A landslide is an event of a disaster and has adverse effects on every country with varying degrees of impact. The lithology's complex nature, the vast slide area and the landslide's topography make the direct investigation challenging. In depth landslide investigation demands multidisciplinary knowledge, skilled human power and costly testing equipment, making direct investigation tedious and time-consuming. However, an alternative for the direct investigation is needed to cover all the aspects of landslide mechanism. Recently advanced geophysical methods have an excellent potential for collecting landslide mechanism-related information without disturbing them. One such method is effectively used to investigate the soil's subsurface properties as one of the significant threats to stability is rainfall in a landslide-prone area and its resolve is effectively called Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). The present study endeavors to display cutting-edge research on the applications of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) in the field of landslide investigation. The foremost objective of the study is to present the outcomes of geophysical surveys conducted through ERT, which encompass 1D, 2D, 3D and time-lapse investigations. The study also highlights the advantages and limitations of these ERT investigations and identifies potential challenges that need to be addressed for the optimum utilization of ERT in future research.
{"title":"Landslide Investigation through Emerging Technology of Electrical Resistivity Tomography","authors":"Prashant Sudani, K.A. Patil","doi":"10.25303/1609da071080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25303/1609da071080","url":null,"abstract":"A landslide is an event of a disaster and has adverse effects on every country with varying degrees of impact. The lithology's complex nature, the vast slide area and the landslide's topography make the direct investigation challenging. In depth landslide investigation demands multidisciplinary knowledge, skilled human power and costly testing equipment, making direct investigation tedious and time-consuming. However, an alternative for the direct investigation is needed to cover all the aspects of landslide mechanism. Recently advanced geophysical methods have an excellent potential for collecting landslide mechanism-related information without disturbing them. One such method is effectively used to investigate the soil's subsurface properties as one of the significant threats to stability is rainfall in a landslide-prone area and its resolve is effectively called Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). The present study endeavors to display cutting-edge research on the applications of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) in the field of landslide investigation. The foremost objective of the study is to present the outcomes of geophysical surveys conducted through ERT, which encompass 1D, 2D, 3D and time-lapse investigations. The study also highlights the advantages and limitations of these ERT investigations and identifies potential challenges that need to be addressed for the optimum utilization of ERT in future research.","PeriodicalId":50576,"journal":{"name":"Disaster Advances","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135163046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rivers are the dynamic bodies of water, so they change form and size over time in many different ways. The phenomena of riverbank erosion and accretion have a significant impact on the communities that are located in the neighbouring area and they also increase the likelihood of making the agriculturally productive land vulnerable to become barren and unusable. The current study is focused on the analysis of erosion and accretion caused by Krishna River, flowing through the two coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, Bapatla and Krishna. The satellite imagery acquired from USGS website (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov) was utilised throughout the course of the research to cover a range of time intervals from 1990 to 2020. For the time period from 1990 to 2000, the erosion and accretion were 2249 ha and 1397 ha respectively. Between the years 2000 and 2010, there was a total of 688 ha of erosion and 1888 ha of accretion. During the period from 2010 to 2020, the area lost to erosion was a total of 2341 ha, while 1743 ha was gained. The findings make it abundantly clear that there has been a significant alteration in the flow pattern of the Krishna River which has led to the loss of a large portion of agricultural land as a result of erosion as well as the congestion of river as a result of accretion. The findings of the research will alert local authorities to develop efficient action plans and strategies to combat erosion and accretion in both the regions.
