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Resonant Forcing by Solar Declination of Rossby Waves at the Tropopause and Implications in Extreme Events, Precipitation, and Heat Waves—Part 1: Theory 对流层顶罗斯比波的太阳倾角共振强迫及其对极端事件、降水和热浪的影响--第 1 部分:理论
Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.3390/atmos15050608
J. Pinault
The purpose of this first article is to provide a physical basis for atmospheric Rossby waves at the tropopause to clarify their properties and improve our knowledge of their role in the genesis of extreme precipitation and heat waves. By analogy with the oceanic Rossby waves, the role played by the pycnocline in ocean Rossby waves is replaced here by the interface between the polar jet and the ascending air column at the meeting of the polar and Ferrel cell circulation or between the subtropical jet and the descending air column at the meeting of the Ferrel and Hadley cell circulation. In both cases, the Rossby waves are suitable for being resonantly forced in harmonic modes by tuning their natural period to the forcing period. Here, the forcing period is one year as a result of the variation in insolation due to solar declination. A search for cause-and-effect relationships is performed from the joint representation of the amplitude and phase of (1) the velocity of the cold or warm modulated airflows at 250 mb resulting from Rossby waves, (2) the geopotential height at 500 mb, and (3) the precipitation rate or ground air temperature. This is for the dominant harmonic mode whose period can be 1/16, 1/32, or 1/64 year, which reflects the intra-seasonal variations in the rising and falling air columns at the meeting of the polar, Ferrel, and Hadley cell circulation. Harmonics determine the duration of blocking. Two case studies referring to extreme cold and heat waves are presented. Dual cyclone–anticyclone systems seem to favor extreme events. They are formed by two joint vortices of opposite signs reversing over a period, concomitantly with the involved modulated airflows at the tropopause. A second article will be oriented toward (1) the examination of different case studies in order to ascertain the common characteristics of Rossby wave patterns leading to extreme events and (2) a map of the globe revealing future trends in the occurrence of extreme events.
这第一篇文章的目的是为对流层顶的大气罗斯比波提供物理基础,以阐明其特性,并增进我们对其在极端降水和热浪产生过程中所起作用的了解。通过与海洋罗斯比波的类比,这里用极地和费雷尔环流交汇处的极地喷流和上升气柱之间的界面,或费雷尔和哈德利环流交汇处的副热带喷流和下降气柱之间的界面,取代了海洋罗斯比波中的pycnocline所扮演的角色。在这两种情况下,罗斯比波都适合通过将其固有周期调整为强迫周期,以谐波模式进行共振强迫。在这里,由于太阳偏角引起的日照变化,强迫周期为一年。从以下方面的振幅和相位的联合表示中寻找因果关系:(1) 罗斯比波产生的 250 mb 处的冷或暖调制气流速度;(2) 500 mb 处的位势高度;(3) 降水速率或地面气温。这是针对主要的谐波模式,其周期可以是 1/16、1/32 或 1/64 年,反映了极地环流、费雷尔环流和哈德利环流交汇处上升和下降气柱的季节内变化。谐波决定了阻塞的持续时间。介绍了有关极端寒潮和热浪的两个案例研究。双气旋-反气旋系统似乎有利于极端事件的发生。双气旋-反气旋系统是由两个相反符号的联合涡旋在一个时期内逆转形成的,同时在对流层顶也有相关的调节气流。第二篇文章将着眼于:(1) 对不同案例的研究,以确定导致极端事件的罗斯比波模式的共同特征;(2) 绘制全球地图,揭示极端事件发生的未来趋势。
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引用次数: 0
ECMWF Ensemble Forecasts of Six Tropical Cyclones That Formed during a Long-Lasting Rossby Wave Breaking Event in the Western North Pacific ECMWF 对在北太平洋西部一次持续时间较长的罗斯比破浪事件中形成的六个热带气旋的集合预报
Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.3390/atmos15050610
Russell L. Elsberry, Hsiao-Chung Tsai, Wei-Chia Chin, Timothy P. Marchok
The ECMWF‘s ensemble (ECEPS) predictions are documented for the lifecycles of six tropical cyclones (TCs) that formed during a long-lasting Rossby wave breaking event in the western North Pacific. All six TC tracks started between 20° N and 25° N, and between 136° E and 160° E. All five typhoons recurved north of 30° N, and the three typhoons that did not make landfall had long tracks to 50° N and beyond. The ECEPS weighted mean vector motion track forecasts from pre-formation onward are quite accurate, with track forecast spreads that are primarily related to initial position uncertainties. The ECEPS intensity forecasts have been validated