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Design of tie-columns in confined masonry structures for lateral loads 受限砌体结构中横向荷载的拉结柱设计
Pub Date : 2024-04-23 DOI: 10.1177/87552930241246148
Bonisha Borah, Akshay Gupta, V. Singhal, H. Kaushik
Confined masonry (CM) buildings are generally designed with an expectation that masonry walls withstand all possible loads imparted on the buildings. The reinforced concrete (RC) confining members, also known as tie-members, have the sole purpose of constraining the masonry and avoiding its outward spread during lateral earthquake loading. Reliable design rules for tie-columns are scarce in design codes of CM structures, often resulting in the nominal design of tie-elements without considering the influence of all the important parameters related to the material and geometric properties of CM wall. This often results in the construction of weaker tie-members, especially the tie-columns, that can lead to their direct failure and the failure of the entire wall during earthquakes. To address this issue, a methodology was developed for assessing the design shear forces for the tie-columns as well as masonry subjected to lateral loading by utilizing the past observations from systematic experimental and numerical studies. The efficacy of this methodology was evaluated in the present experimental study conducted on CM walls with varying aspect ratios. The test results demonstrated that the proposed methodology can result in a significant improvement in the lateral load behavior of CM walls, by delaying the shear failure of tie-columns without jeopardizing other functional requirements.
封闭式砌体(CM)建筑的设计通常希望砌体墙能够承受建筑物可能承受的所有荷载。钢筋混凝土(RC)约束构件(也称拉杆构件)的唯一作用是约束砌体,避免其在地震侧向荷载作用下向外扩展。在 CM 结构的设计规范中,缺少可靠的拉结柱设计规则,这往往导致拉结构件的名义设计没有考虑到与 CM 墙体材料和几何特性相关的所有重要参数的影响。这通常会导致拉结构件(尤其是拉结柱)的强度降低,从而在地震中直接导致拉结构件失效和整个墙体失效。为解决这一问题,我们开发了一种方法,利用过去系统实验和数值研究的观察结果,评估承受横向荷载的拉结柱和砌体的设计剪力。在本实验研究中,对不同长宽比的 CM 墙进行了评估。测试结果表明,所建议的方法可通过延迟拉结柱的剪切破坏而显著改善 CM 墙的横向荷载行为,同时不会影响其他功能要求。
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引用次数: 0
WITHDRAWAL – Administrative Duplicate Publication: Statistical Analysis of Japan Wood Frame Building Earthquake Debris Extent and Its Use in Road Networks in Japan 撤回 - 行政重复出版物:日本木结构建筑地震废墟范围及其在日本道路网络中的使用的统计分析
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1177/87552930241232908
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引用次数: 0
Consequences of consequence models: The impact of economies of scale on seismic loss estimates 后果模型的后果:规模经济对地震损失估计的影响
Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.1177/87552930231220001
MirAmir Banihashemi, Alessandra Miliziano, Ádám Zsarnóczay, L. Wiebe, Andre Filiatrault
The detailed evaluation of expected losses and damage experienced by structural and nonstructural components is a fundamental part of performance-based seismic design and assessment. The FEMA P-58 methodology represents the state of the art in this area. Increasing interest in improving structural performance and community resilience has led to widespread adoption of this methodology and the library of component models published with it. This study focuses on the modeling of economies of scale for repair cost calculation and specifically highlights the lack of a definition for aggregate damage, a quantity with considerable influence on the component repair costs. The article illustrates the highly variable and often substantial impact of damage aggregation that can alter total repair costs by more than 25%. Four so-called edge cases representing different damage aggregation methods are introduced to investigate which components experience large differences in their repair costs and under what circumstances. A three-step evaluation strategy is proposed that allows engineers to quickly evaluate the potential impact of damage aggregation on a specific performance assessment. This helps users of currently available assessment tools to recognize and communicate this uncertainty even when the tools they use only support one particular damage aggregation method. A case study of a 9-story building illustrates the proposed strategy and the impact of this ambiguity on the performance of a realistic structure. The article concludes with concrete recommendations toward the development of a more sophisticated model for repair consequence calculation.
