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External sensors in partial discharge ultra‐high‐frequency measurements in gas‐insulated substations 气体绝缘变电站局部放电超高频测量用外部传感器
Pub Date : 2012-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/ETEP.587
Ju Tang, Gang Wei, Xiaoxing Zhang
SUMMARY Although the ultra-high-frequency (UHF) method of detecting partial discharge (PD) in gas insulation substations (GISs) is an interesting research topic because of its remarkable anti-jamming ability, applying inner UHF sensors to detect PD in operational GISs is a difficult task. The structure of GISs and the characteristics of PD electromagnetic wave transmission and leakage are determined using external antenna sensors to detect PD signals based on the theory of linear antennas. Two decimetric-wave antennas with different detection bandwidths are made using techniques such as additional impedance, shielding and asymmetrical forms to measure UHF. The UHF external antenna sensor measurement system is able to collect PD signals from the GIS equipment, and its anti-jamming ability is better than that of the low-frequency sensor measurement system in the UHF band. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
超高频(UHF)检测气体绝缘变电站局部放电(PD)的方法因其出色的抗干扰能力而成为一个有趣的研究课题,但在运行中的燃气绝缘变电站中应用超高频内部传感器检测局部放电是一项艰巨的任务。基于线性天线理论,利用外置天线传感器检测PD信号,确定了GISs的结构和PD电磁波的传输和泄漏特性。使用附加阻抗、屏蔽和非对称形式等技术,制造了两个具有不同检测带宽的分米波天线来测量UHF。超高频外置天线传感器测量系统能够采集GIS设备的PD信号,其在超高频频段的抗干扰能力优于低频传感器测量系统。版权所有©2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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引用次数: 5
Coordination of multilateral trades in electricity markets via power vectors 通过电力矢量协调电力市场的多边贸易
Pub Date : 2011-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/ETEP.561
S. Balagopalan, S. Ashok, K. Mohandas
A transmission restructure model is presented, which resolves line abuse, conflict of incentives and information asymmetry in electricity markets. It uses market compatible game theory, graph theory, market mechanism, multilateral trade structure, etc. rather than conventional tools. The model is useful to emulate any active, competitive transmission sector. It has more relevance in countries like India with high T&D loss and power deficit problems. Cooperative game theory (CGT) is holistically applied in organizational, operational, commercial and planning aspects of restructure. A three phase CGT environment to model entity interactions, an elastic transmission service charge (TSC) to penalize abuse and a powerful power vector to resolve information asymmetry are some proposals developed in this context. In the scheme, Discos use power vectors to play the game and negotiate for agreeable TSC share and engineer fruitful mergers. A stable set of coalitions contracting optimal trades at lowest TSC is finally obtained. The method is illustrated on a 5 bus and successfully tested on a 24 bus Indian power system. The outcome is that agents aggregate sequentially, to safeguard network security as a common agenda, despite market activities starting at diverse locations. These results are important because transmission is the most difficult zone to model in electricity markets due to several issues and this model addresses most of them. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
提出了解决电力市场中线路滥用、激励冲突和信息不对称问题的输电结构重构模型。它使用了市场兼容博弈论、图论、市场机制、多边贸易结构等,而不是传统的工具。该模型可用于模拟任何活跃的、竞争性的输电部门。它更适用于像印度这样有高输配电损耗和电力短缺问题的国家。合作博弈论(CGT)全面应用于重组的组织、运营、商业和计划方面。在此背景下,提出了一种用于实体交互建模的三相CGT环境,一种用于惩罚滥用的弹性传输服务收费(TSC)和一种用于解决信息不对称的强大功率向量。在该方案中,Discos利用权力向量进行博弈,协商获得令人满意的TSC份额,并设计富有成效的合并。最后得到了一组在最低TSC下契约最优交易的稳定联盟。该方法在5母线上进行了实例验证,并在24母线印度电力系统上进行了成功的试验。其结果是,尽管市场活动开始于不同的地点,但代理按顺序聚集起来,将维护网络安全作为一个共同议程。这些结果很重要,因为输电是电力市场中最难建模的区域,因为有几个问题,而这个模型解决了其中的大多数问题。版权所有©2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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引用次数: 0
Design methods investigation for residential microgrid infrastructure 住宅微电网基础设施设计方法探讨
Pub Date : 2011-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/ETEP.547
Xianjun Zhang, G. Karady, Y. Guan