relative to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) Working Best Track (WBT) intensities (when available). The key results for Tokage (11 W) were the ECEPS forecasts of the intensification to a peak intensity of 100 kt, and then a rapid decay as a cold-core cyclone. For Hinnamnor (12 W), the key result was the ECEPS intensity forecasts during the post-extratropical transition period when Hinnamnor was rapidly translating poleward through the Japan Sea. For Muifa (14 W), the key advantage of the ECEPS was that intensity guidance was provided for longer periods than the JTWC 5-day forecast. The most intriguing aspect of the ECEPS forecasts for post-Merbok (15 W) was its prediction of a transition to an intense, warm-core vortex after Merbok had moved beyond 50° N and was headed toward the Aleutian Islands. The most disappointing result was that the ECEPS over-predicted the slow intensification rate of Nanmadol (16 W) until the time-to-typhoon (T2TY), but then failed to predict the large rapid intensification (RI) following the T2TY. The tentative conclusion is that the ECEPS model‘s physics are not capable of predicting the inner-core spin-up rates when a small inner-core vortex is undergoing large RI.
ECMWF 的集合(ECEPS)预测记录了在北太平洋西部一次持续时间较长的罗斯比破浪事件中形成的六个热带气旋(TC)的生命周期。所有 6 个热带气旋的路径都始于北纬 20 度和 25 度之间,以及东经 136 度和 160 度之间。所有 5 个台风都在北纬 30 度以北重新出现,没有登陆的 3 个台风的路径长达北纬 50 度及以上。从台风形成前开始,ECEPS 的加权平均矢量运动路径预报相当准确,路径预报偏差主要与初始位置的不确定性有关。根据联合台风警报中心(JTWC)的工作最佳路径(WBT)强度(如有),对 ECEPS 强度预报进行了验证。"蝎虎"(11 W)的关键结果是 ECEPS 预测强度增强到 100 kt 的峰值,然后作为冷核气旋迅速衰减。对于 Hinnamnor(12 W),关键结果是 ECEPS 在后副热带高压过渡期间的强度预测,当时 Hinnamnor 正穿过日本海快速向极地移动。对于 "缪法"(14 W),ECEPS 的主要优势是提供了比 JTWC 5 天预报更长时间的强度指导。ECEPS 对后 "梅博克"(15 W)的预报最吸引人的地方是,它预测在 "梅博克 "移动到北纬 50 度以外并向阿留申群岛移动后,会过渡到一个强烈的暖核涡旋。最令人失望的结果是,ECEPS 过高预测了南玛都(16 W)在台风来临时(T2TY)之前的缓慢加强率,但未能预测 T2TY 之后的大规模快速加强(RI)。初步结论是,ECEPS 模型的物理学原理无法预测小内核涡旋在经历大 RI 时的内核自旋上升率。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of the Historical Trends and Variability of Rainfall Patterns during the March–May Season in Rwanda 卢旺达 3-5 月份降雨模式的历史趋势和变异性调查
Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.3390/atmos15050609
Constance Uwizewe, Jianping Li, Théogène Habumugisha, Ahmad Abdullahi Bello
This study explores the spatiotemporal variability and determinants of rainfall patterns during the March to May (MAM) season in Rwanda, incorporating an analysis of teleconnections with oceanic–atmospheric indices over the period 1983–2021. Utilizing the Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) dataset, the study employs a set of statistical tools including standardized anomalies, empirical orthogonal functions (EOF), Pearson correlation, the Mann–Kendall (MK) trend test, and Sen’s slope estimator to dissect the intricacies of rainfall variability, trends, and their association with large-scale climatic drivers. The findings reveal a distinct southwest to northwest rainfall gradient across Rwanda, with the MK test signaling a decline in annual precipitation, particularly in the southwest. The analysis for the MAM season reveals a general downtrend in rainfall, attributed in part to teleconnections with the Indian Ocean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Notably, the leading EOF mode for MAM rainfall demonstrates a unimodal pattern, explaining a significant 51.19% of total variance, and underscoring the pivotal role of atmospheric dynamics and moisture conveyance in shaping seasonal rainfall. The spatial correlation analysis suggests a modest linkage between MAM rainfall and the Indian Ocean Dipole, indicating that negative (positive) phases are likely to result in anomalously wet (dry) conditions in Rwanda. This comprehensive assessment highlights the intricate interplay between local rainfall patterns and global climatic phenomena, offering valuable insights into the meteorological underpinnings of rainfall variability during Rwanda’s critical MAM season.
