Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01584197.2022.2153699
M. Lerma, Camila P. Villavicencio, Nicolas Luna, Matías Portflitt-Toro, J. Serratosa, G. Luna‐Jorquera, S. Garthe, R. Quispe
ABSTRACT Understanding the physiology of stress in wild animals is essential for the conservation of species subject to anthropogenic perturbations. Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) are exposed to increasing anthropogenic impacts in their natural habitat. In this species, females are typically smaller and dive less deep than males. In related species, the more limited foraging habitat of females and their reduced resiliency due to their smaller size were associated with higher mortality. We hypothesise that potential sex-specific differences in the foraging behaviour of Humboldt penguins may also relate to differences in their physiological stress. Here, we studied sex-specific foraging and diving behaviours and variations in plasma corticosterone levels and leukocyte profiles of Humboldt penguins during the chick-rearing period in Northern Chile. We report no evidence of sex-related differences in most foraging parameters, except that males dived significantly deeper than females. We found that plasma corticosterone levels and leukocyte profiles showed no significant differences between the sexes. Furthermore, there was no clear relationship between an individual’s foraging behaviour and its plasma corticosterone level or leukocyte profile. In summary, we found no support for sex-related differences in physiological stress levels of Humboldt penguins, and no link between their foraging behaviour and their physiological stress. However, we acknowledge that our sample size is small and that more studies are needed. This study contributes with information on the physiological stress and foraging behaviours of Humboldt penguins in Northern Chile. This information can help to understand context-dependent differences in physiological parameters and foraging behaviours for the species.
{"title":"Corticosterone levels, leukocyte profiles, and foraging and diving behaviours of Humboldt penguins during chick rearing in Northern Chile","authors":"M. Lerma, Camila P. Villavicencio, Nicolas Luna, Matías Portflitt-Toro, J. Serratosa, G. Luna‐Jorquera, S. Garthe, R. Quispe","doi":"10.1080/01584197.2022.2153699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01584197.2022.2153699","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Understanding the physiology of stress in wild animals is essential for the conservation of species subject to anthropogenic perturbations. Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) are exposed to increasing anthropogenic impacts in their natural habitat. In this species, females are typically smaller and dive less deep than males. In related species, the more limited foraging habitat of females and their reduced resiliency due to their smaller size were associated with higher mortality. We hypothesise that potential sex-specific differences in the foraging behaviour of Humboldt penguins may also relate to differences in their physiological stress. Here, we studied sex-specific foraging and diving behaviours and variations in plasma corticosterone levels and leukocyte profiles of Humboldt penguins during the chick-rearing period in Northern Chile. We report no evidence of sex-related differences in most foraging parameters, except that males dived significantly deeper than females. We found that plasma corticosterone levels and leukocyte profiles showed no significant differences between the sexes. Furthermore, there was no clear relationship between an individual’s foraging behaviour and its plasma corticosterone level or leukocyte profile. In summary, we found no support for sex-related differences in physiological stress levels of Humboldt penguins, and no link between their foraging behaviour and their physiological stress. However, we acknowledge that our sample size is small and that more studies are needed. This study contributes with information on the physiological stress and foraging behaviours of Humboldt penguins in Northern Chile. This information can help to understand context-dependent differences in physiological parameters and foraging behaviours for the species.","PeriodicalId":50532,"journal":{"name":"Emu-Austral Ornithology","volume":"17 1","pages":"71 - 78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85474412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01584197.2022.2153257
M. Cobden, D. Stojanović, L. Rayner, R. Heinsohn, A. Manning
ABSTRACT Quantifying the reproductive output of species is fundamental in understanding population dynamics, life history, and in conservation management. The use of multiple metrics to quantify reproductive variation allows for a clear interpretation of the species’ breeding biology and is often needed for robust models of population trajectory. Using measures of nest survival, clutch size, brood size, and nestling body condition we quantified reproductive output and annual variation of the Superb Parrot Polytelis swainsonii over 5 years in Canberra, Australia. We found consistent nest survival probability, maintained at over 89% throughout the nesting period in all years of study, but variation in all other metrics. Clutch sizes of Superb Parrots varied annually, and we found seasonal declines in both clutch and brood sizes. Furthermore, nestling body condition also varied annually and by order in which hatching occurred. The annual breeding performance of this bird has implications for conservation assessment and provides critical baseline data. Continuing to address critical knowledge gaps in Superb Parrot ecology and biology should be prioritised to better inform management and resolve the uncertainty that remains in the species’ conservation status.
