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A Note From the Editors. 编辑们的注释。
IF 5.5 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxy006
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引用次数: 1
Substance Use During Imprisonment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. 低收入和中等收入国家监禁期间的物质使用情况。
IF 5.5 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxx016
Adrian P Mundt, Gergo Baranyi, Caroline Gabrysch, Seena Fazel

Substance use disorders are among the most common health problems of people involved with the criminal justice system. Scaling up addiction services in prisons is a global public health and human rights challenge, especially in poorly resourced countries. We systematically reviewed the prevalence of substance use in prison populations in low- and middle-income countries. We searched for studies reporting prevalence rates of nicotine, alcohol, illicit drug, and injection drug use during imprisonment in unselected samples of imprisoned people in low- and middle-income countries. Data meta-analysis was conducted and sources of heterogeneity were examined by meta-regression. Prevalence of nicotine use during imprisonment ranged from 5% to 87%, with a random-effects pooled estimate of 56% (95% confidence interval (CI): 45, 66) with significant geographical heterogeneity. Alcohol use varied from 1% to 76% (pooled prevalence, 16%, 95% CI: 9, 25). Approximately one-quarter of people (25%; 95% CI: 17, 33; range, 0-78) used illicit drugs during imprisonment. The prevalence of injection drug use varied from 0% to 26% (pooled estimate, 1.6%, 95% CI: 0.8, 3.0). Lifetime substance use was investigated in secondary analyses. The high prevalence of smoking in prison suggests that policies regarding smoking need careful review. Furthermore, the findings underscore the importance of timely, scalable, and available treatments for alcohol and illegal drug use by people involved with the criminal justice system.

药物使用障碍是刑事司法系统相关人员最常见的健康问题之一。扩大监狱中的戒毒服务是一项全球公共卫生和人权挑战,特别是在资源匮乏的国家。我们系统地回顾了低收入和中等收入国家监狱人口中药物使用的流行情况。我们检索了报告中低收入和中等收入国家未选择的被监禁人员在监禁期间尼古丁、酒精、非法药物和注射药物使用流行率的研究。对数据进行meta分析,并通过meta回归检验异质性的来源。监禁期间尼古丁使用率从5%到87%不等,随机效应汇总估计为56%(95%置信区间(CI): 45,66),具有显著的地理异质性。酒精使用从1%到76%不等(总患病率为16%,95% CI: 9,25)。大约四分之一的人(25%;95% ci: 17,33;范围:0-78)在监禁期间使用违禁药物。注射吸毒的患病率从0%到26%不等(汇总估计,1.6%,95% CI: 0.8, 3.0)。在二次分析中调查了终生药物使用情况。监狱中吸烟的高流行率表明,有关吸烟的政策需要仔细审查。此外,调查结果强调了刑事司法系统相关人员对酒精和非法药物使用进行及时、可扩展和可用治疗的重要性。
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引用次数: 47
Epidemiology of HIV, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Viral Hepatitis, and Tuberculosis Among Incarcerated Transgender People: A Case of Limited Data. 被监禁的跨性别者中HIV、性传播感染、病毒性肝炎和结核病的流行病学:一个有限数据的案例。
IF 5.5 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxx012
Tonia C Poteat, Mannat Malik, Chris Beyrer

Transgender people experience a disproportionate burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and incarceration. Discrimination, victimization, poverty, and poor mental health drive vulnerability to HIV and related infections, as well as risk of arrest, detention, and incarceration. In this paper, we systematically review published data on HIV, sexually transmitted infections, viral hepatitis, and tuberculosis among incarcerated transgender people; describe potential structural determinants of HIV risk and transmission; identify gaps in the literature; and make recommendations for research and interventions to address this neglected population. We found that HIV and related infections among incarcerated transgender people have received little attention in the epidemiologic literature. The limited data available, which date from 1992, demonstrate high prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections in this population internationally. Transgender people who had not had genital surgery were typically placed in jails and prisons corresponding to birth-assigned sex rather than gender identity. Once incarcerated, they routinely faced harassment, physical abuse, and sexual violence from inmates and staff and denial of access to medically necessary gender-affirming therapies. More HIV research with incarcerated transgender populations is urgently needed to inform correctional policy change that centers human rights and structural interventions, such as stigma reduction, pre-arrest diversion, and access to HIV prevention methods and gender-affirming care during incarceration.