本研究探讨了卢旺达 3 月至 5 月(MAM)季节降雨模式的时空变异性和决定因素,并结合了 1983-2021 年期间与海洋-大气指数的远程联系分析。该研究利用气候灾害小组红外降水站(CHIRPS)数据集,采用了一套统计工具,包括标准化异常、经验正交函数(EOF)、皮尔逊相关性、曼-肯德尔(MK)趋势检验和森斜率估计器,以剖析降雨量变化的复杂性、趋势及其与大尺度气候驱动因素的关联。研究结果表明,整个卢旺达的降雨量呈明显的西南至西北梯度,MK 检验表明年降水量下降,尤其是在西南部。对 MAM 季节的分析表明,降雨量呈总体下降趋势,部分原因在于与印度洋海面温度(SST)的遥感联系。值得注意的是,MAM 降雨量的主要 EOF 模式显示出一种单模式模式,解释了 51.19% 的显著总变异,并强调了大气动力学和水汽输送在形成季节性降雨中的关键作用。空间相关性分析表明,MAM 降水与印度洋偶极子之间存在一定联系,表明负(正)相位可能导致卢旺达出现异常的湿(干)条件。这项综合评估突出了当地降雨模式与全球气候现象之间错综复杂的相互作用,为卢旺达关键的 MAM 季节降雨量变化的气象基础提供了宝贵的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Elucidating the Effects of COVID-19 Lockdowns in the UK on the O3-NOx-VOC Relationship 阐明英国 COVID-19 封锁对 O3-NOx-VOC 关系的影响
Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.3390/atmos15050607
Rayne Holland, Katya Seifert, Eric Saboya, M. Anwar H. Khan, Richard G. Derwent, Dudley E. Shallcross
The unprecedented reductions in anthropogenic emissions over the COVID-19 lockdowns were utilised to investigate the response of ozone (O3) concentrations to changes in its precursors across various UK sites. Ozone, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx (NO+NO2) data were obtained for a 3-year period encompassing the pandemic period (January 2019–December 2021), as well as a pre-pandemic year (2017), to better understand the contribution of precursor emissions to O3 fluctuations. Compared with pre-lockdown levels, NO and NO2 declined by up to 63% and 42%, respectively, over the lockdown periods, with the most significant changes in pollutant concentrations recorded across the urban traffic sites. O3 levels correspondingly increased by up to 30%, consistent with decreases in the [NO]/[NO2] ratio for O3 concentration response. Analysis of the response of O3 concentrations to the NOx reductions suggested that urban traffic, suburban background and suburban industrial sites operate under VOC-limited regimes, while urban background, urban industrial and rural background sites are NOx-limited. This was in agreement with the [VOC]/[NOx] ratios determined for the London Marylebone Road (LMR; urban traffic) site and the Chilbolton Observatory (CO; rural background) site, which produced values below and above 8, respectively. Conversely, [VOC]/[NOx] ratios for the London Eltham (LE; suburban background) site indicated NOx-sensitivity, which may suggest the [VOC]/[NOx] ratio for O3 concentration response may have had a slight NOx-sensitive bias. Furthermore, O3 concentration response with [NO]/[NO2] and [VOC]/[NOx] were also investigated to determine their relevance and accuracy in identifying O3-NOx-VOC relationships across UK sites. While the results obtained via utilisation of these metrics would suggest a shift in photochemical regime, it is likely that variation in O3 during this period was primarily driven by shifts in oxidant (OX; NO2 + O3) equilibrium as a result of decreasing NO2, with increased O3 transported from Europe likely having some influence.