{"title":"A Geospatial Approach for the Assessment of Erosion and Accretion caused by Krishna River in the Bapatla and Krishna Districts of Andhra Pradesh State, India","authors":"Hussain Malik Arshid, Uma Devi Randhi","doi":"10.25303/1609da021030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25303/1609da021030","url":null,"abstract":"Rivers are the dynamic bodies of water, so they change form and size over time in many different ways. The phenomena of riverbank erosion and accretion have a significant impact on the communities that are located in the neighbouring area and they also increase the likelihood of making the agriculturally productive land vulnerable to become barren and unusable. The current study is focused on the analysis of erosion and accretion caused by Krishna River, flowing through the two coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, Bapatla and Krishna. The satellite imagery acquired from USGS website (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov) was utilised throughout the course of the research to cover a range of time intervals from 1990 to 2020. For the time period from 1990 to 2000, the erosion and accretion were 2249 ha and 1397 ha respectively. Between the years 2000 and 2010, there was a total of 688 ha of erosion and 1888 ha of accretion. During the period from 2010 to 2020, the area lost to erosion was a total of 2341 ha, while 1743 ha was gained. The findings make it abundantly clear that there has been a significant alteration in the flow pattern of the Krishna River which has led to the loss of a large portion of agricultural land as a result of erosion as well as the congestion of river as a result of accretion. The findings of the research will alert local authorities to develop efficient action plans and strategies to combat erosion and accretion in both the regions.","PeriodicalId":50576,"journal":{"name":"Disaster Advances","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135163243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Landslides pose significant and recurring hazards in various parts of India, particularly during the rainy season, causing extensive damage to infrastructure and loss of life. To address this issue, it is crucial to map the hazardous zones, raise awareness among local communities and guide authorities in disaster management efforts. This study aimed to develop a landslide hazard zonation map using different thematic maps such as aspect, drainage density, geology, lineament density, land use land cover, rainfall, road network, slope and soil layers. The study employing methods such as AHP and a modified power method was based on AHP for the development of landslide hazard zonation maps. The findings indicated that the PM-AHP technique yielded superior results in identifying highly risky zones. According to this method, approximately 250.65 sq.km. of the area was classified as falling within the highly risky zone.
{"title":"Landslide Hazard Zonation Mapping using MCDM Techniques – A study over Kodagu District, Karnataka","authors":"Sreedevi Narayana, Karthikeyan Jayaraman","doi":"10.25303/1609da060070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25303/1609da060070","url":null,"abstract":"Landslides pose significant and recurring hazards in various parts of India, particularly during the rainy season, causing extensive damage to infrastructure and loss of life. To address this issue, it is crucial to map the hazardous zones, raise awareness among local communities and guide authorities in disaster management efforts. This study aimed to develop a landslide hazard zonation map using different thematic maps such as aspect, drainage density, geology, lineament density, land use land cover, rainfall, road network, slope and soil layers. The study employing methods such as AHP and a modified power method was based on AHP for the development of landslide hazard zonation maps. The findings indicated that the PM-AHP technique yielded superior results in identifying highly risky zones. According to this method, approximately 250.65 sq.km. of the area was classified as falling within the highly risky zone.","PeriodicalId":50576,"journal":{"name":"Disaster Advances","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135163244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to its use in numerous geological and biological contexts, morphometric analysis has drawn more attention in recent years. It offers perception into process-associated modifications together with catchment assessment, runoff, infiltration, watershed development, natural and structural frameworks. Study of the Thamirabarani river is composed of Achaean crystalline rocks in the west and tertiary and quaternary sedimentary rocks on the east coast. In the current work, a morphometric analysis of the Thamirabarani river was performed to describe the various surface processes that cut the watershed into the river topography. Catchments were defined using Cartosat data and Arc GIS 10.4.1. This study shows that the stream varied from 1 to 5 (I-357, II-89, III-21, IV-9 and V-3) orders. According to the mean bifurcation ratio, the stream is topographical and complex regulated in its shallower parts. The analyzed basin's high permeability is explained by the studied basin's low current frequency values. Plate erosion rather than channel erosion can be seen in overland flow lengths (>0.14) and rough textures can be seen in drainage patterns. Asymmetric and extended basins with neotectonic activity are indicated by analysis of measured parameters using morphometry. Therefore, various interpretations are produced based on morphometric test of the Thamirabarani stream system to help provide information pertinent to social benefits.