跨性别者在人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)和监禁方面承受着不成比例的负担。歧视、受害、贫穷和精神健康状况不佳导致艾滋病毒和相关感染的脆弱性,以及被捕、拘留和监禁的风险。在本文中,我们系统地回顾了已发表的关于在押跨性别者中艾滋病毒、性传播感染、病毒性肝炎和结核病的数据;描述艾滋病毒风险和传播的潜在结构性决定因素;找出文献中的空白;并为研究和干预措施提出建议,以解决这一被忽视的人群。我们发现,在被监禁的跨性别者中,艾滋病毒和相关感染在流行病学文献中很少受到关注。1992年以来有限的现有数据表明,国际上这一人群中艾滋病毒和性传播感染的流行率很高。没有做过生殖器手术的跨性别者通常会根据出生性别而不是性别认同被关进监狱。一旦被监禁,她们就经常面临来自囚犯和工作人员的骚扰、身体虐待和性暴力,并且无法获得医学上必要的性别肯定疗法。迫切需要对被监禁的跨性别人群进行更多的艾滋病毒研究,以便为惩教政策的改变提供信息,这些政策以人权和结构性干预为中心,如减少污名化、逮捕前转移、在监禁期间获得艾滋病毒预防方法和性别肯定护理。
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引用次数: 29
Smoking in Correctional Settings Worldwide: Prevalence, Bans, and Interventions. 全球惩教场所吸烟:流行、禁令和干预措施。
IF 5.5 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxy005
Anne C Spaulding, Gloria D Eldridge, Cynthia E Chico, Nancy Morisseau, Ana Drobeniuc, Rebecca Fils-Aime, Carolyn Day, Robyn Hopkins, Xingzhong Jin, Junyu Chen, Kate A Dolan

Smoking tobacco contributes to 11.5% of deaths worldwide and, in some countries, more hospitalizations than alcohol and drugs combined. Globally in 2015, 25% of men and 5% of women smoked. In the United States, a higher proportion of people in prison smoke than do community-dwelling individuals. To determine smoking prevalence in prisons worldwide, we systematically reviewed the literature using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines; we also examined whether prisons banned smoking or treated smokers. We searched databases for articles published between 2012 and 2016 and located 85 relevant articles with data representing 73.5% of all incarcerated persons from 50 countries. In 35 of 36 nations (97%) with published prevalence data, smoking for the incarcerated exceeded community rates 1.04- to 62.6-fold. Taking a conservative estimate of a 2-fold increase, we estimated that, globally, 14.5 million male and 26,000 female smokers pass through prisons annually. Prison authorities' responses include permitting, prohibiting, or treating tobacco use. Bans may temporarily improve health and reduce in-prison health care costs but have negligible effect after prison release. Evidence-based interventions for smoking cessation effective outside prisons are effective inside; effects persist after release. Because smoking prevalence is heightened in prisons, offering evidence-based interventions to nearly 15 million smokers passing through yearly would improve global health.

全世界11.5%的死亡是由吸烟造成的,在一些国家,吸烟导致的住院人数超过了酒精和毒品的总和。2015年,全球有25%的男性和5%的女性吸烟。在美国,监狱里的人吸烟的比例高于社区居民。为了确定全世界监狱的吸烟率,我们使用系统评价和荟萃分析指南的首选报告项目系统地回顾了文献;我们还调查了监狱是否禁止吸烟或治疗吸烟者。我们检索了数据库中2012年至2016年间发表的文章,找到了85篇相关文章,这些文章的数据代表了50个国家所有被监禁人员的73.5%。在36个公布流行数据的国家中,有35个(97%)被监禁者的吸烟率超过社区吸烟率1.04至62.6倍。我们保守估计,每年有1450万男性吸烟者和26000名女性吸烟者被送进监狱。监狱当局的回应包括允许、禁止或治疗烟草使用。禁令可能会暂时改善健康状况并降低狱中医疗保健费用,但在出狱后的效果可以忽略不计。基于证据的戒烟干预措施在监狱外有效,在监狱内也有效;释放后效果持续存在。由于监狱中的吸烟率上升,因此向每年经过监狱的近1500万吸烟者提供循证干预措施将改善全球健康。
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引用次数: 52
Prevalence of Drug Injection, Sexual Activity, Tattooing, and Piercing Among Prison Inmates. 监狱囚犯中注射毒品、性行为、纹身和穿孔的流行情况。
IF 5.5 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxy002
Babak Moazen, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Marisa A Silbernagl, Masoud Lotfizadeh, Rebecca J Bosworth, Zahra Alammehrjerdi, Stuart A Kinner, Andrea L Wirtz, Till W Bärnighausen, Heino J Stöver, Kate A Dolan