利用 COVID-19 封锁期间人为排放量的空前减少,研究了英国各地臭氧(O3)浓度对其前体变化的响应。获得了包括大流行期间(2019 年 1 月至 2021 年 12 月)以及大流行前一年(2017 年)在内的 3 年臭氧、挥发性有机化合物 (VOC) 和氮氧化物 (NO+NO2) 数据,以更好地了解前体排放对臭氧波动的贡献。与封锁前的水平相比,在封锁期间,氮氧化物和二氧化氮分别下降了 63% 和 42%,其中城市交通站点的污染物浓度变化最为显著。臭氧浓度相应地增加了多达 30%,这与臭氧浓度响应的[NO]/[NO2]比值下降一致。分析 O3 浓度对氮氧化物减排的响应表明,城市交通、郊区背景和郊区工业站点是在挥发性有机化合物受限的情况下运行的,而城市背景、城市工业和农村背景站点则是在氮氧化物受限的情况下运行的。这与伦敦玛丽波恩路(LMR;城市交通)和奇尔博尔顿观测站(CO;农村背景)确定的[挥发性有机化合物]/[氮氧化物]比率一致,其值分别低于和高于 8。相反,伦敦埃尔瑟姆(LE;郊区背景)站点的[挥发性有机化合物]/[氮氧化物]比率显示出对氮氧化物的敏感性,这可能表明用于 O3 浓度响应的[挥发性有机化合物]/[氮氧化物]比率可能对氮氧化物有轻微的敏感性偏差。此外,还对[NO]/[NO2]和[VOC]/[NOx]的 O3 浓度响应进行了调查,以确定它们在确定英国各地点的 O3-NOx-VOC 关系方面的相关性和准确性。虽然利用这些指标得出的结果表明光化学机制发生了变化,但这一时期的臭氧变化可能主要是由氧化剂(OX;NO2 + O3)平衡的变化驱动的,这是二氧化氮减少的结果,来自欧洲的臭氧增加可能也有一定的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Hierarchical Predictions of Fine-to-Coarse Time Span and Atmospheric Field Reconstruction for Typhoon Track Prediction 用于台风路径预测的从细到粗时间跨度的分层预测和大气场重构
Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.3390/atmos15050605
Shengye Yan, Zhendong Zhang, Wei Zheng
The prediction of typhoon tracks in the Northwest Pacific is key to reducing human casualties and property damage. Traditional numerical forecasting models often require substantial computational resources, are high-cost, and have significant limitations in prediction speed. This research is dedicated to using deep learning methods to address the shortcomings of traditional methods. Our method (AFR-SimVP) is based on a large-kernel convolutional spatio-temporal prediction network combined with multi-feature fusion for forecasting typhoon tracks in the Northwest Pacific. In order to more effectively suppress the effect of noise in the dataset to enhance the generalization ability of the model, we use a multi-branch structure, incorporate an atmospheric reconstruction subtask, and propose a second-order smoothing loss to further improve the prediction ability of the model. More importantly, we innovatively propose a multi-time-step typhoon prediction network (HTAFR-SimVP) that does not use the traditional recurrent neural network family of models at all. Instead, through fine-to-coarse hierarchical temporal feature extraction and dynamic self-distillation, multi-time-step prediction is achieved using only a single regression network. In addition, combined with atmospheric field reconstruction, the network achieves integrated prediction for multiple tasks, which greatly enhances the model’s range of applications. Experiments show that our proposed network achieves optimal performance in the 24 h typhoon track prediction task. Our regression network outperforms previous recurrent network-based typhoon prediction models in the multi-time-step prediction task and also performs well in multiple integration tasks.
