the significantly suppressed production of inflammatory cytokines and moderate increase in Treg cell subpopulation indicated a direct impact of PTC on inflammatory lymphocytes (Th1, Th2, Th17, and Tfh). Thus, PTC may exert antiallergic effects by immunomodulation of T cells and inactivation of inflammatory lymphocyte.</p>","PeriodicalId":50454,"journal":{"name":"FEBS Letters","volume":"487 1","pages":"307-316"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77333265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. A. Phan, Seol Ki Paeng, H. Chae, Joung Hun Park, Eun Seon Lee, Seong Dong Wi, Su Bin Bae, M. G. Kim, D. Yun, Woe-Yeon Kim, Sang Yeol Lee
Environmental stresses restrict plant growth and development and decrease crop yield. The circadian clock is associated with the ability of a plant to adapt to daily environmental fluctuations and the production and consumption of energy. Here, we investigated the role of Arabidopsis Universal Stress Protein (USP; At3g53990) in the circadian regulation of nuclear clock genes. The Arabidopsis usp knockout mutant line exhibited critically diminished circadian amplitude of the central oscillator CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) but enhanced the amplitude of TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1). However, the expression of USP under the control of its own promoter restored the circadian timing of both genes, suggesting that USP regulates the circadian rhythm of Arabidopsis central clock genes, CCA1 and TOC1.
{"title":"Universal Stress Protein regulates the circadian rhythm of central oscillator genes in Arabidopsis","authors":"K. A. Phan, Seol Ki Paeng, H. Chae, Joung Hun Park, Eun Seon Lee, Seong Dong Wi, Su Bin Bae, M. G. Kim, D. Yun, Woe-Yeon Kim, Sang Yeol Lee","doi":"10.1002/1873-3468.14410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.14410","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental stresses restrict plant growth and development and decrease crop yield. The circadian clock is associated with the ability of a plant to adapt to daily environmental fluctuations and the production and consumption of energy. Here, we investigated the role of Arabidopsis Universal Stress Protein (USP; At3g53990) in the circadian regulation of nuclear clock genes. The Arabidopsis usp knockout mutant line exhibited critically diminished circadian amplitude of the central oscillator CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) but enhanced the amplitude of TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1). However, the expression of USP under the control of its own promoter restored the circadian timing of both genes, suggesting that USP regulates the circadian rhythm of Arabidopsis central clock genes, CCA1 and TOC1.","PeriodicalId":50454,"journal":{"name":"FEBS Letters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45032644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Glycolysis is present in nearly all organisms alive today. This article proposes an evolutionary trajectory for the development of glycolysis in the framework of the chemoautotrophic theory for the origin of life. In the proposal, trioses and triose‐phosphates were appointed to starting points. The six‐carbon and the three‐carbon intermediates developed in the direction of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis, respectively, differing from the from‐bottom‐to‐up development of enzymatic glycolysis. The examination of enzymatic reaction mechanisms revealed that the enzymes incorporated chemical mechanisms of the nonenzymatic stage, making possible to identify kinship between glyoxalases and glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase as well as methylglyoxal synthase and triose‐phosphate isomerase. This developmental trajectory may shed light on how glycolysis might have developed in the nonenzymatic era.