对结构和非结构部分的预期损失和损坏进行详细评估,是基于性能的抗震设计和评估的基本组成部分。FEMA P-58 方法代表了该领域的最新技术水平。由于人们对提高结构性能和社区抗震能力的兴趣与日俱增,该方法及其发布的构件模型库已被广泛采用。本研究的重点是维修成本计算的规模经济建模,并特别强调了总体损坏定义的缺乏,因为总体损坏量对组件维修成本有相当大的影响。这篇文章说明了损坏汇总的高度可变性和通常的巨大影响,它可使总维修成本变化超过 25%。文章介绍了代表不同损伤聚集方法的四种所谓边缘情况,以研究在什么情况下哪些部件的维修成本会出现巨大差异。提出了一种三步评估策略,使工程师能够快速评估损坏聚集对特定性能评估的潜在影响。这有助于当前可用评估工具的用户识别和交流这种不确定性,即使他们使用的工具只支持一种特定的损坏聚集方法。通过对一栋 9 层建筑的案例研究,说明了所提出的策略以及这种不确定性对实际结构性能的影响。文章最后提出了一些具体建议,以开发更复杂的修复后果计算模型。
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引用次数: 0
Consequences of consequence models: The impact of economies of scale on seismic loss estimates 后果模型的后果:规模经济对地震损失估计的影响
Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.1177/87552930231220001
MirAmir Banihashemi, Alessandra Miliziano, Ádám Zsarnóczay, L. Wiebe, Andre Filiatrault
The detailed evaluation of expected losses and damage experienced by structural and nonstructural components is a fundamental part of performance-based seismic design and assessment. The FEMA P-58 methodology represents the state of the art in this area. Increasing interest in improving structural performance and community resilience has led to widespread adoption of this methodology and the library of component models published with it. This study focuses on the modeling of economies of scale for repair cost calculation and specifically highlights the lack of a definition for aggregate damage, a quantity with considerable influence on the component repair costs. The article illustrates the highly variable and often substantial impact of damage aggregation that can alter total repair costs by more than 25%. Four so-called edge cases representing different damage aggregation methods are introduced to investigate which components experience large differences in their repair costs and under what circumstances. A three-step evaluation strategy is proposed that allows engineers to quickly evaluate the potential impact of damage aggregation on a specific performance assessment. This helps users of currently available assessment tools to recognize and communicate this uncertainty even when the tools they use only support one particular damage aggregation method. A case study of a 9-story building illustrates the proposed strategy and the impact of this ambiguity on the performance of a realistic structure. The article concludes with concrete recommendations toward the development of a more sophisticated model for repair consequence calculation.
对结构和非结构部分的预期损失和损坏进行详细评估,是基于性能的抗震设计和评估的基本组成部分。FEMA P-58 方法代表了该领域的最新技术水平。由于人们对提高结构性能和社区抗震能力的兴趣与日俱增,该方法及其发布的构件模型库已被广泛采用。本研究的重点是维修成本计算的规模经济建模,并特别强调了总体损坏定义的缺乏,因为总体损坏量对组件维修成本有相当大的影响。这篇文章说明了损坏汇总的高度可变性和通常的巨大影响,它可使总维修成本变化超过 25%。文章介绍了代表不同损伤聚集方法的四种所谓边缘情况,以研究在什么情况下哪些部件的维修成本会出现巨大差异。提出了一种三步评估策略,使工程师能够快速评估损坏聚集对特定性能评估的潜在影响。这有助于当前可用评估工具的用户识别和交流这种不确定性,即使他们使用的工具只支持一种特定的损坏聚集方法。通过对一栋 9 层建筑的案例研究,说明了所提出的策略以及这种不确定性对实际结构性能的影响。文章最后提出了一些具体建议,以开发更复杂的修复后果计算模型。
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引用次数: 0
Directionality of FIV3 ground-motion intensities during the 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye earthquake doublet 2023 年 2 月 6 日土耳其 Kahramanmaraş 双重地震期间 FIV3 地动强度的方向性
Pub Date : 2024-02-11 DOI: 10.1177/87552930231226075
Miguel Bravo-Haro, P. Heresi, H. Dávalos, Eduardo Miranda
At present time, ground-motion prediction models neglect the directionality observed in horizontal components of earthquake ground motions, that is, the important changes in ground-motion intensity that occur with changes in azimuth. This study presents an investigation of the directionality of a recently proposed measure of ground-motion intensity during the 6 February 2023, Mw 7.8 Pazarcık and Mw 7.5 Elbistan earthquake doublet in the Kahramanmaraş region of Türkiye, which resulted in the collapse of more than 35,000 buildings and caused almost 60,000 fatalities. The studied intensity measure is referred to as FIV3, which has been shown to be better correlated with structural collapse than the spectral acceleration at the fundamental period of the structure. The improved intensity measure is period-dependent and is computed as the sum of the three largest incremental velocities with the same polarity obtained from the area under segments of a low-pass filtered ground acceleration time series. The following aspects are studied in this article: variation of FIV3 intensity with changes in the orientation; variation of FIV3 intensity with changes in the period of vibration; attenuation of FIV3 intensities with increasing distance; and spatial distribution of the orientation of maximum FIV3 intensity. This study is based on 231 pairs of records from the Mw 7.8 main event and 222 pairs of records from the Mw 7.5 event. Similarly to the directionality of spectral ordinates, it is found that the directionality of FIV3 intensity also increases with increasing period. Strong directionality occurred not only in the near field but up to distances as large as 400 km from the epicenter. The orientation of maximum FIV3 intensity is found to occur close to the transverse orientation, consistent with observations for the orientation of maximum spectral ordinates during strike-slip earthquakes.