西北太平洋台风路径预测是减少人员伤亡和财产损失的关键。传统的数值预报模型往往需要大量的计算资源,成本高昂,而且在预测速度上有很大的局限性。本研究致力于利用深度学习方法解决传统方法的不足。我们的方法(AFR-SimVP)基于大核卷积时空预测网络,结合多特征融合,用于西北太平洋台风路径预报。为了更有效地抑制数据集的噪声影响,提高模型的泛化能力,我们采用了多分支结构,加入了大气重建子任务,并提出了二阶平滑损失,进一步提高了模型的预测能力。更重要的是,我们创新性地提出了一种多时间步台风预报网络(HTAFR-SimVP),它完全没有使用传统的循环神经网络系列模型。取而代之的是,通过从细到粗的分层时间特征提取和动态自馏分,只需使用一个回归网络就能实现多时步骤预测。此外,结合大气场重建,该网络还能实现多种任务的综合预测,从而大大提高了模型的应用范围。实验表明,我们提出的网络在 24 小时台风路径预测任务中实现了最佳性能。在多时间步预测任务中,我们的回归网络优于之前基于递归网络的台风预测模型,而且在多个整合任务中也表现出色。
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引用次数: 0
Impacts of Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies for Rainfed Barley Production in the Almería Province, Spain 气候变化对西班牙阿尔梅里亚省雨养大麦生产的影响和适应战略
Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.3390/atmos15050606
Francesco Saretto, Bishwajit Roy, Ricardo Encarnação Coelho, Alfredo Reder, Giusy Fedele, Robert Oakes, Luigia Brandimarte, Tiago Capela Lourenço
Mediterranean water-stressed areas face significant challenges from higher temperatures and increasingly severe droughts. We assess the effect of climate change on rainfed barley production in the aridity-prone province of Almería, Spain, using the FAO AquaCrop model. We focus on rainfed barley growth by the mid-century (2041–2070) and end-century (2071–2100) time periods, using three Shared Socio-economic Pathway (SSP)-based scenarios: SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5. Using the paired t-test, Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficient, Root Mean Squared Error, and relative Root Mean Squared Error, we verified AquaCrop’s ability to capture local multi-year trends (9 or more years) using standard barley crop parameters, without local recalibration. Starting with a reference Initial Soil Water Content (ISWC), different soil water contents within barley rooting depth were modelled to account for decreases in soil water availability. We then evaluated the efficiency of different climate adaptation strategies: irrigation, mulching, and changing sowing dates. We show average yield changes of +14% to −44.8% (mid-century) and +12% to −55.1% (end-century), with ISWC being the main factor determining yields. Irrigation increases yields by 21.1%, utilizing just 3% of Almería’s superficial water resources. Mulches improve irrigated yield performances by 6.9% while reducing irrigation needs by 40%. Changing sowing dates does not consistently improve yields. We demonstrate that regardless of the scenario used, climate adaptation of field barley production in Almería should prioritize limiting soil water loss by combining irrigation with mulching. This would enable farmers in Almería’s northern communities to maintain their livelihoods, reducing the province’s reliance on horticulture while continuing to contribute to food security goals.