{"title":"A GIS based Morphometric Analysis of Thamirabarani River Basin, Tuticorin district, Tamilnadu, India, using CARTOSAT-1 DEM Data and ArcGIS","authors":"Arun Kumar, Kamini Singh, Ajay Kumar Arya, Siddhant Vaish, Naushi Anis","doi":"10.25303/1609da08020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25303/1609da08020","url":null,"abstract":"Due to its use in numerous geological and biological contexts, morphometric analysis has drawn more attention in recent years. It offers perception into process-associated modifications together with catchment assessment, runoff, infiltration, watershed development, natural and structural frameworks. Study of the Thamirabarani river is composed of Achaean crystalline rocks in the west and tertiary and quaternary sedimentary rocks on the east coast. In the current work, a morphometric analysis of the Thamirabarani river was performed to describe the various surface processes that cut the watershed into the river topography. Catchments were defined using Cartosat data and Arc GIS 10.4.1. This study shows that the stream varied from 1 to 5 (I-357, II-89, III-21, IV-9 and V-3) orders. According to the mean bifurcation ratio, the stream is topographical and complex regulated in its shallower parts. The analyzed basin's high permeability is explained by the studied basin's low current frequency values. Plate erosion rather than channel erosion can be seen in overland flow lengths (>0.14) and rough textures can be seen in drainage patterns. Asymmetric and extended basins with neotectonic activity are indicated by analysis of measured parameters using morphometry. Therefore, various interpretations are produced based on morphometric test of the Thamirabarani stream system to help provide information pertinent to social benefits.","PeriodicalId":50576,"journal":{"name":"Disaster Advances","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135163047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study monitored the land use dynamics and its environmental risks in the fast-growing township of Bhowali situated in Kumaon Lesser Himalaya, district Nainital, Uttarakhand, India using an integrated geospatial technique. The major objective of the study is to assess the trends and magnitude of land use changes and assess its environmental implications over the past three decades. The supervised digital interpretation of Landsat TM data of 1991 and Landsat OLI/TIRS data of 2021 was carried out using QGIS 3.16 software to map and monitor land use dynamics. The drivers of urban growth and its environmental impacts have been investigated by analyzing the information generated from field surveys, focused group discussions and key respondents’ interviews and interpretation of secondary data collected from diverse sources. The study’s findings indicate that the built-up area and vegetation cover of the Bhowali urban zone have increased by about 26.68% (i.e. 1.83 km²) and 6.27% (i.e. 0.43 km²) respectively. In contrast, the area under the cultivated land decreased by about 32.95% (i.e. 2.26 km²) over the past three decades. This clearly indicated that the urban built-up area has been fast encroaching upon the natural forests and prime cultivated land in the absence of an urban land use policy. The study also observed that 55% of the built-up area of the town is located in an environmentally unsafe zone disrupting hydrological processes and increasing the vulnerability of the town to the risk of slope failures, landslides and flash-flood under climate change. Further, the unplanned urban growth is increasing the socio-economic disparities by increasing the proportion of urban poor and the population with no access to drinking water, toilets and road, increasing the susceptibility of a large population, particularly underprivileged and poor, to a variety of climate change-induced risks. It is, therefore, inevitable to evolve and implement a comprehensive urban land use policy and a framework for climate-smart urban development considering the environmental sensitivity, ecological carrying capacity and projected trends in climate change.
{"title":"Urban Land Use Dynamics and Assessment of Environmental Risks in Bhowali Urban Zone, Kumaon Lesser Himalaya, India using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System","authors":"Manika Kweera, P.C. Tiwari","doi":"10.25303/1609da038048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25303/1609da038048","url":null,"abstract":"The study monitored the land use dynamics and its environmental risks in the fast-growing township of Bhowali situated in Kumaon Lesser Himalaya, district Nainital, Uttarakhand, India using an integrated geospatial technique. The major objective of the study is to assess the trends and magnitude of land use changes and assess its environmental implications over the past three decades. The supervised digital interpretation of Landsat TM data of 1991 and Landsat OLI/TIRS data of 2021 was carried out using QGIS 3.16 software to map and monitor land use dynamics. The drivers of urban growth and its environmental impacts have been investigated by analyzing the information generated from field surveys, focused group discussions and key respondents’ interviews and interpretation of secondary data collected from diverse sources. The study’s findings indicate that the built-up area and vegetation cover of the Bhowali urban zone have increased by about 26.68% (i.e. 1.83 km²) and 6.27% (i.e. 0.43 km²) respectively. In contrast, the area under the cultivated land decreased by about 32.95% (i.e. 2.26 km²) over the past three decades. This clearly indicated that the urban built-up area has been fast encroaching upon the natural forests and prime cultivated land in the absence of an urban land use policy. The study also observed that 55% of the built-up area of the town is located in an environmentally unsafe zone disrupting hydrological processes and increasing the vulnerability of the town to the risk of slope failures, landslides and