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“What does Ferguson mean for the food justice movement?”: Reading Black visions of food justice in times of social unrest "弗格森对粮食正义运动意味着什么?在社会动荡时期解读黑人的粮食正义愿景
Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.5304/jafscd.2024.134.004
Bobby Smith, Jamila Walida Simon, Desirée McMillion
The August 2014 murder of unarmed Black teen­ager Michael Brown at the hands of the police in the streets of Ferguson, Missouri, USA, sparked international attention, ignited a surge in #BlackLivesMatter protests, and reconfigured national discussions about race, police brutality, and state-sanctioned violence. Black food activists on the frontlines of the food justice movement grappled with Brown’s murder by joining together on a national call to address the question: What does Ferguson mean for the food justice move­ment? Answers to this question manifested into the 2015–2016 special digital series entitled “What Ferguson Means for the Food Justice Movement,” published online in the Food Justice Voices section of the WhyHunger organization website. In this article, we use a qualitative critical content analysis of the series to examine how Black food activists reframed agricultural and food systems in the con­text of the Ferguson struggle. We draw on intersec­tional agriculture theory to illuminate how Black food activists draft visions of food justice through three intersecting pathways: (1) critical Black agrari­anism, (2) radical Black mothering, and (3) Black futures. Our research reveals that Black visions of food justice in the wake of Ferguson are instructive and offer a fresh lens to understand the evolving landscape of Black food activism, given a set of racial, gendered, social, political, and economic realities. We conclude with a brief discussion on how these visions compel us to reconsider racial equity at the nexus of agriculture, food, and various forms of unrest in Black communities, providing insights for scholars, practitioners, and activists who work on issues of food justice.
2014 年 8 月,手无寸铁的黑人少年迈克尔-布朗(Michael Brown)在美国密苏里州弗格森街头被警察杀害,引发了国际关注,点燃了 #BlackLivesMatter 抗议浪潮,并重构了关于种族、警察暴行和国家认可的暴力的全国性讨论。站在食品正义运动第一线的黑人食品活动家们通过共同发出全国呼吁来解决布朗被谋杀的问题:弗格森对食品正义运动意味着什么?对这一问题的回答体现在 2015-2016 年题为 "弗格森对食物正义运动意味着什么 "的特别数字系列文章中,该系列文章在线发布在 "为什么饥饿 "组织网站的 "食物正义之声 "栏目中。在本文中,我们对该系列进行了定性批判性内容分析,以研究黑人粮食活动家如何在弗格森斗争的背景下重构农业和粮食系统。我们借鉴交叉农业理论,阐明黑人粮食活动家如何通过三个相互交叉的途径起草粮食正义愿景:(1) 批判的黑人农业主义,(2) 激进的黑人母爱,以及 (3) 黑人未来。我们的研究揭示了弗格森事件后黑人的食品正义愿景具有启发性,并提供了一个全新的视角来理解黑人食品行动主义在一系列种族、性别、社会、政治和经济现实下不断演变的格局。最后,我们将简要讨论这些愿景如何迫使我们重新考虑黑人社区农业、食品和各种形式动乱之间的种族公平问题,为从事食品正义问题研究的学者、实践者和活动家提供启示。
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引用次数: 0
In This Issue: Commentaries from the 2023 Agroecology Summit in the U.S., and open-call papers 本期内容来自美国 2023 年生态农业峰会的评论以及公开征集的论文
Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.5304/jafscd.2024.133.034
D. Hilchey
First paragraph: Our spring-summer 2024 issue is devoted largely to a set of commentaries prepared by more than two dozen participants in the U.S. Agroecology Summit 2023 in Kansas City, Missouri, USA. Their individual and collective voices challenge the hegemony of the dominant global industrial food system. However, they acknowledge that there are significant philosophical and pragmatic divisions between progressives in the agroecology “movement” that need to be openly addressed before significant progress can be made in building a cohesive movement. . . .
第一段:本刊 2024 年春夏号主要刊载 2023 年在美国密苏里州堪萨斯城举行的美国农业生态峰会的二十多位与会者撰写的一组评论文章。他们以个人和集体的名义对占主导地位的全球工业化食品体系的霸权提出了挑战。然而,他们也承认,生态农业 "运动 "中的进步人士之间存在着重大的哲学和实用主义分歧,需要公开加以解决,才能在建立具有凝聚力的运动方面取得重大进展。. . .