目前,地动预测模型忽视了地震地动水平分量的方向性,即地动强度随方位角变化而发生的重要变化。在 2023 年 2 月 6 日土耳其 Kahramanmaraş 地区发生的 7.8 级 Pazarcık 和 7.5 级 Elbistan 双重地震中,造成 35,000 多座建筑物倒塌,近 60,000 人死亡,本研究对最近提出的地动强度测量方法的方向性进行了调查。所研究的烈度指标被称为 FIV3,与结构基本周期的频谱加速度相比,FIV3 与结构倒塌的相关性更好。改进后的强度指标与周期有关,计算方法是将从低通滤波地面加速度时间序列分段下面积中获得的具有相同极性的三个最大增量速度之和。本文对以下方面进行了研究:FIV3 强度随方位变化而变化;FIV3 强度随振动周期变化而变化;FIV3 强度随距离增加而衰减;最大 FIV3 强度方位的空间分布。这项研究以 7.8 级地震主事件的 231 对记录和 7.5 级地震的 222 对记录为基础。与频谱序数的方向性类似,研究发现 FIV3 强度的方向性也随着周期的增加而增加。强烈的方向性不仅出现在近场,而且出现在距离震中 400 公里的地方。发现最大 FIV3 强度的方向接近横向方向,这与对走向滑动地震中最大谱线方向的观测结果一致。
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引用次数: 0
Hazard implications of synchronous fault rupture: Case study of the Wasatch and West Valley faults, Utah 同步断层破裂的危险影响:犹他州瓦萨奇和西谷断层案例研究
Pub Date : 2024-02-11 DOI: 10.1177/87552930241228611
Ivan G. Wong, Patricia A. Thomas
Synchronous rupture involving two or more antithetic or synthetic faults results in higher levels of ground shaking hazard compared to that computed separately for each fault. We describe methodologies to estimate the ground motions both deterministically and probabilistically using a square-root-sum-of-the-squares approach and provide a case study for the Salt Lake City segment of the Wasatch fault zone and the antithetic West Valley fault zone in the Salt Lake Valley, Utah. The amount of increased hazard between the fault pairs will depend on their fault dips and horizontal separation which will dictate their potential rupture areas and hence their maximum magnitudes. For the case study, the increased hazard between the Salt Lake City segment and the West Valley fault zone can range up to 30% primarily at short to moderate periods (<1 s).