flash-flood under climate change. Further, the unplanned urban growth is increasing the socio-economic disparities by increasing the proportion of urban poor and the population with no access to drinking water, toilets and road, increasing the susceptibility of a large population, particularly underprivileged and poor, to a variety of climate change-induced risks. It is, therefore, inevitable to evolve and implement a comprehensive urban land use policy and a framework for climate-smart urban development considering the environmental sensitivity, ecological carrying capacity and projected trends in climate change.","PeriodicalId":50576,"journal":{"name":"Disaster Advances","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135163049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Old south Indian traditional towns are subjected to tremendous morphological changes. In an urban environment, fire is considered a manmade disaster. Urban pressure demands densely constructed built environments with critical fire risk parameters. In spite of various codes, building regulations that are formulated and enforced for the safety of human life and buildings, built environments in traditional areas of south India do not comply with fire safety codes and regulations. This study focuses on the perception of fire safety evacuation design by professionals who design buildings in the urban areas of south India namely “Kumbakonam, Thanjavur and Tiruchirappalli.” The fire safety evacuation parameters related to building characteristics namely number of exits, occupant load, width of exit routes/exit doors, maximum travel distance and corridor widths are considered in the present study. A structured survey has been conducted among 380 architects and engineers, who are directly involved in building designs in the aforementioned cities of south India to understand the perception of fire safety design. Therefore, this study identifies the challenges in complying existing codes and regulations, perception and knowledge in application of fire safety codes in continuous building area (CBA). In continuous building areas, the existing regulations and codes are ineffective for fire safety concern as perceived by architects and engineers. A significant percentage of respondents does not consider maximum travel distance calculation (23.15%), occupancy load (24.21%) and capacity factors calculations (33.95%) in their building design which are important determinant criteria for fire safety evacuation design during a fire disaster.
{"title":"Perception of Fire safety evacuation design towards Fire Disaster in core towns of southern region of India","authors":"Ramesh Babu Natarajan, C. Subramanian","doi":"10.25303/1608da016027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25303/1608da016027","url":null,"abstract":"Old south Indian traditional towns are subjected to tremendous morphological changes. In an urban environment, fire is considered a manmade disaster. Urban pressure demands densely constructed built environments with critical fire risk parameters. In spite of various codes, building regulations that are formulated and enforced for the safety of human life and buildings, built environments in traditional areas of south India do not comply with fire safety codes and regulations. This study focuses on the perception of fire safety evacuation design by professionals who design buildings in the urban areas of south India namely “Kumbakonam, Thanjavur and Tiruchirappalli.” The fire safety evacuation parameters related to building characteristics namely number of exits, occupant load, width of exit routes/exit doors, maximum travel distance and corridor widths are considered in the present study. A structured survey has been conducted among 380 architects and engineers, who are directly involved in building designs in the aforementioned cities of south India to understand the perception of fire safety design. Therefore, this study identifies the challenges in complying existing codes and regulations, perception and knowledge in application of fire safety codes in continuous building area (CBA). In continuous building areas, the existing regulations and codes are ineffective for fire safety concern as perceived by architects and engineers. A significant percentage of respondents does not consider maximum travel distance calculation (23.15%), occupancy load (24.21%) and capacity factors calculations (33.95%) in their building design which are important determinant criteria for fire safety evacuation design during a fire disaster.","PeriodicalId":50576,"journal":{"name":"Disaster Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47405837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Disregarding soil suction in computing the shear strength of unsaturated soils is widely used practice above the water table where the pore pressure is negative. Stability analysis was conducted using Rocscience Slide 2 software to evaluate matric suction contribution to the shear strength of the unsaturated soil in a slope in Hong Kong. The stability analysis resulted in a critical deterministic factor of safety for fully saturated soil and 1.2 when the matric suction is considered. Uncertainty in shear strength properties is considered by conducting multi scenarios probabilistic analysis. Lognormal distribution was assigned to the soil properties. The distribution was sampled 1000 times using Latin Hypercube method. A new sample was used to determine the safety factor in each simulation. Probability of failure (PF), mean safety factor (FSmean) and reliability index (RI) were determined in each scenario. It was shown that the most realistic results are obtained when cross correlation factors and correlation length (θ) are involved in the scenario. The study indicates that PF and RI are sensitive to a change in the correlation length less than 25 and less significant change beyond 25 m. The FSmean did not show noticeable fluctuation with the variation of correlation lengths.