地中海缺水地区面临着气温升高和干旱日益严重的严峻挑战。我们利用联合国粮农组织 AquaCrop 模型评估了气候变化对西班牙阿尔梅里亚干旱省份雨养大麦生产的影响。我们重点关注本世纪中期(2041-2070 年)和本世纪末(2071-2100 年)的雨浇大麦生长情况,采用了三种基于共享社会经济路径 (SSP) 的情景:SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5 和 SSP5-8.5。利用配对 t 检验、斯皮尔曼和皮尔森相关系数、均方根误差和相对均方根误差,我们验证了 AquaCrop 使用标准大麦作物参数捕捉当地多年趋势(9 年或 9 年以上)的能力,而无需在当地重新校准。从参考初始土壤含水量(ISWC)开始,对大麦根系深度内的不同土壤含水量进行建模,以考虑土壤水分供应的减少。然后,我们评估了不同气候适应策略的效率:灌溉、覆盖和改变播种日期。结果显示,大麦的平均产量变化为+14%至-44.8%(本世纪中期)和+12%至-55.1%(本世纪末),其中ISWC是决定产量的主要因素。灌溉仅利用了阿尔梅里亚 3% 的地表水资源,却使产量提高了 21.1%。覆盖物可提高灌溉产量 6.9%,同时减少 40% 的灌溉需求。改变播种日期并不能持续提高产量。我们的研究表明,无论采用哪种方案,阿尔梅里亚大麦生产对气候的适应都应优先考虑通过结合灌溉和覆盖物来限制土壤水分流失。这将使阿尔梅里亚北部社区的农民能够维持生计,减少该省对园艺的依赖,同时继续为粮食安全目标做出贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Phenomenology of the Composition of PM2.5 at an Urban Site in Northern France 法国北部一个城市地点 PM2.5 的构成现象学
Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.3390/atmos15050603
Yamina Allouche, M. Fadel, Amélie Ferté, A. Verdin, F. Ledoux, D. Courcot
In this work, PM2.5 was sampled at Dunkerque, a medium-sized city located in northern France. The mean concentration of PM2.5 during the sampling period was 12.6 ± 9.5 μg·m−3. Samples were analyzed for elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), humic-like substances (HULIS-C), water-soluble inorganic ions, and major and trace elements. The origin and the variations of species concentrations were examined using elemental enrichment factors, bivariate polar plot representations, and diagnostic concentration ratios. Secondary inorganic ions were the most abundant species (36% of PM2.5), followed by OC (12.5% of PM2.5). Secondary organic carbon (SOC) concentrations were estimated to account for 52% of OC. A good correlation between SOC and WSOC indicated that secondary formation processes significantly contribute to the WSOC concentrations. HULIS-C also represents almost 50% of WSOC. The determination of diagnostic ratios revealed the influence of anthropogenic emission sources such as integrated steelworks and fuel oil combustion. The clustering of 72 h air masses backward trajectories data evidenced that higher concentrations of PM2.5, OC, and secondary inorganic aerosols were recorded when air masses came from north-eastern Europe and the French continental sector, showing the considerable impact of long-range transport on the air quality in northern France.
在这项工作中,对位于法国北部的中等城市敦刻尔克的 PM2.5 进行了采样。采样期间 PM2.5 的平均浓度为 12.6 ± 9.5 μg-m-3。对样本进行了元素和有机碳(EC/OC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、类腐殖质(HULIS-C)、水溶性无机离子以及主要和微量元素的分析。利用元素富集因子、二元极坐标图表示法和诊断浓度比,对物种浓度的来源和变化进行了研究。二次无机离子是含量最高的物种(占 PM2.5 的 36%),其次是有机碳(占 PM2.5 的 12.5%)。据估计,二次有机碳(SOC)浓度占 OC 的 52%。SOC 与 WSOC 之间的良好相关性表明,二次形成过程对 WSOC 浓度有重大影响。HULIS-C 也几乎占 WSOC 的 50%。诊断比率的确定揭示了人为排放源的影响,如炼钢厂和燃油燃烧。对 72 小时气团后向轨迹数据的聚类表明,当气团来自欧洲东北部和法国大陆地区时,PM2.5、OC 和二次无机气溶胶的浓度较高,这表明长程飘移对法国北部的空气质量有很大影响。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental Study on Evaporation and Micro-Explosion Characteristics of Ethanol and Diesel Blended Droplets 乙醇与柴油混合液滴的蒸发和微爆特性实验研究
Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.3390/atmos15050604
Yixuan Zhang, Kesheng Meng, Lin Bao, Qizhao Lin, Svitlana Pavlova
In this study, the constant temperature control system of a heating plate was established, ethanol–diesel fuel with different proportions was prepared, and a series of experiments were carried out. The experimental system was used to observe, summarize, and analyze four evaporation and crushing modes of mixed droplets, which were explosion, liquid filament stretching, exocytosis, and ejection mode. The evaporation process of four kinds of mixed droplets in their life cycle was analyzed by normalizing the diameter square. It was proposed that the evaporation process of droplets could be divided into the following three stages: a heating stage, a fluctuating evaporation stage, and an equilibrium evaporation stage. It was also pointed out that the expansion, ejection, and micro-explosion of droplets were the causes of fluctuating evaporation. The concept of expansion and crushing intensity was put forward and the expansion and crushing intensity of ethanol/diesel mixed droplets with different proportions were calculated. The reasons why expansion and crushing intensity first increased and decreased with the increase in ethanol blending ratio were analyzed. Finally, the time proportion of ethanol–diesel mixed droplets in each evaporation stage was calculated, which explained that the time proportion of the instantaneous heating stage showed a parabolic law with the increase in ethanol content.