Prisoners engage in a range of risk behaviors that can lead to the transmission of viral infections, such as HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. In this review, we summarize the epidemiologic literature from 2007 to 2017 on 4 key risk behaviors for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus among prisoners globally: drug injection, sexual activity, tattooing, and piercing. Of 9,303 peer-reviewed and 4,150 gray literature publications, 140 and 14, respectively, met inclusion criteria covering 53 countries (28%). Regions with high levels of injection drug use were Asia Pacific (20.2%), Eastern Europe and Central Asia (17.3%), and Latin America and the Caribbean (11.3%), although the confidence interval for Latin America was high. Low levels of injection drug use in prison were found in African regions. The highest levels of sexual activity in prison were in Europe and North America (12.1%) and West and Central Africa (13.6%); low levels were reported from the Middle East and North African regions (1.5%). High levels of tattooing were reported from Europe and North America (14.7%), Asia Pacific (21.4%), and Latin America (45.4%). Prisons are burdened with a high prevalence of infectious diseases and risk behaviors for transmission of these diseases, and, commonly, a striking lack of evidence-based infection control measures, even when such measures are available in the surrounding community. Given that most prisoners return to these communities, failure to implement effective responses has repercussions not only prisoner health but also for public health.

在这篇综述中,我们总结了2007年至2017年全球囚犯中人类免疫缺陷病毒和丙型肝炎病毒4种主要危险行为的流行病学文献:药物注射、性活动、纹身和穿孔。在9303篇同行评议文献和4150篇灰色文献中,分别有140篇和14篇符合纳入标准,涵盖53个国家(28%)。注射毒品使用水平较高的区域为亚太(20.2%)、东欧和中亚(17.3%)以及拉丁美洲和加勒比(11.3%),尽管拉丁美洲的置信区间较高。非洲地区监狱中注射毒品的使用水平较低。监狱中的性活动水平最高的是欧洲和北美(12.1%)以及西非和中非(13.6%);中东和北非地区报告的水平较低(1.5%)。据报道,欧洲和北美(14.7%)、亚太地区(21.4%)和拉丁美洲(45.4%)的纹身比例较高。监狱的传染病和传播这些疾病的危险行为非常普遍,而且通常明显缺乏以证据为基础的感染控制措施,即使周围社区有这种措施。鉴于大多数囚犯返回这些社区,未能实施有效的应对措施不仅会对囚犯的健康产生影响,也会对公共卫生产生影响。
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引用次数: 50
The Health of America's Aging Prison Population. 美国老龄化监狱人口的健康状况。
IF 5.2 2区 医学 Q1 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxx020
Kimberly A Skarupski, Alden Gross, Jennifer A Schrack, Jennifer A Deal, Gabriel B Eber

Older incarcerated individuals comprise the fastest growing demographic in the US prison system. Unhealthy lifestyles among incarcerated individuals and inadequate health care lead to earlier onset and more rapid progression of many chronic conditions that are prevalent among community-living older adults. There are limited peer-reviewed epidemiologic data in this area; however, there is growing interest in identifying strategies for housing aging incarcerated individuals, delivering appropriate health care in prisons, and coordinating after-release health care. In this systematic review, we summarize the epidemiologic evidence of the health challenges facing the aging US prison population. Our comprehensive literature search focused on health outcomes, including diseases, comorbid conditions, mental health, cognition, and mobility. From 12,486 articles identified from the literature search, we reviewed 21 studies published between 2007 and 2017. All the studies were observational and cross-sectional, and most (n = 17) were based on regional samples. Sample sizes varied widely, ranging from 25 to 14,499 incarcerated people (median, 258). In general, compared with their younger counterparts, older incarcerated individuals reported high rates of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular conditions, and liver disease. Mental health problems were common, especially anxiety, fear of desire for death or suicide, and depression. Activities of daily living were challenging for up to one-fifth of the population. We found no empirical data on cognition among older incarcerated individuals. The findings of this review reveal few empirical data in this area and highlight the need for new data to drive policy and practice patterns that address critical health issues related to the aging prison population.