{"title":"Stability Analysis of Partially Saturated Soil Slope by Random Limit Equilibrium Method","authors":"Rubay Solomon, Hakeem Nabil Al","doi":"10.25303/1608da067076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25303/1608da067076","url":null,"abstract":"Disregarding soil suction in computing the shear strength of unsaturated soils is widely used practice above the water table where the pore pressure is negative. Stability analysis was conducted using Rocscience Slide 2 software to evaluate matric suction contribution to the shear strength of the unsaturated soil in a slope in Hong Kong. The stability analysis resulted in a critical deterministic factor of safety for fully saturated soil and 1.2 when the matric suction is considered. Uncertainty in shear strength properties is considered by conducting multi scenarios probabilistic analysis. Lognormal distribution was assigned to the soil properties. The distribution was sampled 1000 times using Latin Hypercube method. A new sample was used to determine the safety factor in each simulation. Probability of failure (PF), mean safety factor (FSmean) and reliability index (RI) were determined in each scenario. It was shown that the most realistic results are obtained when cross correlation factors and correlation length (θ) are involved in the scenario. The study indicates that PF and RI are sensitive to a change in the correlation length less than 25 and less significant change beyond 25 m. The FSmean did not show noticeable fluctuation with the variation of correlation lengths.","PeriodicalId":50576,"journal":{"name":"Disaster Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43451911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Essaghraoui, Abdellah Algouti, A. Algouti, A. Tabit, K. El badaoui
Mining is a critical economic activity, but it poses significant environmental risks including soil and water contamination. Tailings from past mining operations can contain hazardous substances that can lead to severe environmental problems if left exposed. In Morocco, the Draa Sfar is a significant base metal mine that can contribute to groundwater contamination with heavy metals, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of mining activities on the water table in the south of the same mine. The heavy metal analysis results indicate that all tested samples extracted from wells exceed the World Health Organization standards. The water belongs to Mg-Cl, Ca-Cl and Mg-HCO3 types and the primary cause of water mineralization is related to the dissolution of evaporable minerals, concentrations of trace elements including zinc, lead, copper and iron metals in the groundwater. The saturation indices calculated by the phreeqc model show an oversaturation and precipitation of the minerals such as Magnetite, Goethite and Hematite which are rich in iron and show an under-saturation of halite and gypsum, indicating dissolution in major ions. Proper management and restoration of tailings from past mining operations are crucial to minimize environmental impact and to ensure sustainable development in the study area.
{"title":"Assessing the effects of mining operations on groundwater in a Semi-Arid region: A case study of Draa Sfar mine in Marrakech, Morocco","authors":"M. Essaghraoui, Abdellah Algouti, A. Algouti, A. Tabit, K. El badaoui","doi":"10.25303/1608da01015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25303/1608da01015","url":null,"abstract":"Mining is a critical economic activity, but it poses significant environmental risks including soil and water contamination. Tailings from past mining operations can contain hazardous substances that can lead to severe environmental problems if left exposed. In Morocco, the Draa Sfar is a significant base metal mine that can contribute to groundwater contamination with heavy metals, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of mining activities on the water table in the south of the same mine. The heavy metal analysis results indicate that all tested samples extracted from wells exceed the World Health Organization standards. The water belongs to Mg-Cl, Ca-Cl and Mg-HCO3 types and the primary cause of water mineralization is related to the dissolution of evaporable minerals, concentrations of trace elements including zinc, lead, copper and iron metals in the groundwater. The saturation indices calculated by the phreeqc model show an oversaturation and precipitation of the minerals such as Magnetite, Goethite and Hematite which are rich in iron and show an under-saturation of halite and gypsum, indicating dissolution in major ions. Proper management and restoration of tailings from past mining operations are crucial to minimize environmental impact and to ensure sustainable development in the study area.","PeriodicalId":50576,"journal":{"name":"Disaster Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46749407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Terraces are the remains of a river's old floodplain. They are created when a river channel is downcut into its former floodplain, which is then deserted and subjected to lateral erosion. A former floodplain's downcutting, abandonment and lateral erosion can be caused by local or regional tectonic uplift, changes in the climate and changes in the river's discharge or a combination of these. The 1950 Mw 8.6 Great Assam Earthquake, which completely wrecked the region, occurred in the Mishmi Hills. The study area lacks tectonics research, therefore understanding the region's undulations requires a thorough understanding of terraces. Using ArcGIS 10.4, a digital elevation model (DEM) with a 30m resolution and satellite images form Google Earth Pro was superimposed on the Survey of India's topographic map for this investigation. The goal of the study is to use terrace analysis to comprehend the regional tectonic activity of the entire frontal and foothills of the Mishmi Hills. The Lohit, Dibang and Noa Dihing River are the most notable rivers in the research area. The rivers possess incised valleys and tributaries where different level of terraces may be identified. The terraces of the said rivers and tributaries are the subject of this study. Since the terrace levels vary from valley to valley, it is impossible to correlate adjacent valleys. The terraces are typically found where one of these rivers and one of its tributaries converge. The tectonic influence on various features in the studied area is typically defined through the study of terraces.