In this study a residential community in Phoenix was selected as the basis to develop design methods for a residential microgrid. A microgrid model was built using computer based software. Photovoltaic (PV) modules, microturbines, and fuel cells were chosen as the distributed energy resources (DERs) for the model. The optimal residential microgrid system configuration was sorted out according to the least net present cost (NPC), and the least cost of energy (COE) of the designed microgrid system. The results indicate that the COE of the designed microgrid in island mode is expensive, although it is more environmentally friendly compared to the grid. The purpose of combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) is achieved by utilizing the exhaust heat from microturbines to provide daily hot water consumption while cooling demand is achieved through the connection of adsorption chillers to microturbines. Sensitivity analysis shows that natural gas price escalation and price reduction of DERs significantly impact COE and NPC. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
在本研究中,选择菲尼克斯的一个住宅社区作为开发住宅微电网设计方法的基础。利用计算机软件建立了微电网模型。模型选择光伏(PV)组件、微型涡轮机和燃料电池作为分布式能源。根据所设计的微网系统的净当前成本最小(NPC)和能源成本最小(COE),对住宅微网系统配置进行了优化。结果表明,孤岛模式微电网的COE成本较高,但相对于电网而言更环保。利用微型涡轮机的余热提供日常热水消耗,同时通过吸附式冷水机组与微型涡轮机连接来满足冷却需求,从而达到冷热电联产的目的。敏感性分析表明,天然气价格上涨和天然气价格下调对COE和NPC有显著影响。版权所有©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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引用次数: 30
Impact of Real Case Transmission Systems Constraints on Wind Power Operation 实际输电系统约束对风电运行的影响
Pub Date : 2011-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/ETEP.549
F. Vallée, J. Lobry, O. Deblecker
SUMMARY In this paper, a general strategy is proposed in order to introduce in a realistic way wind power into a HLII (bulk power system) nonsequential Monte Carlo adequacy study with economic dispatch. By use of the implemented solution, wind power can consequently be confronted to operational constraints related to high-powered thermal units, nuclear parks or cogeneration. Moreover, in order to optimize the large-scale integration of wind power production, the required reinforcements on a given electrical grid can also be evaluated on basis of the presented developments. The elaborated strategy can practically be applied to every kind of nonsequential Monte Carlo approach used to technically analyze a given transmission system. In the context of this work, the proposed solution has been implemented into the simulation tool Scanner# (property of Tractebel Engineering – Gaz de France – Suez company). Finally, in order to point out the efficiency and the usefulness of the proposed wind power model, the developed simulation tool has been firstly applied to an academic test system: the Roy Billinton test system (RBTS). Afterwards, in order to fully access the large offshore wind potential in the North Sea, the same tool has been used to evaluate the onshore reinforcements required in the Belgian transmission network. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
本文提出了一种将风电实际引入具有经济调度的大容量电力系统非序贯蒙特卡洛充分性研究的一般策略。通过使用实施的解决方案,风力发电因此可以面对与大功率热电机组、核园区或热电联产有关的运行限制。此外,为了优化风电生产的大规模集成,还可以根据所提出的发展情况评估给定电网所需的加固。该策略可以实际应用于用于技术分析给定传输系统的各种非顺序蒙特卡罗方法。在这项工作的背景下,提出的解决方案已被实现到仿真工具Scanner# (Tractebel Engineering - Gaz de France - Suez公司的属性)中。最后,为了说明所提出的风力发电模型的有效性和实用性,将所开发的仿真工具首先应用于一个学术测试系统:罗伊比林顿测试系统(RBTS)。之后,为了充分利用北海的大型海上风电潜力,同样的工具被用于评估比利时输电网络所需的陆上增援。版权所有# 2010约翰威利父子有限公司
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引用次数: 4
Flexible framework for the operation of distribution networks: synchronizing and connecting grid areas using multi back‐to‐back converters 灵活的配电网运行框架:使用多个背靠背转换器同步和连接电网区域
Pub Date : 2011-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/ETEP.563
D. Graaff, J. Duarte, W. Kling, P. Vaessen
SUMMARY Due to the unbundling of the electricity sector and simultaneously the growing interest in distributed generation, the uncertainty in operation and planning has increased for distribution network operators. To avoid uneconomic investments, flexible solutions are needed. For this, the concept of intelligent nodes is proposed, which is an application of multiple converters with back-to-back connections. This contribution addresses the control aspects for one of its specific operation conditions: the transition from supplying a radial feeder with loads and/or generation into controlling the power flow in a meshed network without loss of supply. The theoretical framework is described, followed by the measurement results of a laboratory-scale demonstration. Copyright # 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
由于电力部门的拆分以及对分布式发电的兴趣日益浓厚,配电网运营商在运营和规划方面的不确定性增加了。为了避免不经济的投资,需要灵活的解决方案。为此,提出了智能节点的概念,它是多个转换器背靠背连接的一种应用。该贡献解决了其特定运行条件之一的控制方面:从供应带负载和/或发电的径向馈线过渡到控制网状网络中的潮流而不损失供应。描述了理论框架,随后给出了实验室规模演示的测量结果。版权所有# 2011约翰威利父子有限公司