被监禁的老年人是美国监狱系统中增长最快的人群。被监禁者不健康的生活方式和不充分的医疗保健会导致许多慢性疾病更早发生和更快发展,而这些疾病在社区生活的老年人中普遍存在。这一领域的同行评审流行病学数据有限;然而,人们对确定如何安置老龄化的被监禁者、在监狱中提供适当的医疗保健服务以及协调释放后的医疗保健服务的策略越来越感兴趣。在这篇系统性综述中,我们总结了美国监狱人口老龄化所面临的健康挑战的流行病学证据。我们的全面文献检索侧重于健康结果,包括疾病、合并症、心理健康、认知和行动能力。从文献检索中确定的 12,486 篇文章中,我们审查了 2007 年至 2017 年间发表的 21 项研究。所有研究均为观察性横断面研究,其中大部分(n = 17)基于地区样本。样本量差异很大,从 25 到 14,499 名被监禁者不等(中位数为 258 人)。一般来说,与年轻人相比,老年被监禁者报告的糖尿病、心血管疾病和肝病发病率较高。心理健康问题也很常见,尤其是焦虑、对死亡欲望的恐惧或自杀以及抑郁。多达五分之一的囚犯在日常生活中遇到困难。我们没有发现关于老年被监禁者认知能力的经验数据。本综述的结果显示,这方面的经验数据很少,并强调需要新的数据来推动政策和实践模式,以解决与监狱人口老龄化有关的关键健康问题。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic Models of Infectious Disease Transmission in Prisons and the General Population. 监狱和一般人群传染病传播的动态模型。
IF 5.5 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxx014
Martial L Ndeffo-Mbah, Vivian S Vigliotti, Laura A Skrip, Kate Dolan, Alison P Galvani

Incarcerated populations experience elevated burdens of infectious diseases, which are exacerbated by limited access to prevention measures. Dynamic models are used to assess the spread and control of diseases within correctional facilities and repercussions on the general population. Our systematic review of dynamic models of infectious diseases within correctional settings identified 34 studies published between 1996 and 2017. Of these, 23 focused on disease dynamics and intervention in prison without accounting for subsequent spread to the community. The main diseases modeled in these studies were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; n = 14, 41%), tuberculosis (TB; n = 10, 29%), and hepatitis C virus (HCV; n = 7, 21%). Models were fitted to epidemiologic data in 14 studies; uncertainty and sensitivity analyses were conducted in 8, and validation of model projection against empirical data was done in 1 study. According to the models, prison-based screening and treatment may be highly effective strategies for reducing the burden of HIV, TB, HCV, and other sexually transmissible infections among prisoners and the general community. Decreasing incarceration rates were projected to reduce HIV and HCV infections among people who inject drugs and TB infections among all prisoners. Limitations of the modeling studies and opportunities for using dynamic models to develop quantitative evidence for informing prison infection control measures are discussed.