与针对每个断层单独计算的结果相比,涉及两个或两个以上对立断层或合成断层的同步断裂会导致更高水平的地震动危险。我们介绍了使用平方根平方和方法确定性地和概率性地估算地震动的方法,并提供了犹他州盐湖山谷瓦萨奇断层带盐湖城段和西谷断层带对立断层的案例研究。断层对之间增加的危害程度取决于它们的断层倾角和水平间隔,这将决定它们的潜在破裂区域,从而决定它们的最大震级。在案例研究中,盐湖城地段和西谷断层带之间增加的危害最高可达 30%,主要是在中短时间内(<1 秒)。
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引用次数: 0
Simulation of 0–7.5 Hz physics-based nonlinear ground motions for maximum credible earthquake scenarios at the Long Valley Dam, CA 加利福尼亚州长谷大坝 0-7.5 Hz 基于物理的非线性地面运动模拟,适用于最大可信地震场景
Pub Date : 2024-02-11 DOI: 10.1177/87552930231226135
Te-Yang Yeh, Kim B. Olsen
We have conducted three-dimensional (3D) 0–7.5 Hz physics-based wave propagation simulations to model the seismic response of the Long Valley Dam (LVD), which has formed Lake Crowley in Central California, to estimate peak ground motions and settlement of the dam expected during maximum credible earthquake (MCE) scenarios on the nearby Hilton Creek Fault (HCF). We calibrated the velocity structure, anelastic attenuation model, and the overall elastic properties of the dam via linear simulations of a Mw 3.7 event as well as the Mw 6.2 Chalfant Valley earthquake of 1986, constrained by observed ground motions on and nearby the LVD. The Statewide California Earthquake Center (SCEC) Community Velocity Model CVM-S4.26.M01 superimposed with a geotechnical layer using [Formula: see text] information tapered from the surface to a 700-m depth was used in the simulations. We found optimal fit of simulated and observed ground motions at the LVD using frequency-independent attenuation of [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text] in m/s). Using the calibrated model, we simulated 3D nonlinear ground motions at the LVD for Mw 6.6 rupture scenarios on the HCF using an Iwan-type, multi-yield-surface technique. We use a two-step method where the computationally expensive nonlinear calculations were carried out in a small domain with the plane wave excitation along the bottom boundary obtained from a full-domain 3D linear finite-fault simulation. Our nonlinear MCE simulation results show that peak ground velocities (PGVs) and peak ground accelerations (PGAs) as high as 72 cm/s and 0.55 g, respectively, can be expected at the crest of the LVD. Compared with linear ground motion simulation results, our results show that Iwan nonlinear damping reduces PGAs on the dam crest by up to a factor of 8 and increasingly depletes the high-frequency content of the waves toward the dam crest. We find horizontal relative displacements of the material inside the dam of up to [Formula: see text] and up to [Formula: see text] of vertical subsidence, equivalent to 1% of the dam height.
我们进行了基于物理的 0-7.5 Hz 波传播三维(3D)模拟,对加利福尼亚州中部形成克劳利湖的长谷大坝(LVD)的地震响应进行建模,以估算在附近的希尔顿溪断层(HCF)上发生最大可信地震(MCE)时大坝的峰值地面运动和沉降。我们通过对 Mw 3.7 地震和 1986 年 Mw 6.2 Chalfant 山谷地震的线性模拟,校准了大坝的速度结构、无弹性衰减模型和整体弹性特性,并以 LVD 上和附近的观测地面运动为约束。模拟中使用了全加州地震中心 (SCEC) 的社区速度模型 CVM-S4.26.M01,该模型叠加了使用[计算公式:见正文]信息的岩土层,该岩土层从地表到 700 米深处逐渐变细。我们使用与频率无关的[计算公式:见正文]衰减([计算公式:见正文],单位为 m/s)对低地压区的模拟地动和观测地动进行了最佳拟合。利用校准后的模型,我们采用 Iwan 型多屈服面技术模拟了 HCF 上 Mw 6.6 断裂情况下 LVD 处的三维非线性地面运动。我们采用了两步法,其中计算成本高昂的非线性计算是在一个小域内进行的,而平面波激励则是沿着从全域三维线性有限故障模拟中获得的底部边界进行的。我们的非线性 MCE 模拟结果表明,预计在 LVD 波峰处的峰值地面速度 (PGV) 和峰值地面加速度 (PGA) 分别高达 72 cm/s 和 0.55 g。与线性地面运动模拟结果相比,我们的结果显示 Iwan 非线性阻尼将坝顶的峰值地面加速度降低了 8 倍之多,并使波浪的高频含量向坝顶方向逐渐减弱。我们发现坝内材料的水平相对位移高达[公式:见正文],垂直下沉高达[公式:见正文],相当于坝高的 1%。
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引用次数: 0
Simulation of 0–7.5 Hz physics-based nonlinear ground motions for maximum credible earthquake scenarios at the Long Valley Dam, CA 加利福尼亚州长谷大坝 0-7.5 Hz 基于物理的非线性地面运动模拟,适用于最大可信地震场景
Pub Date : 2024-02-11 DOI: 10.1177/87552930231226135
Te-Yang Yeh, Kim B. Olsen
We have conducted three-dimensional (3D) 0–7.5 Hz physics-based wave propagation simulations to model the seismic response of the Long Valley Dam (LVD), which has formed Lake Crowley in Central California, to estimate peak ground motions and settlement of the dam expected during maximum credible earthquake (MCE) scenarios on the nearby Hilton Creek Fault (HCF). We calibrated the velocity structure, anelastic attenuation model, and the overall elastic properties of the dam via linear simulations of a Mw 3.7 event as well as the Mw 6.2 Chalfant Valley earthquake of 1986, constrained by observed ground motions on and nearby the LVD. The Statewide California Earthquake Center (SCEC) Community Velocity