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引用次数: 0
Challenging agricultural norms and diversifying actors: Building transformative public policy for equitable food systems 挑战农业规范,实现参与者多样化:制定促进公平粮食系统的变革性公共政策
Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.5304/jafscd.2024.133.032
Johanna Wilkes
Food systems governance regimes have long been spaces of “thick legitimacy” (Montenegro de Wit & Iles, 2016), where embedded norms benefit pro­duc­tivist agricultural practices. Within governance regimes, the science-policy interface and the scien­tists who occupy this space are integral in today’s public policy processes. Often treated as objective science, technical disciplines have become a power­ful source of legitimatizing in decision making. Without the contextualization of lived experience or diverse ways of knowing, these siloed spaces can lead policymakers towards an action bias (e.g., a rush to short-term solutions) that neglects the underlying causes and concerns of our current crises. Current governance arrangements in the science-policy interface demonstrate the bias toward technical science (e.g. economics) and short-term solutions. However, by challenging productivist agriculture norms reformed public policy processes may shift from a space of repres­sion to one of possibility. This reform can happen through investigatiing dominant actor coalitions and identifying tools to reconfigure these power arrangements. Public policy theory, such as the advocacy coalition framework (ACF), helps organ­ize relations within current agricultural policy arenas. The work of practitioners and other disci­plines offer tools that can support transformative action by food systems advocates in the pursuit of changing the way public policy is made. In part, understanding how power is organized and who may influence policy processes is critical to change. This reflective essay ends with tools and strategies for those wishing to engage governments in this shift. The proposed tools and strategies focus on how people (e.g. policy champions), processes (e.g. policy leverage points), and partnerships (e.g. ally­ship) generate ways in which advocates can, and do, engage governments in transformative change.
长期以来,粮食系统治理制度一直是 "厚重合法性 "的空间(Montenegro de Wit & Iles, 2016),其中的嵌入式规范有利于生产型农业实践。在治理制度中,科学与政策的衔接以及占据这一空间的科学家是当今公共政策进程中不可或缺的一部分。技术学科通常被视为客观科学,已成为决策合法性的强大来源。如果没有生活经验的背景化或不同的认知方式,这些孤立的空间可能会导致政策制定者的行动偏差(例如,急于寻求短期解决方案),从而忽视了我们当前危机的根本原因和关注点。当前科学与政策界面的治理安排显示出对技术科学(如经济学)和短期解决方案的偏向。然而,通过对生产主义农业规范的挑战,改革后的公共政策进程可能会从压制空间转向可能性空间。这种改革可以通过调查占主导地位的行为者联盟并确定重新配置这些权力安排的工具来实现。公共政策理论,如倡导联盟框架(ACF),有助于组织当前农业政策领域内的关系。实践者和其他学科的工作提供了一些工具,可以支持粮食系统倡导者为改变公共政策制定方式而采取的变革行动。在某种程度上,了解权力是如何组织的以及谁可能影响政策进程对变革至关重要。这篇反思性文章最后提出了一些工具和策略,供那些希望参与政府转变的人参考。所建议的工具和策略侧重于人(如政策拥护者)、过程(如政策杠杆点)和伙伴关系(如盟友关系)如何产生倡导者可以并确实参与政府变革的方式。
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引用次数: 0
Barriers and opportunities to agrihood development in growing cities of the Rocky Mountain region: A comparative case study 落基山地区发展中城市发展农业的障碍与机遇:比较案例研究
Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.5304/jafscd.2024.133.031
Amaia Sangroniz, Roland Ebel, Mary Stein
Rapid urbanization and peri-urban development are driving land use change across the globe, result­ing in lands being converted from agricultural uses to housing development. Sustainable, multifunc­tional land use in urban and peri-urban areas is needed to balance the requirements of producing food in a way that protects environmental resources and of providing housing to a growing population. An agrihood is a planned development model that incorporates food production within a community to help address goals of nutritious food security while providing social, economic, and environmental benefits. Agrihoods may offer an alternative land use for integrating food production in new housing developments for the sustainable development of rapidly urbanizing cities. A com­parative case study, using semi-structured, qualita­tive interviews with key informants from two cities (Bozeman, Montana, and Longmont, Colorado), highlighted four key barriers to agrihood develop­ment in two cities in the Rocky Mountain region of the U.S: labor; ownership and governance struc­tures; resource availability; and land use regulation. Concerns for water and land resource availability reflect general barriers to agricultural expansion in the Rocky Mountain region, while the other identi­fied barriers reflect the structural and legal limita­tions preventing agrihood development and expan­sion. To reduce these barriers, policy interventions and incentives provided at municipal, state, and federal levels, informed by community advocates in support of local food production, will be essential.