被监禁人口的传染病负担加重,而获得预防措施的机会有限又加剧了这种负担。动态模型用于评估教养所内疾病的传播和控制以及对一般人群的影响。我们对惩教机构内传染病动态模型的系统综述确定了1996年至2017年间发表的34项研究。其中,23项重点关注监狱中的疾病动态和干预,而没有考虑到随后向社区的传播。这些研究模拟的主要疾病是人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV);n = 14, 41%),结核病(TB;n = 10, 29%)和丙型肝炎病毒(HCV;N = 7, 21%)。模型拟合了14项研究的流行病学资料;其中8项研究进行了不确定性和敏感性分析,1项研究对模型预测进行了实证数据验证。根据这些模型,基于监狱的筛查和治疗可能是减少囚犯和一般社区中艾滋病毒、结核病、丙型肝炎病毒和其他性传播感染负担的非常有效的策略。预计降低监禁率将减少注射吸毒者中的艾滋病毒和丙型肝炎病毒感染以及所有囚犯中的结核病感染。讨论了建模研究的局限性和利用动态模型开发定量证据为监狱感染控制措施提供信息的机会。
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引用次数: 54
Substance Use and Recidivism Outcomes for Prison-Based Drug and Alcohol Interventions. 基于监狱的药物和酒精干预措施的物质使用和再犯结果。
IF 5.5 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxy004
Dominique de Andrade, Jessica Ritchie, Michael Rowlands, Emily Mann, Leanne Hides

We conducted a systematic review to examine the substance use and recidivism outcomes of prison-based substance use interventions. We searched public health, criminology, and psychology databases, and conducted forward and backward snowballing methods to identify additional studies. Studies were included if they were published between January 1, 2000 and June 30, 2017; were published in English; and reported substance use and/or recidivism outcomes of prison-based substance use interventions. Studies were reviewed for methodological rigor using the Effective Public Health Practice Project's Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Our search returned 49 studies: 6 were methodologically strong, 20 were moderate, and 23 were weak. Results suggest therapeutic communities are effective in reducing recidivism and, to a lesser extent substance use after release. There is also evidence to suggest that opioid maintenance treatment is effective in reducing the risk of drug use after release from prison for opioid users. Furthermore, care after release from prison appears to enhance treatment effects for both types of interventions. Results provide evidence that policymakers can use to make informed decisions on best-practice approaches when addressing prisoner substance dependence and improving long-term outcomes. This comprehensive review highlights the difficulties of conducting quality research in the prison setting and suggests innovative study design for future research.

我们进行了一项系统综述,以检查基于监狱的物质使用干预措施的物质使用和再犯结果。我们检索了公共卫生、犯罪学和心理学数据库,并采用正向滚雪球法和反向滚雪球法来确定其他研究。如果研究发表于2000年1月1日至2017年6月30日之间,则纳入研究;以英文出版;报告了监狱药物使用干预措施的药物使用和/或再犯结果。使用有效公共卫生实践项目的定量研究质量评估工具对研究的方法严谨性进行了审查。我们检索到49项研究,其中6项方法学强,20项中等,23项弱。结果表明,治疗社区在减少再犯和在较小程度上减少释放后的物质使用方面是有效的。还有证据表明,阿片类药物维持治疗在降低阿片类药物使用者出狱后吸毒的风险方面是有效的。此外,出狱后的护理似乎增强了两种干预措施的治疗效果。研究结果提供了证据,供决策者在解决囚犯物质依赖问题和改善长期成果时,就最佳实践方法做出知情决定。这项全面的审查强调了在监狱环境中进行高质量研究的困难,并为未来的研究提出了创新的研究设计。
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引用次数: 47
Parental Incarceration and Child Health in the United States. 美国的父母监禁与儿童健康
IF 5.5 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxx013
Christopher Wildeman, Alyssa W Goldman, Kristin Turney

Mass incarceration has profoundly restructured the life courses of not only marginalized adult men for whom this event is now so prevalent but also their families. We examined research published from 2000 to 2017 on the consequences of parental incarceration for child health in the United States. In addition to focusing on specific health outcomes, we also considered broader indicators of child well-being because there has been little research on the association between parental incarceration and objectively measured child health outcomes. Our findings support 4 conclusions. First, paternal incarceration is negatively associated-possibly causally so-with a range of child health and well-being indicators. Second, although some research has suggested a negative association between maternal incarceration and child health, the evidence on this front is mixed. Third, although the evidence for average effects of paternal incarceration on child health and well-being is strong, research has also suggested that some key factors moderate the association between paternal incarceration and child health and well-being. Finally, because of the unequal concentration of parental incarceration and the negative consequences this event has for children, mass incarceration has increased both intracountry inequality in child health in the United States and intercountry inequality in child health between the United States and other developed democracies. In light of these important findings, investment in data infrastructure-with emphasis on data sets that include reliable measures of parental incarceration and child health and data sets that facilitate causal inferences-is needed to understand the child health effects of parental incarceration.