Model CVM-S4.26.M01 superimposed with a geotechnical layer using [Formula: see text] information tapered from the surface to a 700-m depth was used in the simulations. We found optimal fit of simulated and observed ground motions at the LVD using frequency-independent attenuation of [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text] in m/s). Using the calibrated model, we simulated 3D nonlinear ground motions at the LVD for Mw 6.6 rupture scenarios on the HCF using an Iwan-type, multi-yield-surface technique. We use a two-step method where the computationally expensive nonlinear calculations were carried out in a small domain with the plane wave excitation along the bottom boundary obtained from a full-domain 3D linear finite-fault simulation. Our nonlinear MCE simulation results show that peak ground velocities (PGVs) and peak ground accelerations (PGAs) as high as 72 cm/s and 0.55 g, respectively, can be expected at the crest of the LVD. Compared with linear ground motion simulation results, our results show that Iwan nonlinear damping reduces PGAs on the dam crest by up to a factor of 8 and increasingly depletes the high-frequency content of the waves toward the dam crest. We find horizontal relative displacements of the material inside the dam of up to [Formula: see text] and up to [Formula: see text] of vertical subsidence, equivalent to 1% of the dam height.
我们进行了基于物理的 0-7.5 Hz 波传播三维(3D)模拟,对加利福尼亚州中部形成克劳利湖的长谷大坝(LVD)的地震响应进行建模,以估算在附近的希尔顿溪断层(HCF)上发生最大可信地震(MCE)时大坝的峰值地面运动和沉降。我们通过对 Mw 3.7 地震和 1986 年 Mw 6.2 Chalfant 山谷地震的线性模拟,校准了大坝的速度结构、无弹性衰减模型和整体弹性特性,并以 LVD 上和附近的观测地面运动为约束。模拟中使用了全加州地震中心 (SCEC) 的社区速度模型 CVM-S4.26.M01,该模型叠加了使用[计算公式:见正文]信息的岩土层,该岩土层从地表到 700 米深处逐渐变细。我们使用与频率无关的[计算公式:见正文]衰减([计算公式:见正文],单位为 m/s)对低地压区的模拟地动和观测地动进行了最佳拟合。利用校准后的模型,我们采用 Iwan 型多屈服面技术模拟了 HCF 上 Mw 6.6 断裂情况下 LVD 处的三维非线性地面运动。我们采用了两步法,其中计算成本高昂的非线性计算是在一个小域内进行的,而平面波激励则是沿着从全域三维线性有限故障模拟中获得的底部边界进行的。我们的非线性 MCE 模拟结果表明,预计在 LVD 波峰处的峰值地面速度 (PGV) 和峰值地面加速度 (PGA) 分别高达 72 cm/s 和 0.55 g。与线性地面运动模拟结果相比,我们的结果显示 Iwan 非线性阻尼将坝顶的峰值地面加速度降低了 8 倍之多,并使波浪的高频含量向坝顶方向逐渐减弱。我们发现坝内材料的水平相对位移高达[公式:见正文],垂直下沉高达[公式:见正文],相当于坝高的 1%。
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引用次数: 0
Directionality of FIV3 ground-motion intensities during the 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye earthquake doublet 2023 年 2 月 6 日土耳其 Kahramanmaraş 双重地震期间 FIV3 地动强度的方向性
Pub Date : 2024-02-11 DOI: 10.1177/87552930231226075
Miguel Bravo-Haro, P. Heresi, H. Dávalos, Eduardo Miranda
At present time, ground-motion prediction models neglect the directionality observed in horizontal components of earthquake ground motions, that is, the important changes in ground-motion intensity that occur with changes in azimuth. This study presents an investigation of the directionality of a recently proposed measure of ground-motion intensity during the 6 February 2023, Mw 7.8 Pazarcık and Mw 7.5 Elbistan earthquake doublet in the Kahramanmaraş region of Türkiye, which resulted in the collapse of more than 35,000 buildings and caused almost 60,000 fatalities. The studied intensity measure is referred to as FIV3, which has been shown to be better correlated with structural collapse than the spectral acceleration at the fundamental period of the structure. The improved intensity measure is period-dependent and is computed as the sum of the three largest incremental velocities with the same polarity obtained from the area under segments of a low-pass filtered ground acceleration time series. The following aspects are studied in this article: variation of FIV3 intensity with changes in the orientation; variation of FIV3 intensity with changes in the period of vibration; attenuation of FIV3 intensities with increasing distance; and spatial distribution of the orientation of maximum FIV3 intensity. This study is based on 231 pairs of records from the Mw 7.8 main event and 222 pairs of records from the Mw 7.5 event. Similarly to the directionality of spectral ordinates, it is found that the directionality of FIV3 intensity also increases with increasing period. Strong directionality occurred not only in the near field but up to distances as large as 400 km from the epicenter. The orientation of maximum FIV3 intensity is found to occur close to the transverse orientation, consistent with observations for the orientation of maximum spectral ordinates during strike-slip earthquakes.