快速城市化和城郊发展正在推动全球土地利用的变化,导致土地从农业用途转为住房开发用途。城市和城郊地区需要可持续的、多功能的土地利用方式,以便在生产粮食的同时保护环境资源,并为不断增长的人口提供住房。农居是一种有规划的发展模式,将粮食生产纳入社区,以帮助实现营养食品安全的目标,同时提供社会、经济和环境效益。农区可以提供另一种土地利用方式,将粮食生产纳入新的住房开发项目,促进快速城市化城市的可持续发展。通过对两座城市(蒙大拿州波兹曼市和科罗拉多州朗蒙特市)的主要信息提供者进行半结构化定性访谈,一项比较案例研究强调了美国落基山地区两座城市发展农居的四个主要障碍:劳动力、所有权和治理结构、资源可用性和土地使用法规。对水资源和土地资源可用性的担忧反映了落基山地区农业扩张的普遍障碍,而其他已确定的障碍则反映了阻碍农业发展和扩张的结构和法律限制。为了减少这些障碍,必须在社区倡导者的支持下,在市、州和联邦层面提供政策干预和激励措施,以支持本地食品生产。
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引用次数: 0
From market concentration to political corruption [Book review] 从市场集中到政治腐败[书评]
Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.5304/jafscd.2024.134.030
Leland Glenna
First paragraph: The government and the press in the United States tend to define corruption narrowly as the misbehavior of individual politicians. They turn a blind eye to systematic corruption such as, for example, the wealthiest people and corporations using campaign contributions to buy political influence. A politician who takes a cash bribe in exchange for a political favor might be deemed corrupt. In contrast, a politician who derails a piece of legislation after receiving a large campaign con­tribution is operating within the limits of the U.S. campaign laws and is, therefore, not deemed corrupt. . . .
第一段:美国政府和媒体往往将腐败狭隘地定义为个别政客的不当行为。他们对系统性腐败视而不见,例如,最富有的人和公司利用竞选捐款收买政治影响力。接受现金贿赂以换取政治恩惠的政客可能会被视为腐败。与此相反,一个政治家在收到大笔竞选捐款后使一项立法脱轨,这是在美国竞选法的范围内行事,因此不会被视为腐败。. . .
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引用次数: 0
Grassroots organizing for food systems change in the San Joaquin Valley, California 加利福尼亚州圣华金河谷食品系统变革的基层组织活动
Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.5304/jafscd.2024.133.033
Brittany Oakes
California’s San Joaquin Valley (SJV) is the wealthi­est agricultural region in the United States, yet it has among the highest rates of concentrated pov­erty and food insecurity in the nation. Despite a growing movement to change the food system nationwide and around the world, wealth and health disparities linked to the dominant agricul­tural industry in the SJV are growing. This study draws upon critical philanthropy scholarship to understand the opportunities and limitations of grant funding for the food justice movement. This qualitative research contributes a regional case study of grassroots organizing to change the food system from within a region dominated by industrial agriculture. To understand the challenges and potential for change from the perspectives of SJV grassroots organizers, this research draws on semi-structured interviews with 14 SJV organizers working for food systems change. Interviews were thematically analyzed and complemented with a review of activities across all identified organiza­tions’ websites to provide a snapshot of the food justice movement across the SJV. Particular atten­tion is paid to how funding structures may influ­ence organizing activity and discourse. The findings demonstrate how grantmaking influences the dominant narrative in the SJV and shapes organizing priorities and activities. I argue that philanthropic funding may divert the food justice movement away from directly challenging powerful political and economic interests. This study advances a critical conversation in food movement scholarship to change the conditions under which structural inequality is growing.