{"title":"Hidden biochemical fossils reveal an evolutionary trajectory for glycolysis in the prebiotic era","authors":"M. Kalapos, L. de Bari","doi":"10.1002/1873-3468.14408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.14408","url":null,"abstract":"Glycolysis is present in nearly all organisms alive today. This article proposes an evolutionary trajectory for the development of glycolysis in the framework of the chemoautotrophic theory for the origin of life. In the proposal, trioses and triose‐phosphates were appointed to starting points. The six‐carbon and the three‐carbon intermediates developed in the direction of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis, respectively, differing from the from‐bottom‐to‐up development of enzymatic glycolysis. The examination of enzymatic reaction mechanisms revealed that the enzymes incorporated chemical mechanisms of the nonenzymatic stage, making possible to identify kinship between glyoxalases and glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase as well as methylglyoxal synthase and triose‐phosphate isomerase. This developmental trajectory may shed light on how glycolysis might have developed in the nonenzymatic era.","PeriodicalId":50454,"journal":{"name":"FEBS Letters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44574193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-20Print Date: 2022-08-01DOI: 10.3171/2021.11.PEDS21203
Marie-Laure Cuny, Laurence Vaivre-Douret, Hélène Piana, Thomas Blauwblomme, Kévin Beccaria, Giovanna Paternoster, Marie Bourgeois, Syril James, Michel Zerah, Julie Prodhomme, Eglantine Esnault, Mathilde Cozzo, Clémence Trousson, Béatrice Navarro, Sarah Stricker, Nathalie Boddaert, Christian Sainte-Rose, Pascale Piolino, Stephanie Puget
<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to determine the cognitive profile of children with a temporal arachnoid cyst (TAC) and its impact on daily life.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The authors prospectively analyzed the cognitive and psychological profiles of 100 consecutive children relative to age and cyst characteristics (side, cyst size, and cyst shape: convex or nonconvex) and their outcome 4 years later.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean IQs were normal but with high heterogeneity on Full Scale IQ (FSIQ; range 59-150); 29% of children had at least one Wechsler index below the norm, in particular, Processing Speed and Working Memory Indexes. Impairments were observed in language for 31% of children, as well as in verbal memory (28%), visual memory (23%), executive function (21%), and visual attention (24%). Half of the children (50%) needed rehabilitation for learning difficulties, and 26% had academic difficulties. The parental questionnaire BRIEF (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function) revealed significant executive dysfunctions in daily life for 22% of the children. One-third of the patients (34%) required psychotherapy for anxiety or social disorders, with higher rates in patients with a right-sided cyst and older children. Cyst size had very little neuropsychological impact. Convex cysts were significantly associated with worse performance than nonconvex cysts on all Wechsler indexes and FSIQ, and in language, verbal memory, attention, and visuospatial skills. Children with a convex cyst had significantly more executive and behavior difficulties in daily life and more psychotherapy than other children. The effect of cyst shape was independent of Galassi type and cyst side. Children with a ruptured cyst or an incidentally discovered cyst usually had a good cognitive level. Four years later, children without initial disorders remained stable, whereas those with difficulties who did not undergo surgery needed more rehabilitation and school adaptations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This large cohort study revealed a varied profile of children with a TAC: at initial assessment, 50% had neuropsychological difficulties and needed rehabilitation and/or psychotherapy for learning or behavior difficulties, and 50% had no difficulties, which may explain the debate about this pathology. Patients with neuropsychological difficulties had a heterogeneous profile with normal intelligence but selective cognitive and/or behavior disorders that may have a long-term impact on their quality of life, particularly those with a right-sided cyst. A neuropsychological evaluation is not always necessary for a cyst discovered incidentally, but early evaluation is essential in patients with academic, learning, or psychological disorders. When assessment shows selective disorders presumably linked to cyst location, surgery may be considered, particularly for convex cysts, as this study revealed more effects in association wi