本研究建立了加热板恒温控制系统,制备了不同比例的乙醇-柴油燃料,并进行了一系列实验。实验系统对混合液滴的四种蒸发和破碎模式进行了观察、总结和分析,分别为爆炸模式、液丝拉伸模式、外喷模式和喷射模式。通过对直径平方进行归一化处理,分析了四种混合液滴在其生命周期中的蒸发过程。提出液滴的蒸发过程可分为以下三个阶段:加热阶段、波动蒸发阶段和平衡蒸发阶段。还指出液滴的膨胀、喷射和微爆是波动蒸发的原因。提出了膨胀和破碎强度的概念,并计算了不同比例乙醇/柴油混合液滴的膨胀和破碎强度。分析了随着乙醇混合比例的增加,膨胀强度和破碎强度先增大后减小的原因。最后,计算了乙醇-柴油混合液滴在各蒸发阶段的时间比例,说明瞬时加热阶段的时间比例随乙醇含量的增加呈抛物线规律。
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引用次数: 0
Observation-Based Ozone Formation Rules by Gradient Boosting Decision Trees Model in Typical Chemical Industrial Parks 基于梯度提升决策树模型的典型化工园区臭氧形成观测规则
Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.3390/atmos15050600
Nana Cheng, Deji Jing, Zhenyu Gu, Xingnong Cai, Zhanhong Shi, Sujing Li, Liang Chen, Wei Li, Qiaoli Wang
Ozone pollution in chemical industrial parks is severe and complicated and is significantly influenced by pollutant emissions and meteorological parameters. In this study, we innovatively investigated the formation rules of ozone by using observation-based analyses and a gradient-boosting decision tree (GBDT) model, focusing on a typical chemical industrial park located in the Yangtze River Delta of China. The results revealed that ozone concentration was positively correlated with temperature while negatively correlated with NO2 concentration and relative humidity (RH). Ozone pollution was predominantly observed from April to October (M4–10). The optimized GBDT model was subsequently utilized to establish a specific and quantifiable relationship between each single dominant impact factor (RH, NO2, temperature, and PM2.5) and ozone within a complex and uncertain multi-factor context during M4–10. Detailed discussions were conducted on the reaction rate of ozone-related to different levels of RH and temperature. The accumulation of ozone was favored by high temperature and low RH, with the maximum ozone concentration observed at the RH of 50% and the temperature of 35 °C. The NO2-O3 change curve exhibited distinct phases, including a period of stability, gradual increase, rapid increase, and equilibrium. During the second and third periods, the ratio of ozone production to NO2 consumption was 0.10 and 2.73, respectively. Furthermore, there was a non-monotonic relationship between variations in ozone concentration and PM2.5 concentration. Hence, it is imperative to implement fine control strategies in the park, such as adopting seasonal production strategies, implementing targeted measures for controlling NOx and active VOCs, and employing special control methods during periods of high temperature. This study provides aid in achieving effective management of localized ozone pollution and ensuring compliance with air quality standards.