大规模监禁不仅深刻地改变了被边缘化的成年男子的生活轨迹,对他们来说,这一事件现在如此普遍,而且也改变了他们的家庭。我们研究了2000年至2017年发表的关于父母监禁对美国儿童健康影响的研究。除了关注具体的健康结果外,我们还考虑了儿童福祉的更广泛指标,因为关于父母监禁与客观衡量的儿童健康结果之间关系的研究很少。我们的发现支持4个结论。首先,父亲监禁与一系列儿童健康和福祉指标呈负相关(可能是因果关系)。第二,尽管一些研究表明孕产妇监禁与儿童健康之间存在负相关,但这方面的证据好坏参半。第三,尽管父亲监禁对儿童健康和福祉的平均影响的证据很强,但研究也表明,一些关键因素缓和了父亲监禁与儿童健康和福祉之间的关联。最后,由于父母监禁的不平等集中以及这一事件对儿童的负面影响,大规模监禁增加了美国儿童健康方面的国家内部不平等以及美国与其他发达民主国家之间儿童健康方面的国家间不平等。鉴于这些重要发现,需要对数据基础设施进行投资,重点放在包括父母监禁和儿童健康的可靠措施的数据集和有助于因果推论的数据集,以了解父母监禁对儿童健康的影响。
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引用次数: 95
Understanding and Improving the Health of People Who Experience Incarceration: An Overview and Synthesis. 理解和改善经历监禁的人的健康:概述和综合。
IF 5.5 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxx018
Stuart A Kinner, Jesse T Young

The world prison population is growing at a rate that exceeds the rate of population growth. This issue of Epidemiologic Reviews comprises articles in which researchers summarize what is known about some of the key health issues facing people in prison, particularly in relation to human immunodeficiency virus and other blood-borne viral infections. A key recurring theme is that addressing the health needs of people in prison is important to reducing health inequalities at the population level-that prisoner health is public health. The reviews also highlight some critical evidence gaps, notably the lack of evidence from low- and middle-income countries, and the limited number of longitudinal studies in which health behaviors, health outcomes, or health service experiences after release from prison are documented. Despite growing evidence of the poor health of detained adolescents, none of the included reviews considered this population. Further research on the health of young people who cycle through juvenile detention should be a priority. Despite a rapidly growing literature on the health of people who experience incarceration, some critical health issues remain poorly understood, and there has been insufficient attention devoted to co-occurring health conditions and the consequent need for coordinated care. Key populations in custodial settings remain understudied, limiting capacity to develop targeted, evidence-based responses to their health needs. The quality of many studies is suboptimal, and although rigorous, independent research in correctional settings can be challenging, it is not impossible and is critical to laying the groundwork for evidence-based reform.

世界监狱人口的增长速度超过了人口的增长速度。本期《流行病学评论》包括一些文章,其中研究人员总结了监狱中人们面临的一些关键健康问题,特别是与人体免疫缺陷病毒和其他血液传播病毒感染有关的问题。一个反复出现的关键主题是,解决监狱人员的健康需求对于减少人口一级的健康不平等非常重要——囚犯健康就是公共卫生。审查还强调了一些关键的证据差距,特别是缺乏来自低收入和中等收入国家的证据,以及记录出狱后健康行为、健康结果或卫生服务经历的纵向研究数量有限。尽管越来越多的证据表明被拘留的青少年健康状况不佳,但纳入的审查中没有一项考虑到这一人群。进一步研究在少年拘留期间循环的青少年的健康状况应该是一个优先事项。尽管关于被监禁者健康的文献迅速增加,但对一些关键的健康问题的了解仍然很少,对同时发生的健康状况以及随之而来的协调护理需求的关注不够。拘留环境中的关键人群仍未得到充分研究,这限制了针对其健康需求制定有针对性的循证对策的能力。许多研究的质量不是最理想的,尽管在惩教环境中进行严格的、独立的研究可能具有挑战性,但这并非不可能,而且对于为循证改革奠定基础至关重要。
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引用次数: 97
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Epidemiologic Reviews
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