目前,地动预测模型忽视了地震地动水平分量的方向性,即地动强度随方位角变化而发生的重要变化。在 2023 年 2 月 6 日土耳其 Kahramanmaraş 地区发生的 7.8 级 Pazarcık 和 7.5 级 Elbistan 双重地震中,造成 35,000 多座建筑物倒塌,近 60,000 人死亡,本研究对最近提出的地动强度测量方法的方向性进行了调查。所研究的烈度指标被称为 FIV3,与结构基本周期的频谱加速度相比,FIV3 与结构倒塌的相关性更好。改进后的强度指标与周期有关,计算方法是将从低通滤波地面加速度时间序列分段下面积中获得的具有相同极性的三个最大增量速度之和。本文对以下方面进行了研究:FIV3 强度随方位变化而变化;FIV3 强度随振动周期变化而变化;FIV3 强度随距离增加而衰减;最大 FIV3 强度方位的空间分布。这项研究以 7.8 级地震主事件的 231 对记录和 7.5 级地震的 222 对记录为基础。与频谱序数的方向性类似,研究发现 FIV3 强度的方向性也随着周期的增加而增加。强烈的方向性不仅出现在近场,而且出现在距离震中 400 公里的地方。发现最大 FIV3 强度的方向接近横向方向,这与对走向滑动地震中最大谱线方向的观测结果一致。
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引用次数: 0
Hazard implications of synchronous fault rupture: Case study of the Wasatch and West Valley faults, Utah 同步断层破裂的危险影响:犹他州瓦萨奇和西谷断层案例研究
Pub Date : 2024-02-11 DOI: 10.1177/87552930241228611
Ivan G. Wong, Patricia A. Thomas
Synchronous rupture involving two or more antithetic or synthetic faults results in higher levels of ground shaking hazard compared to that computed separately for each fault. We describe methodologies to estimate the ground motions both deterministically and probabilistically using a square-root-sum-of-the-squares approach and provide a case study for the Salt Lake City segment of the Wasatch fault zone and the antithetic West Valley fault zone in the Salt Lake Valley, Utah. The amount of increased hazard between the fault pairs will depend on their fault dips and horizontal separation which will dictate their potential rupture areas and hence their maximum magnitudes. For the case study, the increased hazard between the Salt Lake City segment and the West Valley fault zone can range up to 30% primarily at short to moderate periods (<1 s).
与针对每个断层单独计算的结果相比,涉及两个或两个以上对立断层或合成断层的同步断裂会导致更高水平的地震动危险。我们介绍了使用平方根平方和方法确定性地和概率性地估算地震动的方法,并提供了犹他州盐湖山谷瓦萨奇断层带盐湖城段和西谷断层带对立断层的案例研究。断层对之间增加的危害程度取决于它们的断层倾角和水平间隔,这将决定它们的潜在破裂区域,从而决定它们的最大震级。在案例研究中,盐湖城地段和西谷断层带之间增加的危害最高可达 30%,主要是在中短时间内(<1 秒)。
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引用次数: 0
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Earthquake Spectra
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