{"title":"High nest survival, but variable reproductive output in the Superb Parrot (Polytelis swainsonii)","authors":"M. Cobden, D. Stojanović, L. Rayner, R. Heinsohn, A. Manning","doi":"10.1080/01584197.2022.2153257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01584197.2022.2153257","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Quantifying the reproductive output of species is fundamental in understanding population dynamics, life history, and in conservation management. The use of multiple metrics to quantify reproductive variation allows for a clear interpretation of the species’ breeding biology and is often needed for robust models of population trajectory. Using measures of nest survival, clutch size, brood size, and nestling body condition we quantified reproductive output and annual variation of the Superb Parrot Polytelis swainsonii over 5 years in Canberra, Australia. We found consistent nest survival probability, maintained at over 89% throughout the nesting period in all years of study, but variation in all other metrics. Clutch sizes of Superb Parrots varied annually, and we found seasonal declines in both clutch and brood sizes. Furthermore, nestling body condition also varied annually and by order in which hatching occurred. The annual breeding performance of this bird has implications for conservation assessment and provides critical baseline data. Continuing to address critical knowledge gaps in Superb Parrot ecology and biology should be prioritised to better inform management and resolve the uncertainty that remains in the species’ conservation status.","PeriodicalId":50532,"journal":{"name":"Emu-Austral Ornithology","volume":"1 1","pages":"14 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89963107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01584197.2022.2161915
G. Baker, K. Jensz, R. Cunningham, G. Robertson, P. Sagar, D. Thompson, M. Double
ABSTRACT White-capped Albatrosses Thalassarche steadi breed only on New Zealand’s sub-Antarctic islands, principally the Auckland Islands. The species is commonly caught as bycatch in global longline and trawl fisheries, and it has been estimated that 8 000 birds are killed each year. In December or January between 2006 and 2017 we undertook annual population censuses of the White-capped Albatrosses breeding at the Auckland Islands using aerial photography. Estimated annual counts for the three breeding sites were adjusted using estimates of the proportion of birds clearly not associated with an active nest (loafers), to estimate annual breeding pairs for each breeding season. The estimated mean number of annual breeding pairs in the Auckland Islands during this period was 89 846 with high inter-annual variability (range: 74 031–116 025). Over the 12 years of the study adjusted counts for all sites combined showed a negative linear trend but this relationship was not statistically significant. Similar analyses using TRIM classified the population as ‘stable’. Given the estimated number of annual breeding pairs and the high frequency of biennial breeding it is likely that fisheries bycatch, if it has been estimated accurately, is impacting this population. Continuation of annual monitoring is recommended to increase the precision of the estimated population trend and help determine if the high levels of bycatch across multiple fisheries are sustainable in the long term.
