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Teleconnections of Atmospheric Circulations to Meteorological Drought in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin 大气环流与澜沧江-湄公河流域气象干旱的远程联系
Pub Date : 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.3390/atmos15010089
Lei Fan, Yi Wang, Chenglin Cao, Wen Chen
The Lancang-Mekong River Basin (LMRB) is one of the major transboundary basins globally, facing ongoing challenges due to flood and drought disasters. Particularly in the past two decades, the basin has experienced an increased frequency of meteorological drought events, posing serious threats to the local socio-economic structures and ecological systems. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the meteorological drought characteristics in the LMRB and identify the impact and correlation of atmospheric circulation on the meteorological drought in the basin. Specifically, the different levels of meteorological drought events were defined using the Run Theory based on the seasonal and annual SPEI from 1980 to 2018. The time lag correlation between meteorological drought events and the EI Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Arctic Oscillation (AO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), were analyzed in the LMRB. Our results indicated that, from a temporal perspective, the period from November to April of the following year was particularly prone to meteorological droughts in the basin. In terms of spatial distribution, the primary agricultural regions within the basin, including Thailand, Eastern Cambodia, and Vietnam, were highly susceptible to meteorological droughts. Further analysis revealed a teleconnection between drought events in the LMRB and atmospheric circulation factors. The sensitivity of the basin’s drought timing to its response decreased in the order of the ENSO > AO > NAO > PDO. In general, the ENSO had the most substantial influence on drought events in the basin, with the strongest response relationship, while the upper reaches of the basin displayed the most significant response to the AO; the occurrence and progression of meteorological droughts in this area synchronized with the AO. These findings enhance our understanding of drought-prone areas in the LMRB, including the meteorological factors and driving mechanisms involved. This information is valuable for effectively mitigating and managing drought risks in the region.
澜沧江-湄公河流域(LMRB)是全球主要跨境流域之一,面临着洪水和干旱灾害带来的持续挑战。特别是近二十年来,流域内气象干旱事件频发,对当地的社会经济结构和生态系统构成了严重威胁。因此,本研究旨在分析河套地区的气象干旱特征,明确大气环流对流域气象干旱的影响及相关性。具体而言,根据1980年至2018年的季节和年度SPEI,利用运行理论定义了不同等级的气象干旱事件。在 LMRB 中分析了气象干旱事件与厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)、北极涛动(AO)、北大西洋涛动(NAO)和太平洋十年涛动(PDO)之间的时滞相关性。结果表明,从时间角度看,11 月至次年 4 月是该流域气象干旱的多发期。从空间分布来看,盆地内的主要农业区,包括泰国、柬埔寨东部和越南,极易受到气象干旱的影响。进一步的分析表明,低纬度河谷盆地的干旱事件与大气环流因素之间存在着遥相呼应的关系。该流域的干旱时间对其反应的敏感性按照 ENSO > AO > NAO > PDO 的顺序递减。总体而言,厄尔尼诺/南方涛动对流域干旱事件的影响最大,响应关系最强,而流域上游对涛动的响应最为显著;该地区气象干旱的发生和发展与涛动同步。这些发现加深了我们对低纬度和中纬度地区干旱易发区的了解,包括相关的气象因素和驱动机制。这些信息对于有效缓解和管理该地区的干旱风险非常有价值。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Biochar Amendment on N2O Emissions from Soils with Different pH Levels 生物炭修正对不同 pH 值土壤 N2O 排放的影响
Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.3390/atmos15010068
Feng Lin, Hong Wang, Hiba Shaghaleh, Amar Ali Adam Hamad, Yaojun Zhang, Bairen Yang, Yousef Alhaj Hamoud
Biochar application has the potential for mitigating N2O emissions from agricultural soils and has been suggested as a management practice to ameliorate soil fertility and increase crop productivity. Nevertheless, the influence of biochar addition on N2O emissions from soils with different pH levels is not yet clear, which results in a poor understanding of the mechanisms regarding biochar application to soil N2O mitigation. A 40-day incubation experiment was carried out in the present study to investigate the impact of biochar on N2O emissions from soils with different natural pH. Four treatments (control, nitrogen fertilizer application, biochar amendment, and N plus biochar amendment) were set up separately in soils with three different natural pH levels (acidic vegetable soil, neutral rice soil, and alkaline soil). Our results showed that adding biochar significantly decreased N2O emissions by 20.8% and 47.6% in acidic vegetable soil for both N and no N addition treatments, respectively. For neutral and alkaline soils, the reduction of N2O emissions by biochar amendment was only significant for N addition treatments in alkaline soil. Soil pH and NO3−-N concentration were significantly affected by biochar amendment (soil pH increased by 1.43–1.56, 0.57–0.70, and 0.29–0.37 units for acidic vegetable soil, neutral rice soil, and alkaline soil, respectively). Thus, biochar amendment could be used as an effective management practice for mitigating N2O emissions from acidic and alkaline soils.