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引用次数: 2
Generator step-up transformer post mortem assessment 发电机升压变压器事后评估
Pub Date : 2011-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/ETEP.544
D. Susa, K. Liland, L. Lundgaard, G. Vårdal
The condition assessment of the 190 MVA, OFWF, step-up generator transformer was performed by the mapping of degree of polymerization (DP). The transformer was taken out of service after 36 years and the active part, (transformer core and windings), was removed from the tank for close examination due to the major thermal fault at the transformer core. The transformer insulation consisted of two different materials, i.e. winding insulation was the thermally upgraded paper and spacer-pressboard system was Kraft paper. The temperature mapping is also shown, where the temperature estimation is based on the paper aging kinetics, transformer loading and insulation operating history. New equation for the relative aging rate is given considering all insulation conditions providing possibility of counting transformer loss-of-life more accurately. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
采用聚合度(DP)映射法对190 MVA、OFWF、升压发电机变压器进行了状态评价。该变压器在服役36年后停止使用,由于变压器铁心发生重大热故障,其有效部分(变压器铁心和绕组)被从水箱中取出进行仔细检查。变压器绝缘由两种不同的材料组成,即绕组绝缘为热升级纸,间隔-压板系统为牛皮纸。还显示了温度映射,其中温度估计是基于纸张老化动力学,变压器负载和绝缘运行历史。给出了考虑各种绝缘条件的相对老化率方程,为更准确地计算变压器的寿命损耗提供了可能。版权所有©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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引用次数: 14
Multistage transmission network expansion planning in competitive electricity market based on bi-level programming method 竞争电力市场下基于双层规划法的多级输电网扩容规划
Pub Date : 2011-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/ETEP.518
H. Fan, Haozhong Cheng
A new bi-level programming model for market-based transmission network expansion planning is presented in the paper. Open access transmission brings new challenges to transmission network expansion planning. From the transmission corporation's view, the goal of optimal transmission network expansion planning scheme should not only bring the optimal transmission profit in the market, but also ensure high operation security and reliability, meanwhile social welfare is necessary to be accounted for. In this paper, the upper level programming considers transmission profit maximization in long-term planning, the lower level programming considers the social welfare maximization in short-term operation. Furthermore, N−1 security constraints are also considered in the model. A hybrid algorithm integrated with niche genetic algorithm (GA) and primal-dual interior method is adopted to solve the proposed bi-level programming model of the transmission network expansion planning. The planning methodology has been demonstrated on the 18-bus system to show the feasibility and validity, moreover, comparison has been made between traditional transmission expansion plan and proposed market-based transmission expansion plan; it was also applied to the real life system 77-bus system transmission grid. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
提出了一种新的基于市场的输电网扩展规划双层规划模型。开放接入传输给输电网扩容规划带来了新的挑战。从输电公司的角度来看,最优输电网扩容规划方案的目标不仅要在市场上获得最优的输电利润,还要保证高的运行安全性和可靠性,同时也要考虑到社会福利。在本文中,上层规划在长期规划中考虑输电利润最大化,下层规划在短期运行中考虑社会福利最大化。此外,模型还考虑了N−1个安全约束。采用小生境遗传算法(GA)和原始对偶内部法相结合的混合算法,求解了所提出的输电网扩展规划的双层规划模型。以18总线系统为例,验证了规划方法的可行性和有效性,并将传统的输电扩容方案与提出的基于市场的输电扩容方案进行了比较;并将其应用于实际系统77-母线系统的输电网中。版权所有©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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引用次数: 15
A novel approach for evaluating market power in reactive power markets 一种评估无功市场市场力的新方法
Pub Date : 2011-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/ETEP.521
M. H. Asgari, H. Monsef, M. O. Buygi
One of the main concerns for any power markets is whether individual participants can increase their profit by withholding capacity or bidding away from the marginal cost of providing the products. To address this concern, some tools and techniques for identifying and detecting dominant and must-run suppliers are required. Market power problems are more intricate in reactive power markets than those in other markets due to the specific properties of this ancillary service. This paper introduces a new structural index which takes into account reactive demand level, transmission network constraints, output limits, and circumstances of other suppliers. The proposed measure (reactive must procurement (RMP)) is a must-run index-based method which calculates the minimum reactive power capacity which must be procured by a reactive source (whether in generation or absorption mode) to supply reactive requirements of system. To illustrate the simplicity, practicality, and usefulness of introduced measure, the proposed index is applied to the IEEE 57-bus test system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