{"title":"Population assessment of White-capped Albatrosses Thalassarche steadi in New Zealand","authors":"G. Baker, K. Jensz, R. Cunningham, G. Robertson, P. Sagar, D. Thompson, M. Double","doi":"10.1080/01584197.2022.2161915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01584197.2022.2161915","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT White-capped Albatrosses Thalassarche steadi breed only on New Zealand’s sub-Antarctic islands, principally the Auckland Islands. The species is commonly caught as bycatch in global longline and trawl fisheries, and it has been estimated that 8 000 birds are killed each year. In December or January between 2006 and 2017 we undertook annual population censuses of the White-capped Albatrosses breeding at the Auckland Islands using aerial photography. Estimated annual counts for the three breeding sites were adjusted using estimates of the proportion of birds clearly not associated with an active nest (loafers), to estimate annual breeding pairs for each breeding season. The estimated mean number of annual breeding pairs in the Auckland Islands during this period was 89 846 with high inter-annual variability (range: 74 031–116 025). Over the 12 years of the study adjusted counts for all sites combined showed a negative linear trend but this relationship was not statistically significant. Similar analyses using TRIM classified the population as ‘stable’. Given the estimated number of annual breeding pairs and the high frequency of biennial breeding it is likely that fisheries bycatch, if it has been estimated accurately, is impacting this population. Continuation of annual monitoring is recommended to increase the precision of the estimated population trend and help determine if the high levels of bycatch across multiple fisheries are sustainable in the long term.","PeriodicalId":50532,"journal":{"name":"Emu-Austral Ornithology","volume":"56 1","pages":"60 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85642169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01584197.2022.2163664
B. Siregar, Ferry Hasudungan, Vincentia Widyasari, Jafet Potenzo Lopes, Colin R. Trainor, Anuj Jain, D. Yong
Wallacea, comprising the archipelagos of Sulawesi, the Lesser Sundas, and Maluku, is an engine of bird species diversification (McCullough et al. 2022), supporting high levels of endemism, and clearly an important region for bird conservation globally (Monk et al. 1997; Burung Indonesia 2014). Wallacea’s charismatic flagships include the Maleo Macrocephalon maleo, Standardwing Semioptera wallacii, and an array of Australasian taxa such as parrots, pigeons, and honeyeaters – the region holds more than 130 Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas or IBAs (Trainor et al. 2007; BirdLife International 2022). Disconcertingly, Wallacea’s birdlife is imperilled by a myriad of pressures, including high rates of habitat loss and unsustainable exploitation of its biodiversity (Lambert 1993; Trainor et al. 2007; Burung Indonesia 2014), whilst frequently slipping through the radar of conservationists. These threats were amplified during the COVID-19 pandemic while efforts to protect Wallacea’s avian biodiversity has correspondingly weakened. Arguably the most insidious threat to Wallacea’s birdlife is the unsustainable harvest of wild birds for the pet trade, of which parrots form the majority (Lambert 1993; Monk et al. 1997; Burung Indonesia 2014; Pires et al. 2021). Wallacean parrots are among the most threatened globally (Olah et al. 2018; Hruby 2022) and a high priority for conservation. Parrots are also the second most trafficked group of birds in Indonesia after songbirds (Indraswari et al. 2020). In one major seizure by Indonesian authorities in Wallacea in 2018, parrots comprised the vast majority of birds taken (96% of 1,177 individuals including the White Cockatoo Cacatua alba) (Setiyani and Ahmadi 2020). While the songbird trade in Java and Bali is driving the declines of many species, it affects few songbirds with Wallacean origins (Chng et al. 2015; TRAFFIC 2019; Nijman et al. 2021). In fact, only four of 68 songbird species or subspecies identified by the IUCN as priority taxa impacted by the songbird trade in Indonesia were Wallacean endemics (ASTSG 2022). Demand for parrots in the pet bird trade nationally and