化工园区臭氧污染严重且复杂,受污染物排放和气象参数影响较大。本研究以中国长三角地区典型的化工园区为研究对象,采用基于观测的分析方法和梯度提升决策树(GBDT)模型,创新性地研究了臭氧的形成规律。结果表明,臭氧浓度与温度呈正相关,而与二氧化氮浓度和相对湿度呈负相关。臭氧污染主要出现在 4 月至 10 月(M4-10)。随后,利用优化的 GBDT 模型,在 M4-10 期间复杂而不确定的多因素背景下,确定了每个单一主导影响因素(相对湿度、二氧化氮、温度和 PM2.5)与臭氧之间具体而可量化的关系。详细讨论了臭氧与不同相对湿度和温度水平相关的反应速率。高温和低相对湿度有利于臭氧的积累,在相对湿度为 50%、温度为 35 ℃ 时观测到的臭氧浓度最大。NO2-O3 变化曲线表现出明显的阶段性,包括稳定期、逐渐上升期、快速上升期和平衡期。在第二和第三阶段,臭氧产生量与二氧化氮消耗量之比分别为 0.10 和 2.73。此外,臭氧浓度变化与 PM2.5 浓度变化之间存在非单调关系。因此,在园区内实施精细化控制策略势在必行,如采取季节性生产策略、实施有针对性的氮氧化物和活性挥发性有机物控制措施,以及在高温时段采用特殊控制方法。这项研究有助于实现对局部臭氧污染的有效管理,确保空气质量达标。
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引用次数: 0
Comprehensive Analysis of Temporal–Spatial Fusion from 1991 to 2023 Using Bibliometric Tools 利用文献计量学工具全面分析 1991 至 2023 年时空融合情况
Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.3390/atmos15050598
Jiawei Cui, Juan Li, Xingfa Gu, Wenhao Zhang, Dong Wang, Xiuling Sun, Yulin Zhan, Jian Yang, Yan Liu, Xiufeng Yang
Due to budget and sensor technology constraints, a single sensor cannot simultaneously provide observational images with both a high spatial and temporal resolution. To solve the above problem, the spatiotemporal fusion (STF) method was proposed and proved to be an indispensable tool for monitoring land surface dynamics. There are relatively few systematic reviews of the STF method. Bibliometrics is a valuable method for analyzing the scientific literature, but it has not yet been applied to the comprehensive analysis of the STF method. Therefore, in this paper, we use bibliometrics and scientific mapping to analyze the 2967 citation data from the Web of Science from 1991 to 2023 in a metrological manner, covering the themes of STF, data fusion, multi-temporal analysis, and spatial analysis. The results of the literature analysis reveal that the number of articles displays a slow to rapid increase during the study period, but decreases significantly in 2023. Research institutions in China (1059 papers) and the United States (432 papers) are the top two contributors in the field. The keywords “Sentinel”, “deep learning” (DL), and “LSTM” (Long Short-Term Memory) appeared most frequently in the past three years. In the future, remote sensing spatiotemporal fusion research can address more of the limitations of heterogeneous landscapes and climatic conditions to improve fused images’ accuracy.
由于预算和传感器技术的限制,单个传感器无法同时提供高空间分辨率和高时间分辨率的观测图像。为了解决上述问题,人们提出了时空融合(STF)方法,该方法被证明是监测地表动态不可或缺的工具。关于 STF 方法的系统综述相对较少。文献计量学是一种有价值的科学文献分析方法,但尚未应用于 STF 方法的综合分析。因此,在本文中,我们利用文献计量学和科学制图法对 Web of Science 1991 年至 2023 年的 2967 篇引文数据进行了计量分析,涵盖了 STF、数据融合、多时态分析和空间分析等主题。文献分析结果表明,在研究期间,论文数量呈现出由慢到快的增长趋势,但到 2023 年,论文数量明显减少。中国的研究机构(1059 篇)和美国的研究机构(432 篇)是该领域的前两位贡献者。过去三年中,"哨兵"、"深度学习"(DL)和 "LSTM"(长短期记忆)等关键词出现的频率最高。未来,遥感时空融合研究可以更多地解决异质地貌和气候条件的限制,以提高融合图像的准确性。
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Atmosphere
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