任何电力市场的主要问题之一是,个体参与者是否可以通过不提供产能或在提供产品的边际成本之外进行竞标来增加利润。为了解决这个问题,需要一些工具和技术来识别和检测占主导地位的和必须运行的供应商。由于无功市场辅助服务的特殊性,无功市场的市场力量问题比其他市场更为复杂。本文引入了一个考虑无功需求水平、输电网约束、输出限制和其他供应商情况的结构指标。所提出的措施(无功必须采购(RMP))是一种基于必须运行指标的方法,它计算无功源(无论是发电模式还是吸收模式)必须采购的最小无功容量,以满足系统的无功需求。为了说明所引入的指标的简单性、实用性和有效性,将所提出的指标应用于IEEE 57总线测试系统。版权所有©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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引用次数: 1
Comparison of shuffled frog leaping algorithm and PSO in data clustering with constraint for grouping voltage control areas in power systems 电力系统电压控制区分组中有约束数据聚类的洗阵蛙跳算法与粒子群算法的比较
Pub Date : 2011-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/ETEP.532
F. Rameshkhah, M. Abedi, S. Hosseinian
Voltage Control Areas (VCAs) play an important role in voltage stability assessment and control. Since it is impossible to detect VCAs in real time during appearance of emergency cases for large-scale power systems, it is a reasonable solution to train and employ an artificial intelligent system (AIS), for on-line predicting of VCAs. However, at different emergency and alert cases, there are various VCAs for power system. Clustering the data of Participation Factors (PFs) of all studied cases into a finite number of groups would lead to a more accurate ANN-based online VCA identifier. Each cluster has a representative center that is the critical VCA corresponding to all contingencies and load stresses which would lead to the same cases as the members of that cluster. In this paper a novel data clustering method based on shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) is presented for this purpose. In the first part of present study the general application of SFLA in data clustering is compared with PSO as the most popular Memetic Algorithm (MA), to demonstrate the validity of proposed clustering method. Consequently, as the clustering of VCAs is a problem with linear equality constraint, the compatibility of SFLA for solving under constraint clustering problems and its priority to PSO from this point of view, are shown in this study. Numerical results are presented at the first part for three standard test data sets and at the second part for IEEE 118-bus test system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
电压控制区(vca)在电压稳定评估和控制中起着重要作用。由于大型电力系统在突发事件发生时无法实时检测到vca,因此训练和使用人工智能系统(AIS)对vca进行在线预测是一种合理的解决方案。然而,在不同的应急和预警情况下,电力系统中存在不同的vca。将所有研究案例的参与因子(PFs)数据聚类到有限数量的组中可以得到更准确的基于人工神经网络的在线VCA标识。每个集群都有一个代表中心,该中心是对应于所有突发事件和负载压力的关键VCA,这些突发事件和负载压力会导致与集群成员相同的情况。本文提出了一种基于青蛙跳跃算法的数据聚类方法。在本研究的第一部分,将SFLA在数据聚类中的一般应用与最流行的模因算法PSO (MA)进行了比较,以证明所提出的聚类方法的有效性。因此,由于vca的聚类是一个具有线性等式约束的问题,从这个角度来看,本研究显示了SFLA在求解约束下聚类问题的兼容性以及它对PSO的优先性。第一部分给出了三个标准测试数据集的数值结果,第二部分给出了IEEE 118总线测试系统的数值结果。版权所有©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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引用次数: 6
Investigation of power frequency magnetic field radiation in typical high-rise building 典型高层建筑工频磁场辐射研究
Pub Date : 2011-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/ETEP.517
S. Leung, K. Chan, L. Fung
Busway risers and power cables in high-rise buildings normally carry a relatively large current to deliver power to different levels of the building, and this raises a concern on both the human safety issue and the performance degradation of magnetic sensitive office equipment due to the generated large magnetic field radiation. In this paper, the impact and situation of magnetic field radiations at power frequency inside high-rise buildings is reviewed, and followed by a case study of magnetic field assessment inside a typical high-rise building in Hong Kong. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
高层建筑中的母线槽立管和电力电缆通常携带较大的电流,将电力输送到建筑物的不同层次,这引起了人们对人体安全问题的关注,并且由于产生的大磁场辐射而导致磁敏感办公设备的性能下降。本文综述了高层建筑内工频磁场辐射的影响及现状,并以香港某典型高层建筑为例进行了内部磁场评估。版权所有©2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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引用次数: 6
期刊
European Transactions on Electrical Power
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