{"title":"Temporosylvian arachnoid cysts in children. Part 1: Cognitive profile of children with a temporal cyst and impact of the cyst in daily life. A prospective study in 100 consecutive children.","authors":"Marie-Laure Cuny, Laurence Vaivre-Douret, Hélène Piana, Thomas Blauwblomme, Kévin Beccaria, Giovanna Paternoster, Marie Bourgeois, Syril James, Michel Zerah, Julie Prodhomme, Eglantine Esnault, Mathilde Cozzo, Clémence Trousson, Béatrice Navarro, Sarah Stricker, Nathalie Boddaert, Christian Sainte-Rose, Pascale Piolino, Stephanie Puget","doi":"10.3171/2021.11.PEDS21203","DOIUrl":"10.3171/2021.11.PEDS21203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to determine the cognitive profile of children with a temporal arachnoid cyst (TAC) and its impact on daily life.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The authors prospectively analyzed the cognitive and psychological profiles of 100 consecutive children relative to age and cyst characteristics (side, cyst size, and cyst shape: convex or nonconvex) and their outcome 4 years later.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean IQs were normal but with high heterogeneity on Full Scale IQ (FSIQ; range 59-150); 29% of children had at least one Wechsler index below the norm, in particular, Processing Speed and Working Memory Indexes. Impairments were observed in language for 31% of children, as well as in verbal memory (28%), visual memory (23%), executive function (21%), and visual attention (24%). Half of the children (50%) needed rehabilitation for learning difficulties, and 26% had academic difficulties. The parental questionnaire BRIEF (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function) revealed significant executive dysfunctions in daily life for 22% of the children. One-third of the patients (34%) required psychotherapy for anxiety or social disorders, with higher rates in patients with a right-sided cyst and older children. Cyst size had very little neuropsychological impact. Convex cysts were significantly associated with worse performance than nonconvex cysts on all Wechsler indexes and FSIQ, and in language, verbal memory, attention, and visuospatial skills. Children with a convex cyst had significantly more executive and behavior difficulties in daily life and more psychotherapy than other children. The effect of cyst shape was independent of Galassi type and cyst side. Children with a ruptured cyst or an incidentally discovered cyst usually had a good cognitive level. Four years later, children without initial disorders remained stable, whereas those with difficulties who did not undergo surgery needed more rehabilitation and school adaptations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This large cohort study revealed a varied profile of children with a TAC: at initial assessment, 50% had neuropsychological difficulties and needed rehabilitation and/or psychotherapy for learning or behavior difficulties, and 50% had no difficulties, which may explain the debate about this pathology. Patients with neuropsychological difficulties had a heterogeneous profile with normal intelligence but selective cognitive and/or behavior disorders that may have a long-term impact on their quality of life, particularly those with a right-sided cyst. A neuropsychological evaluation is not always necessary for a cyst discovered incidentally, but early evaluation is essential in patients with academic, learning, or psychological disorders. When assessment shows selective disorders presumably linked to cyst location, surgery may be considered, particularly for convex cysts, as this study revealed more effects in association wi","PeriodicalId":50454,"journal":{"name":"FEBS Letters","volume":"22 1","pages":"138-149"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74625216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rui Zhang, Qiuyan Dong, Panpan Zhao, Anna Eickelkamp, Chunmin Ma, Gefeng He, Fangjun Li, L. Wallrad, Tobias Becker, Zhaohu Li, J. Kudla, X. Tian
Efficient allocation of the essential nutrient potassium (K+) is a central determinant of plant ion homeostasis and involves AKT2 K+ channels. Here, we characterize four AKT2 K+ channels from cotton and report that xylem and phloem expressed GhAKT2bD facilitates K+ allocation and that AKT2‐silencing impairs plant growth and development. We uncover kinase activity‐dependent activation of GhAKT2bD‐mediated K+ uptake by AtCBL4–GhCIPK1 calcium signalling complexes in HEK293T cells. Moreover, AtCBL4–AtCIPK6 complexes known to convey activation of AtAKT2 in Arabidopsis also activate cotton GhAKT2bD in HEK293T cells. Collectively, these findings reveal an essential role for AKT2 in the source‐sink allocation of K+ in cotton and identify GhAKT2bD as subject to complex regulation by CBL–CIPK Ca2+ sensor–kinase complexes.