施用生物炭有可能减缓农业土壤的一氧化二氮排放,并被建议作为改善土壤肥力和提高作物产量的一种管理方法。然而,生物炭的添加对不同 pH 值土壤中 N2O 排放的影响尚不明确,这导致人们对生物炭应用于土壤 N2O 减缓的机理了解甚少。本研究进行了为期 40 天的培养实验,以研究生物炭对不同自然 pH 值土壤中 N2O 排放的影响。在三种不同自然 pH 值的土壤(酸性蔬菜土、中性水稻土和碱性土壤)中分别设置了四个处理(对照、施用氮肥、生物炭添加剂和氮加生物炭添加剂)。结果表明,在酸性蔬菜土壤中,添加生物炭可显著减少 N2O 排放,添加 N 和不添加 N 的处理分别减少了 20.8% 和 47.6%。在中性土壤和碱性土壤中,只有在碱性土壤中添加氮的处理中,生物炭添加剂对 N2O 排放量的减少才是显著的。土壤 pH 值和 NO3-N 浓度受到生物炭添加剂的显著影响(酸性蔬菜土、中性水稻土和碱性土壤的土壤 pH 值分别提高了 1.43-1.56 个单位、0.57-0.70 个单位和 0.29-0.37 个单位)。因此,生物炭添加剂可作为一种有效的管理方法,用于减少酸性和碱性土壤的一氧化二氮排放。
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引用次数: 0
Improvement of SAMI2 with Comprehensive Photochemistry at Mid-Latitudes and a Preliminary Comparison with Ionosonde Data 利用中纬度地区的综合光化学对 SAMI2 进行改进,并与电离层探测仪数据进行初步比较
Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.3390/atmos15010067
Yanli Hu, Tong Xu, Shuji Sun, Mengyan Zhu, Zhongxin Deng, Zhengwen Xu
Photochemistry can significantly affect the ionospheric status. Adopting a comprehensive photochemical scheme with 60 reactions, primarily based on the recent systematic study of ion chemistry by Richards in 2011, we revised the open-source SAMI2 (Sami2 is another model of the ionosphere) model to SAMI2−ph. The scheme includes both ground state and metastable/vibrational excited compositions (e.g., N(2D), N2(ν), and O2(ν)) and associated reactions, which can remarkably affect the ionospheric electron density. The model accuracy is tested using the most widely used ionospheric data foF2 derived from mid-latitude ionosonde stations. The correlation coefficients are larger for SAMI2−ph than for SAMI2. In addition, the linear slope k is significantly closer to 1 than the default run for the NmF2 comparisons. The smaller RMSE and b indicate that the modified model provides a reasonably good match with the ionosonde NmF2 measurements. The above results demonstrate that the model with the chosen photochemical scheme performs better than the original SAMI2 at mid-latitude.
光化学会对电离层状态产生重大影响。主要基于理查兹(Richards)最近在 2011 年对离子化学的系统研究,我们采用了包含 60 个反应的综合光化学方案,将开源的 SAMI2(Sami2 是另一个电离层模型)模型修订为 SAMI2-ph。该方案包括基态和陨变/振荡激发成分(如N(2D)、N2(ν)和O2(ν))及相关反应,这些成分会显著影响电离层的电子密度。利用从中纬度电离层探测站获得的最广泛使用的电离层数据 foF2 检验了模型的准确性。SAMI2-ph 的相关系数大于 SAMI2。此外,与 NmF2 比较的默认运行相比,线性斜率 k 明显更接近 1。较小的 RMSE 和 b 表明,修改后的模型与电离层探测仪 NmF2 测量结果有相当好的匹配。上述结果表明,采用所选光化学方案的模式在中纬度的表现优于原始 SAMI2 模式。
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引用次数: 0
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Atmosphere
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