internationally has driven declines of many species (Figure 1(a,b). For example, Yellow-crested Cockatoo C. sulphurea populations in Komodo National Park declined by 60% between 2000 and 2005 (Imansyah et al. 2016) and has been extirpated from three islands and 68 sites since 1950, with most losses between 1985 and 2000 (Reuleaux et al. 2022). In North Sulawesi, heavy trapping for the trade decimated populations of the Red-and-blue Lory Eos histrio challengeri (locally ‘Nuri Talaud’) from several thousands to 700 individuals by the early 1990s (Batiran and Fisher 2020). A 2012 study by the conservation group Burung Indonesia identified 180 poachers and 20 collectors (including middleman smugglers and buyers) in North Maluku, mostly targeting parrots such as the Chattering Lory Lorius garrulus (Wijayanto 2015) while Siregar and Hasudungan (2
Wallacea由苏拉威西群岛、小巽他群岛和马鲁古群岛组成，是鸟类物种多样化的引擎(McCullough et al. 2022)，支持高水平的地方性，显然是全球鸟类保护的重要区域(Monk et al. 1997;印尼Burung 2014)。Wallacea极具魅力的旗舰物种包括Maleo Macrocephalon Maleo，标准翼半翅目wallacii，以及一系列澳大利亚分类群，如鹦鹉，鸽子和蜜鸟-该地区拥有130多个重要鸟类和生物多样性区()(Trainor等人，2007;国际鸟盟2022)。令人不安的是，Wallacea的鸟类受到无数压力的威胁，包括栖息地的高丧失率和对其生物多样性的不可持续的开发(Lambert 1993;Trainor et al. 2007;印度尼西亚Burung 2014)，同时经常躲过环保主义者的雷达。在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间，这些威胁被放大，而保护Wallacea鸟类生物多样性的努力相应减弱。可以说，对Wallacea的鸟类生活最潜在的威胁是不可持续的野生鸟类的宠物贸易，其中鹦鹉占大多数(Lambert 1993;Monk et al. 1997;印尼Burung 2014;Pires et al. 2021)。华莱士鹦鹉是全球最受威胁的鹦鹉之一(Olah et al. 2018;Hruby 2022)和高度优先的保护。鹦鹉也是印度尼西亚第二大被贩运的鸟类，仅次于鸣禽(Indraswari et al. 2020)。2018年，印度尼西亚当局在瓦拉科亚的一次重大缉获中，鹦鹉占了绝大多数(包括白鹦鹉Cacatua alba在内的1177只鹦鹉中有96%)(Setiyani和Ahmadi 2020)。虽然爪哇和巴厘岛的鸣禽贸易正在推动许多物种的减少，但它只影响了少数起源于瓦拉西亚的鸣禽(Chng et al. 2015;交通2019;Nijman et al. 2021)。事实上，在IUCN确定的68种鸣禽或亚种中，只有4种是印尼受鸣禽贸易影响的优先分类群(ASTSG 2022)。国内和国际宠物鸟贸易对鹦鹉的需求导致了许多物种的减少(图1(a,b)。例如，科摩多国家公园的黄冠凤头鹦鹉(Yellow-crested Cockatoo C. sulphurea)数量在2000年至2005年间下降了60% (Imansyah et al. 2016)，自1950年以来，已从三个岛屿和68个地点灭绝，其中大部分损失发生在1985年至2000年间(releaux et al. 2022)。在北苏拉威西岛，大量的贸易陷阱使红蓝Lory Eos histrio challengeri(当地的“Nuri Talaud”)的数量在20世纪90年代初从数千只减少到700只(Batiran和Fisher 2020)。印尼保护组织Burung Indonesia在2012年的一项研究中发现，北马鲁古群岛有180名偷猎者和20名收藏家(包括中间人走私者和买家)，主要针对的是鹦鹉，如Chattering Lory Lorius garrulus (Wijayanto 2015)，而Siregar和Hasudungan(2022)显示，1992年至2019年间，哈马黑拉岛的白凤头鹦鹉数量下降了65%。市场调查显示，在爪哇、巴厘岛和苏门答腊岛的鸟类市场上交易的鹦鹉中，有很大一部分来自瓦拉太亚(Chng et al. 2015;交通2019;Nijman et al. 2021, 2022;Pires等人，2021)，许多人随后通过既定的过境路线走私出印度尼西亚(Karokaro 2020)。在线鹦鹉爱好者团体在印度尼西亚越来越受欢迎(Indraswari et al. 2020)。2018年，至少有10个印尼Facebook群组(成员超过19万)专注于鹦鹉饲养和交易
{"title":"Unsustainable exploitation of wild birds in Wallacea – An uncertain road for conservation emerging from the pandemic","authors":"B. Siregar, Ferry Hasudungan, Vincentia Widyasari, Jafet Potenzo Lopes, Colin R. Trainor, Anuj Jain, D. Yong","doi":"10.1080/01584197.2022.2163664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01584197.2022.2163664","url":null,"abstract":"Wallacea, comprising the archipelagos of Sulawesi, the Lesser Sundas, and Maluku, is an engine of bird species diversification (McCullough et al. 2022), supporting high levels of endemism, and clearly an important region for bird conservation globally (Monk et al. 1997; Burung Indonesia 2014). Wallacea’s charismatic flagships include the Maleo Macrocephalon maleo, Standardwing Semioptera wallacii, and an array of Australasian taxa such as parrots, pigeons, and honeyeaters – the region holds more than 130 Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas or IBAs (Trainor et al. 2007; BirdLife International 2022). Disconcertingly, Wallacea’s birdlife is imperilled by a myriad of pressures, including high rates of habitat loss and unsustainable exploitation of its biodiversity (Lambert 1993; Trainor et al. 2007; Burung Indonesia 2014), whilst frequently slipping through the radar of conservationists. These threats were amplified during the COVID-19 pandemic while efforts to protect