{"title":"The potassium channel GhAKT2bD is regulated by CBL–CIPK calcium signalling complexes and facilitates K+ allocation in cotton","authors":"Rui Zhang, Qiuyan Dong, Panpan Zhao, Anna Eickelkamp, Chunmin Ma, Gefeng He, Fangjun Li, L. Wallrad, Tobias Becker, Zhaohu Li, J. Kudla, X. Tian","doi":"10.1002/1873-3468.14377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.14377","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient allocation of the essential nutrient potassium (K+) is a central determinant of plant ion homeostasis and involves AKT2 K+ channels. Here, we characterize four AKT2 K+ channels from cotton and report that xylem and phloem expressed GhAKT2bD facilitates K+ allocation and that AKT2‐silencing impairs plant growth and development. We uncover kinase activity‐dependent activation of GhAKT2bD‐mediated K+ uptake by AtCBL4–GhCIPK1 calcium signalling complexes in HEK293T cells. Moreover, AtCBL4–AtCIPK6 complexes known to convey activation of AtAKT2 in Arabidopsis also activate cotton GhAKT2bD in HEK293T cells. Collectively, these findings reveal an essential role for AKT2 in the source‐sink allocation of K+ in cotton and identify GhAKT2bD as subject to complex regulation by CBL–CIPK Ca2+ sensor–kinase complexes.","PeriodicalId":50454,"journal":{"name":"FEBS Letters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45482989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The water-soluble thione/thiol ergothioneine (ET) was first isolated in 1909 by Charles Tanret [1], from the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea. This fungus is notorious for the toxicity of some of its metabolites to humans, causing ergotism [2], which has even been linked to the Salem witch trials [3]. However, ergotism has nothing to do with ET, which is instead very safe for human consumption and is synthesized by a range of other fungi and some bacteria (reviewed in [4–9]). Its biosynthetic pathways are reviewed in detail in [6]. Indeed, as far as we know, humans and other animals obtain all their ET from the diet [4,5,7–10], whereas plants seem to obtain it from fungi and other soil microorganisms [9]. An enormous amount of work was done on ET in the 1950s, as summarized in the excellent review by Melville [7]. Interest then waned but has picked up rapidly in recent years (Fig. 1). We, therefore, thought that it was about time for a collection of articles and reviews highlighting the recent developments in the ET field. We, thus, approached both FEBS Letters, which was very supportive, and a range of experts working on ET, who were almost uniformly enthusiastic and happy to contribute. The FEBS Letters Special Issue ‘Ergothioneine, where are we now?’ is the result of these activities and contains 11 articles by leading experts. One catalyst for this upsurge of interest was the discovery in 2005 of a transporter for ET (OCTN1, often now called the ergothioneine transporter, ETT), which accounts for the fact that animals (including humans) take up and avidly retain ET from the diet [11]. The specificity of ETT for ET has often been challenged but has been reconfirmed in several studies [11–13], as reviewed in depth by Grundemann et al. in this special issue [14]. The presence of a specific transporter together with the avid retention of ET in the body implies that this compound is important to us, and indeed in 2018 Bruce Ames proposed that ET be classified as a ‘longevity vitamin’ [15]. No specific deficiency disease has yet been identified for ET, which makes it hard to formally classify it as a vitamin. Perhaps, however, deficiency diseases are staring us in the face: low blood or plasma levels of ET are correlated with increased risk of frailty [16–18], cardiovascular disease [19], mild cognitive impairment [18, 20–22], dementia [22,23] and Parkinson’s disease [24]. Indeed, ET has many neuroprotective properties [4,5,18,26,27], as reviewed in detail in this special issue [18,25,26]. Consistent with a key protective role of ET against the development of age-related diseases, higher dietary consumption of mushrooms, a rich source of ET [9], is associated with lower disease risk [28–31]. However, we must be cautious; to quote an old phrase ‘correlation does not imply causation’. Low ET levels may predispose to disease, but disease could also lead to low ET levels. Possible reasons could include alterations in diet due to illness so that less ET