{"title":"River terraces assessment to evaluate the regional tectonic activity of the fore parts of Mishmi Block and Manabhum Anticline, North-east India: A conjunctive approach using Field Mapping and Satellite imagery","authors":"B. Gogoi, D. Bezbaruah, Yadav Krishna Gogoi","doi":"10.25303/1608da039054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25303/1608da039054","url":null,"abstract":"Terraces are the remains of a river's old floodplain. They are created when a river channel is downcut into its former floodplain, which is then deserted and subjected to lateral erosion. A former floodplain's downcutting, abandonment and lateral erosion can be caused by local or regional tectonic uplift, changes in the climate and changes in the river's discharge or a combination of these. The 1950 Mw 8.6 Great Assam Earthquake, which completely wrecked the region, occurred in the Mishmi Hills. The study area lacks tectonics research, therefore understanding the region's undulations requires a thorough understanding of terraces. Using ArcGIS 10.4, a digital elevation model (DEM) with a 30m resolution and satellite images form Google Earth Pro was superimposed on the Survey of India's topographic map for this investigation. The goal of the study is to use terrace analysis to comprehend the regional tectonic activity of the entire frontal and foothills of the Mishmi Hills. The Lohit, Dibang and Noa Dihing River are the most notable rivers in the research area. The rivers possess incised valleys and tributaries where different level of terraces may be identified. The terraces of the said rivers and tributaries are the subject of this study. Since the terrace levels vary from valley to valley, it is impossible to correlate adjacent valleys. The terraces are typically found where one of these rivers and one of its tributaries converge. The tectonic influence on various features in the studied area is typically defined through the study of terraces.","PeriodicalId":50576,"journal":{"name":"Disaster Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46099293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Frank Kwachara Ngoroyemoto Tapiwa, Sabao Ashley Ruvimbo, R. Verma, Tsidzinye Tafadzwa, Nyamagudza Tatenda, Suglo S. Raymond
Over the years, the cost of production at Peak Mine Midlands, Zimbabwe, has been high due to oversized rock fragments. This led to increased mining costs far above what was planned by the mine. Initial investigations showed that valuable production hours were lost in trying to deal with the oversized rock fragments at the draw points. This study was conducted at Peak Mine Midlands, Zimbabwe, on 1210 level. The methods used to assess the effects of fragmentation on production at the mine included visual assessment, analysis of the drill and blasting costs of the production data, 2D image analysis, sieve analysis, time and motion studies, analysis of the explosive’s consumption, mining blasting trials and post-mine blast experiments. The results show that the current ring hole designs used in the sublevel open stopes at Peak Mine do not give optimal particle size distribution after the primary blasts as the sieve analyses show that 50% of the sizes of materials at the draw points are larger than 1,000 mm. While 4 secondary blasts were budgeted per shift to reduce the sizes of the boulders to sizes that will pass through the grizzly’s sieves, 7 secondary blasts were done per shift and this led to about 75% increase in the cost of explosives consumed by the mine. The results also show that 35.96 minutes of production time were lost on each secondary blast conducted. Four trial blasts conducted on different ring hole patterns show that ring #1 which has a burden of 1.2 m instead of 1.8 m in the other ring holes led to a significant reduction in drilling and blasting costs from USD $33.79 in trial #4 (the control case) to $28.80 in trial #1. The sieve analyses also show that the optimal fragment sizes from primary blasts are in the range of X = +200 mm and X = +300 mm. So, the designed ring hole patterns in the sublevel open stopes should produce particles with sizes in the range of 150 mm and +350 mm from the primary blasts.
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