加利福尼亚州的圣华金河谷(SJV)是美国最富裕的农业区,但这里的集中贫困率和粮食不安全率却是全美最高的。尽管改变全国乃至全球粮食系统的运动日益壮大,但与圣华金河谷占主导地位的农业产业相关的贫富差距和健康差距仍在扩大。本研究借鉴了批判性慈善学术研究的成果,以了解资助粮食正义运动的机会和局限性。这项定性研究提供了一个地区案例研究,说明在工业化农业占主导地位的地区内,基层组织如何改变粮食系统。为了从南澳大利亚州草根组织者的角度了解变革的挑战和潜力,本研究利用半结构式访谈的方式,采访了 14 名致力于粮食系统变革的南澳大利亚州组织者。研究人员对访谈内容进行了主题分析,并对所有被确定的组织的网站活动进行了审查,从而为整个南澳大利亚的粮食正义运动提供了一个快照。其中特别关注了资助结构如何影响组织活动和讨论。研究结果表明,资助是如何影响澳门博彩的网站的主流叙事,并塑造组织的优先事项和活动的。我认为,慈善资助可能会使食物正义运动偏离直接挑战强大的政治和经济利益的方向。本研究推动了食物运动学术界的重要对话,以改变结构性不平等日益加剧的状况。
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引用次数: 0
Establishing alternative grain networks: A comparison of case experiences in South Tyrol, Italy, and Colorado, United States 建立替代谷物网络:意大利南蒂罗尔和美国科罗拉多州的个案经验比较
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.5304/jafscd.2024.133.029
Nanna Meyer, Giovanna Sacchi, Camilla Sartori, Christian Fischer
Alternative grain networks (AGNs) are micro-systems that supplement conventional food pro­duction and distribution systems, emphasizing high quality food and leveraging regional, socio-cultural, and socio-economic values. In this multiple case study analysis we compare two AGNs, Regiokorn in South Tyrol, Italy, and the Colorado Grain Chain (CGC) in the U.S., using qualitative and comparative analysis to explore the indicators of geographical proximity, cultural homogeneity, commercial viability, and community involvement. Regiokorn and the CGC differ in various ways in these operational dimensions as well as in their organizational setups, the former as a pure business network and the latter including consumer mem­bers. Our findings highlight how these two differ­ent organizational structures can be leveraged to achieve similar outcomes, and provide valuable insights for other AGNs in finding their own paths.
替代性谷物网络(AGNs)是补充传统粮食生产和销售系统的微型系统,强调高品质粮食并利用地区、社会文化和社会经济价值。在这一多重案例研究分析中,我们比较了两个 AGN,即意大利南蒂罗尔的 Regiokorn 和美国的科罗拉多谷物链 (CGC),采用定性和比较分析方法,探讨了地理邻近性、文化同质性、商业可行性和社区参与度等指标。Regiokorn 和 CGC 在这些运营维度以及组织结构上存在各种差异,前者是一个纯粹的商业网络,而后者则包括消费者成员。我们的研究结果强调了如何利用这两种不同的组织结构取得类似的成果,并为其他 AGN 寻找自己的发展道路提供了宝贵的启示。
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引用次数: 0
Are we meeting student needs? Developing a measure for college food pantry satisfaction 我们是否满足了学生的需求?制定衡量高校食品储藏室满意度的标准
Pub Date : 2024-06-12 DOI: 10.5304/jafscd.2024.133.027
Kelsey Gardiner, Susan Harvey
Food insecurity is a growing concern in higher education. As universities adapt to meet the growing need of college students to access adequate amounts of healthy food, food pantries are among the most widely implemented food security supports. However, little has been done to measure whether this resource is meeting the needs of students. This study aims to fill gaps in the existing literature by using a cross-sectional design to develop a novel satisfaction survey and measure overall satisfaction, use of resources, and additional support needs of students utilizing an on-campus food pantry. A convenience sample of 100 student on-campus pantry users participated. The survey consisted of a ten-item, investigator-designed satisfaction scale, which demonstrated a high measure of reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha = .849). Based on a five-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree), overall student satisfaction was high [ = 3.8]. Students reported the highest level of satisfaction with friendliness of staff volunteers [x̅ = 4.55], location of the pantry [x̅ = 4.26], and availability of shelf stable food items [x̅ = 4.11]. Students reported lowest satis­faction with the selection of fresh fruits [x̅ = 3.18] and fresh vegetables [x̅ = 3.21], and the selection of dairy products [x̅ = 3.59]. Most indicated a need for additional support from the pantry site, including school supplies (n = 48), hygiene and toiletry supplies (n = 47), cooking utensils (n = 47), information on other emergency resources (n = 28), financial resources (n = 25), and recipes (n = 25). More research is needed to better under­stand pantry-site satisfaction, identify potential additional desired supports, and the impacts of on-campus food pantries. This study is the first of a multiphase project that will continue to explore on-campus food pantries as an intervention strategy, the student experience of utilizing food pantries, and their potential impact on students.