Wallacea’s avian biodiversity has correspondingly weakened. Arguably the most insidious threat to Wallacea’s birdlife is the unsustainable harvest of wild birds for the pet trade, of which parrots form the majority (Lambert 1993; Monk et al. 1997; Burung Indonesia 2014; Pires et al. 2021). Wallacean parrots are among the most threatened globally (Olah et al. 2018; Hruby 2022) and a high priority for conservation. Parrots are also the second most trafficked group of birds in Indonesia after songbirds (Indraswari et al. 2020). In one major seizure by Indonesian authorities in Wallacea in 2018, parrots comprised the vast majority of birds taken (96% of 1,177 individuals including the White Cockatoo Cacatua alba) (Setiyani and Ahmadi 2020). While the songbird trade in Java and Bali is driving the declines of many species, it affects few songbirds with Wallacean origins (Chng et al. 2015; TRAFFIC 2019; Nijman et al. 2021). In fact, only four of 68 songbird species or subspecies identified by the IUCN as priority taxa impacted by the songbird trade in Indonesia were Wallacean endemics (ASTSG 2022). Demand for parrots in the pet bird trade nationally and internationally has driven declines of many species (Figure 1(a,b). For example, Yellow-crested Cockatoo C. sulphurea populations in Komodo National Park declined by 60% between 2000 and 2005 (Imansyah et al. 2016) and has been extirpated from three islands and 68 sites since 1950, with most losses between 1985 and 2000 (Reuleaux et al. 2022). In North Sulawesi, heavy trapping for the trade decimated populations of the Red-and-blue Lory Eos histrio challengeri (locally ‘Nuri Talaud’) from several thousands to 700 individuals by the early 1990s (Batiran and Fisher 2020). A 2012 study by the conservation group Burung Indonesia identified 180 poachers and 20 collectors (including middleman smugglers and buyers) in North Maluku, mostly targeting parrots such as the Chattering Lory Lorius garrulus (Wijayanto 2015) while Siregar and Hasudungan (2","PeriodicalId":50532,"journal":{"name":"Emu-Austral Ornithology","volume":"1 1","pages":"85 - 89"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90064151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01584197.2022.2158476
C. A. Ngcamphalala, S. Nicolson, A. Ganswindt, A. McKechnie
ABSTRACT Faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) analysis provides a non-invasive, feedback-free approach for monitoring adrenocortical responses to natural and anthropogenic stressors. The use of enzyme-immunoassays (EIAs) to quantify immunoreactive fGCMs has gained popularity in recent years but requires species-specific validation prior to first use. We conducted a pharmacological challenge with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to determine whether changes in circulating glucocorticoids are reflected in fGCM, concentrations and therefore to validate excreta as a matrix for monitoring endocrine status in a southern African passerine, the White-browed Sparrow-weaver (Plocepasser mahali) and a columbid, the Laughing Dove (Spilopelia capensis). We tested the suitability of four EIAs to quantify fGCMs in 10 individuals of each species. Two of the EIAs, tetrahydrocorticosterone and 11-Oxoetiocholanolone II, detected significant elevations and were therefore most suitable for quantifying fGCMs in the White-browed Sparrow-weavers. In contrast, the 5α-pregnane-3β, 11β, 21-triol-20-one EIA detected the highest elevations in fGCM concentrations in the Laughing Doves. The lag time between stressor initiation (ACTH injection) and the resulting peak fGCM concentrations was ~2 h in both species. The validations presented here open opportunities for monitoring physiological responses in free-ranging individuals and contribute to our knowledge of the EIAs suitable for non-invasive quantification of avian fGCM concentrations.