{"title":"Ergothioneine, where are we now?","authors":"B. Halliwell, I. Cheah","doi":"10.1002/1873-3468.14350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.14350","url":null,"abstract":"The water-soluble thione/thiol ergothioneine (ET) was first isolated in 1909 by Charles Tanret [1], from the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea. This fungus is notorious for the toxicity of some of its metabolites to humans, causing ergotism [2], which has even been linked to the Salem witch trials [3]. However, ergotism has nothing to do with ET, which is instead very safe for human consumption and is synthesized by a range of other fungi and some bacteria (reviewed in [4–9]). Its biosynthetic pathways are reviewed in detail in [6]. Indeed, as far as we know, humans and other animals obtain all their ET from the diet [4,5,7–10], whereas plants seem to obtain it from fungi and other soil microorganisms [9]. An enormous amount of work was done on ET in the 1950s, as summarized in the excellent review by Melville [7]. Interest then waned but has picked up rapidly in recent years (Fig. 1). We, therefore, thought that it was about time for a collection of articles and reviews highlighting the recent developments in the ET field. We, thus, approached both FEBS Letters, which was very supportive, and a range of experts working on ET, who were almost uniformly enthusiastic and happy to contribute. The FEBS Letters Special Issue ‘Ergothioneine, where are we now?’ is the result of these activities and contains 11 articles by leading experts. One catalyst for this upsurge of interest was the discovery in 2005 of a transporter for ET (OCTN1, often now called the ergothioneine transporter, ETT), which accounts for the fact that animals (including humans) take up and avidly retain ET from the diet [11]. The specificity of ETT for ET has often been challenged but has been reconfirmed in several studies [11–13], as reviewed in depth by Grundemann et al. in this special issue [14]. The presence of a specific transporter together with the avid retention of ET in the body implies that this compound is important to us, and indeed in 2018 Bruce Ames proposed that ET be classified as a ‘longevity vitamin’ [15]. No specific deficiency disease has yet been identified for ET, which makes it hard to formally classify it as a vitamin. Perhaps, however, deficiency diseases are staring us in the face: low blood or plasma levels of ET are correlated with increased risk of frailty [16–18], cardiovascular disease [19], mild cognitive impairment [18, 20–22], dementia [22,23] and Parkinson’s disease [24]. Indeed, ET has many neuroprotective properties [4,5,18,26,27], as reviewed in detail in this special issue [18,25,26]. Consistent with a key protective role of ET against the development of age-related diseases, higher dietary consumption of mushrooms, a rich source of ET [9], is associated with lower disease risk [28–31]. However, we must be cautious; to quote an old phrase ‘correlation does not imply causation’. Low ET levels may predispose to disease, but disease could also lead to low ET levels. Possible reasons could include alterations in diet due to illness so that less ET ","PeriodicalId":50454,"journal":{"name":"FEBS Letters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48004025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Achieving gain‐of‐function phenotypes without inserting foreign DNA is an important challenge for plant biotechnologists. Here, we show that a gene can be brought under the control of a promoter from an upstream gene by deleting the intervening genomic sequence using dual‐guide CRISPR/Cas9. We fuse the promoter of a nonessential photosynthesis‐related gene to DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE 2 (DGAT2) in the lipase‐deficient sugar‐dependent 1 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana to drive ectopic oil accumulation in leaves. DGAT2 expression is enhanced more than 20‐fold and the triacylglycerol content increases by around 30‐fold. This deletion strategy offers a transgene‐free route to engineering traits that rely on transcriptional gain‐of‐function, such as producing high lipid forage to increase the productivity and sustainability of ruminant farming.
{"title":"A native promoter–gene fusion created by CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated genomic deletion offers a transgene‐free method to drive oil accumulation in leaves","authors":"R. Bhunia, Guillaume N. Menard, P. Eastmond","doi":"10.1002/1873-3468.14365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.14365","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving gain‐of‐function phenotypes without inserting foreign DNA is an important challenge for plant biotechnologists. Here, we show that a gene can be brought under the control of a promoter from an upstream gene by deleting the intervening genomic sequence using dual‐guide CRISPR/Cas9. We fuse the promoter of a nonessential photosynthesis‐related gene to DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE 2 (DGAT2) in the lipase‐deficient sugar‐dependent 1 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana to drive ectopic oil accumulation in leaves. DGAT2 expression is enhanced more than 20‐fold and the triacylglycerol content increases by around 30‐fold. This deletion strategy offers a transgene‐free route to engineering traits that rely on transcriptional gain‐of‐function, such as producing high lipid forage to increase the productivity and sustainability of ruminant farming.","PeriodicalId":50454,"journal":{"name":"FEBS Letters","volume":"596 1","pages":"1865 - 1870"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43968397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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