在高等教育中,食品不安全问题日益受到关注。为满足大学生日益增长的获取充足健康食物的需求,各大学纷纷进行调整,食品储藏室成为最广泛实施的食品安全支持措施之一。然而,对于这一资源是否满足了学生的需求,却鲜有衡量。本研究旨在填补现有文献中的空白,采用横断面设计,开发一种新颖的满意度调查,并对使用校内食品储藏室的学生的总体满意度、资源使用情况和额外支持需求进行测量。100 名使用校内食品储藏室的学生参加了此次调查。调查由研究人员设计的十项满意度量表组成,该量表具有很高的可靠性(Cronbach's Alpha = .849)。根据李克特五点量表(1 = 非常不同意到 5 = 非常同意),学生的总体满意度很高 [ = 3.8]。学生们对工作人员志愿者的友好程度[x̅ = 4.55]、食品储藏室的位置[x̅ = 4.26]和货架稳定食品的供应[x̅ = 4.11]的满意度最高。学生对新鲜水果[x̅ = 3.18]和新鲜蔬菜[x̅ = 3.21]以及奶制品[x̅ = 3.59]的选择满意度最低。大多数人表示需要茶水间提供额外支持,包括学习用品(n = 48)、卫生和洗漱用品(n = 47)、炊具(n = 47)、其他应急资源信息(n = 28)、财务资源(n = 25)和食谱(n = 25)。需要进行更多的研究,以更好地了解食品储藏室的满意度、确定潜在的其他所需支持以及校园食品储藏室的影响。本研究是多阶段项目的第一阶段,将继续探索校内食品储藏室作为一种干预策略、学生使用食品储藏室的体验及其对学生的潜在影响。
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引用次数: 0
The food and agricultural nonprofit landscape 食品与农业非营利组织的格局
Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.5304/jafscd.2024.133.023
Alicia Papanek, Chelsea DeMasters, Micayla Richardson, Kimberly K. Wiley
Collaboration among nonprofits, commercial enti­ties, state Extension offices, and governmental agencies is crucial for improving and sustaining food and nutrition security at the state and local levels. This study examines the landscape of 904 food and agricultural nonprofit organizations (FANOs) operating in Florida in 2019 to determine their scope, role in the food supply chain, and potential collaboration opportunities with allied organizations. FANOs primarily address the pre­production and distribution stages of the supply chain. Aligned goals and initiatives between FANOs and Extension programs revealed a wealth of opportunities for collaboration that would ensure the continuity of food systems and sustain­able resource use in Florida, despite existing com­petition between allied organizations and FANOs.
非营利组织、商业实体、州推广办公室和政府机构之间的合作对于改善和维持州及地方层面的食品和营养安全至关重要。本研究调查了 2019 年在佛罗里达州运营的 904 家食品和农业非营利组织(FANOs)的情况,以确定其范围、在食品供应链中的作用以及与联盟组织的潜在合作机会。FANOs 主要负责供应链的生产前和分销阶段。尽管联盟组织与 FANOs 之间存在竞争,但 FANOs 与推广计划之间一致的目标和倡议揭示了大量的合作机会,这将确保佛罗里达州食品系统的连续性和资源的可持续利用。
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引用次数: 0
Care, agency, and social reproduction in the H-2A context: A case study from Ohio H-2A背景下的照顾、代理和社会再生产:俄亥俄州案例研究
Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.5304/jafscd.2024.133.026
Anisa Kline
This paper uses the qualitative results of a survey of 285 H-2A workers in Ohio to explore questions of care, social reproduction, and agency within agricultural guestwork. Drawing on frameworks developed in labor and feminist geography, it examines how H-2A workers create community and develop skills of social reproduction during their time in the United States. Countering the common narratives of H-2A worker as victims or stoic, long suffering laborers, the research draws attention to the relational and emotional lives of the men who do this work. By highlighting affective and social dimensions of the guestworker experience, it argues for an approach to questions of agricultural labor that emphasizes the agency, range of experiences, and humanity of the people who participate in the H-2A program.
本文利用对俄亥俄州 285 名 H-2A 级工人的定性调查结果,探讨了农业客籍工作中的照顾、社会再生产和代理问题。本文借鉴劳动地理学和女权主义地理学的框架,探讨了 H-2A 工人在美国期间如何创建社区和发展社会再生产技能。与通常将 H-2A 工人描述为受害者或委曲求全、长期受苦的劳动者不同,本研究提请人们注意从事这项工作的男性的关系和情感生活。通过强调客籍工人经历的情感和社会层面,该研究主张采用一种强调参与 H-2A 计划的人的能动性、各种经历和人性的方法来解决农业劳工问题。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development
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