{"title":"Physiological validation of the use of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites as a measure of stress in a passerine and a columbid from southern Africa","authors":"C. A. Ngcamphalala, S. Nicolson, A. Ganswindt, A. McKechnie","doi":"10.1080/01584197.2022.2158476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01584197.2022.2158476","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) analysis provides a non-invasive, feedback-free approach for monitoring adrenocortical responses to natural and anthropogenic stressors. The use of enzyme-immunoassays (EIAs) to quantify immunoreactive fGCMs has gained popularity in recent years but requires species-specific validation prior to first use. We conducted a pharmacological challenge with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to determine whether changes in circulating glucocorticoids are reflected in fGCM, concentrations and therefore to validate excreta as a matrix for monitoring endocrine status in a southern African passerine, the White-browed Sparrow-weaver (Plocepasser mahali) and a columbid, the Laughing Dove (Spilopelia capensis). We tested the suitability of four EIAs to quantify fGCMs in 10 individuals of each species. Two of the EIAs, tetrahydrocorticosterone and 11-Oxoetiocholanolone II, detected significant elevations and were therefore most suitable for quantifying fGCMs in the White-browed Sparrow-weavers. In contrast, the 5α-pregnane-3β, 11β, 21-triol-20-one EIA detected the highest elevations in fGCM concentrations in the Laughing Doves. The lag time between stressor initiation (ACTH injection) and the resulting peak fGCM concentrations was ~2 h in both species. The validations presented here open opportunities for monitoring physiological responses in free-ranging individuals and contribute to our knowledge of the EIAs suitable for non-invasive quantification of avian fGCM concentrations.","PeriodicalId":50532,"journal":{"name":"Emu-Austral Ornithology","volume":"104 9 1","pages":"79 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80931000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-08DOI: 10.1080/01584197.2022.2136608
Samantha H Yabsley
{"title":"Feather and Brush: A History of Australian Bird Art","authors":"Samantha H Yabsley","doi":"10.1080/01584197.2022.2136608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01584197.2022.2136608","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50532,"journal":{"name":"Emu-Austral Ornithology","volume":"1 1","pages":"90 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78762455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-02DOI: 10.1080/01584197.2022.2132961
D. A. Erastova, K. Cain, J. A. Galbraith, Y. van Heezik, M. Stanley
ABSTRACT Sugar-water bird feeding in residential backyards is increasingly popular, but its effects on wildlife are poorly understood. One concern is whether it results in maladaptive behaviour, such as reliance on artificial food or increased aggression due to increased density of visiting individuals. We studied sugar-water feeder-associated bird behaviour in two cities with different climates. We investigate whether season, city, or sugar concentration influenced bird foraging activity and aggressiveness. We then test whether feeder presence affected backyard bird composition. Birds were most aggressive and used sugar-water feeders most actively in winter, especially the omnivorous native tauhou (Zosterops lateralis). We also found city and seasonal differences in sugar-water feeder usage and aggression. Further, in Auckland, the city with the warmer climate, New Zealand’s largest nectarivorous species, tūī (Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae), was more likely to be aggressive at feeders with higher sugar concentrations but foraged longer at feeders with lower sugar concentrations. Neither feeder presence nor sugar concentration influenced garden bird species richness or abundance. We discuss the effects of sugar-water feeding on bird behaviour at the global and local scale and suggest future study directions.
{"title":"Season and sugar concentration affect bird behaviour at urban sugar-water feeders","authors":"D. A. Erastova, K. Cain, J. A. Galbraith, Y. van Heezik, M. Stanley","doi":"10.1080/01584197.2022.2132961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01584197.2022.2132961","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Sugar-water bird feeding in residential backyards is increasingly popular, but its effects on wildlife are poorly understood. One concern is whether it results in maladaptive behaviour, such as reliance on artificial food or increased aggression due to increased density of visiting individuals. We studied sugar-water feeder-associated bird behaviour in two cities with different climates. We investigate whether season, city, or sugar concentration influenced bird foraging activity and aggressiveness. We then test whether feeder presence affected backyard bird composition. Birds were most aggressive and used sugar-water feeders most actively in winter, especially the omnivorous native tauhou (Zosterops lateralis). We also found city and seasonal differences in sugar-water feeder usage and aggression. Further, in Auckland, the city with the warmer climate, New Zealand’s largest nectarivorous species, tūī (Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae), was more likely to be aggressive at feeders with higher sugar concentrations but foraged longer at feeders with lower sugar concentrations. Neither feeder presence nor sugar concentration influenced garden bird species richness or abundance. We discuss the effects of sugar-water feeding on bird behaviour at the global and local scale and suggest future study directions.","PeriodicalId":50532,"journal":{"name":"Emu-Austral Ornithology","volume":"47 1","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80795493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/01584197.2022.2126988
María Juliana Benítez Saldívar, C. Miño, Viviana Massoni
ABSTRACT In many avian species, age, body size, and song could signal quality or individual breeding experience and these traits are often correlated with reproductive success. The relationship between sexually selected signals and avian mating systems is a topic of active research, but still remains poorly investigated in species from southern latitudes. Here, we explored the relationships between body size, condition, age, song and social and genetic reproductive success in Sicalis flaveola pelzelni, a Neotropical thraupid. This socially monogamous species has both age-related changes in song and plumage colouration and extra-pair paternity. When measuring male song we found that a lower peak frequency may be associated with patterns of extra-pair paternity gain by males. We also found that male age may not have a marked effect on paternity assurance. In addition, we found that female body condition appears to influence on the proportion of extra-pair nestlings in females’ nests. We contribute novel data to help bridge the geographic and taxonomic gap in this research field.
{"title":"Extra-pair paternity in the Saffron Finch is related to song peak frequency and body condition","authors":"María Juliana Benítez Saldívar, C. Miño, Viviana Massoni","doi":"10.1080/01584197.2022.2126988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01584197.2022.2126988","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In many avian species, age, body size, and song could signal quality or individual breeding experience and these traits are often correlated with reproductive success. The relationship between sexually selected signals and avian mating systems is a topic of active research, but still remains poorly investigated in species from southern latitudes. Here, we explored the relationships between body size, condition, age, song and social and genetic reproductive success in Sicalis flaveola pelzelni, a Neotropical thraupid. This socially monogamous species has both age-related changes in song and plumage colouration and extra-pair paternity. When measuring male song we found that a lower peak frequency may be associated with patterns of extra-pair paternity gain by males. We also found that male age may not have a marked effect on paternity assurance. In addition, we found that female body condition appears to influence on the proportion of extra-pair nestlings in females’ nests. We contribute novel data to help bridge the geographic and taxonomic gap in this research field.","PeriodicalId":50532,"journal":{"name":"Emu-Austral Ornithology","volume":"86 1","pages":"226 - 237"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73915623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/01584197.2022.2125407
Aline Gibson Vega
ABSTRACT Grasswrens (Amytornis) lack behavioural ecological studies despite many species having a declining population and threatened status. The Western Grasswren (Amytornis textilis) is a semi-arid passerine endemic to Western Australia (WA) and South Australia. This study aims to provide further knowledge about the social organisation and breeding biology of the WA subspecies (A. t. textilis) based on a colour-banded population over three years of monitoring. Western Grasswrens maintained territories in pairs, with occasional cooperative breeding facilitated by adult offspring of either sex who delayed dispersal. There was no evidence of divorce between breeding pairs. However, resighting of banded grasswrens was infrequent which may have biased this conclusion. Nest predation and abandonment events were lower than previously documented for this species. Offspring productivity was high, with >70% of the monitored groups producing at least one fledgling per year. Grasswrens used a range of substrates for nesting, but all had common structural features that likely aided in the concealment or thermoregulation of the nest. Social organisation and breeding biology were similar to what had been observed in two other grasswren species. This study has increased our understanding of a poorly understood cryptic species, and understudied genus, that can later be incorporated into future management strategies, population viability models and comparative analysis.
{"title":"Social organisation and breeding biology of the Western Grasswren (Amytornis textilis textilis)","authors":"Aline Gibson Vega","doi":"10.1080/01584197.2022.2125407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01584197.2022.2125407","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Grasswrens (Amytornis) lack behavioural ecological studies despite many species having a declining population and threatened status. The Western Grasswren (Amytornis textilis) is a semi-arid passerine endemic to Western Australia (WA) and South Australia. This study aims to provide further knowledge about the social organisation and breeding biology of the WA subspecies (A. t. textilis) based on a colour-banded population over three years of monitoring. Western Grasswrens maintained territories in pairs, with occasional cooperative breeding facilitated by adult offspring of either sex who delayed dispersal. There was no evidence of divorce between breeding pairs. However, resighting of banded grasswrens was infrequent which may have biased this conclusion. Nest predation and abandonment events were lower than previously documented for this species. Offspring productivity was high, with >70% of the monitored groups producing at least one fledgling per year. Grasswrens used a range of substrates for nesting, but all had common structural features that likely aided in the concealment or thermoregulation of the nest. Social organisation and breeding biology were similar to what had been observed in two other grasswren species. This study has increased our understanding of a poorly understood cryptic species, and understudied genus, that can later be incorporated into future management strategies, population viability models and comparative analysis.","PeriodicalId":50532,"journal":{"name":"Emu-Austral Ornithology","volume":"2004 1","pages":"282 - 287"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82964924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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