Pub Date : 2020-05-23Epub Date: 2019-10-25DOI: 10.5830/CVJA-2019-051
Francisco A Júnior, Samuel G Gomes, Fernando F da Silva, Perciliany M Souza, Emerson C Oliveira, Daniel B Coelho, Raimundo M Nascimento-Neto, Wanderson Lima, Lenice K Becker
Objective: This study compared resting blood pressure (BP) using ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) responses in two groups of subjects trained in land exercise (LE) and aquatic exercise (AE), and assessed post-exercise hypotension (PEH) using ABPM, after land- and aquatic-based exercises.
Methods: ABPM (24 hours) was used to measure the baseline BP in elderly hypertensive women trained in LE and AE and the PEH induced by exercise. For this, 40 subjects were evaluated at rest and after a land- or aquatic-based exercise session (aerobic: 75% of reserve heart rate combined with resistance exercise).
Results: The daytime BP was lower for AE [systolic BP (SBP) 124 ± 1.0 mmHg, diastolic BP (DBP) 70 ± 1.5 mmHg] than for LE (SBP 134 ± 0.9 mmHg, DBP 76 ± 0.9 mmHg), but there were no differences at night-time. The aquatic exercise-induced PEH in the second hour was maintained at the 24th hour post-exercise. For land exercise-induced PEH, it was maintained at the 12th hour post-exercise. The SBP and DBP were lower at the 24th hour for AE than for LE.
Conclusions: Elderly hypertensive people trained in AE had lower baseline BP during the daytime. SBP and DBP values were lower for individuals trained in AE, and their PEH was more rapid and longer lasting after AE.
{"title":"The effects of aquatic and land exercise on resting blood pressure and post-exercise hypotension response in elderly hypertensives.","authors":"Francisco A Júnior, Samuel G Gomes, Fernando F da Silva, Perciliany M Souza, Emerson C Oliveira, Daniel B Coelho, Raimundo M Nascimento-Neto, Wanderson Lima, Lenice K Becker","doi":"10.5830/CVJA-2019-051","DOIUrl":"10.5830/CVJA-2019-051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study compared resting blood pressure (BP) using ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) responses in two groups of subjects trained in land exercise (LE) and aquatic exercise (AE), and assessed post-exercise hypotension (PEH) using ABPM, after land- and aquatic-based exercises.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>ABPM (24 hours) was used to measure the baseline BP in elderly hypertensive women trained in LE and AE and the PEH induced by exercise. For this, 40 subjects were evaluated at rest and after a land- or aquatic-based exercise session (aerobic: 75% of reserve heart rate combined with resistance exercise).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The daytime BP was lower for AE [systolic BP (SBP) 124 ± 1.0 mmHg, diastolic BP (DBP) 70 ± 1.5 mmHg] than for LE (SBP 134 ± 0.9 mmHg, DBP 76 ± 0.9 mmHg), but there were no differences at night-time. The aquatic exercise-induced PEH in the second hour was maintained at the 24th hour post-exercise. For land exercise-induced PEH, it was maintained at the 12th hour post-exercise. The SBP and DBP were lower at the 24th hour for AE than for LE.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Elderly hypertensive people trained in AE had lower baseline BP during the daytime. SBP and DBP values were lower for individuals trained in AE, and their PEH was more rapid and longer lasting after AE.</p>","PeriodicalId":50624,"journal":{"name":"Condor","volume":"3 1","pages":"116-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8762840/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90418752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rebecca Muller, A. Amar, P. Sumasgutner, Shane C. McPherson, C. Downs
ABSTRACT Urban areas can be attractive to certain species because of increased food abundance and nesting availability, which in turn may increase productivity or breeding rates. However, there are also potential costs associated with urban living such as higher nest failure, poorer body condition, or increased prevalence of disease. These costs may result in species trading off the number of young produced against the condition of their young. African Crowned Eagles (Stephanoaetus coronatus) are a rare example of large, powerful apex predators that breed in some urban areas in Africa. In this study, we explored the breeding performance of these eagles across an urbanization gradient in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, over 7 breeding seasons. We predicted that living in an urban environment would increase productivity through an increase in breeding rate (shifting from typically biennial breeding to annual breeding). We then explored if there were any hidden costs associated with such a change in breeding strategy by examining the body condition of chicks from pairs that had successfully bred in the previous year. We found that pairs in more urban areas were more likely to breed annually, resulting in higher breeding rates, but were also less likely to successfully fledge a chick (i.e. lower breeding success). These 2 contrasting responses counteracted each other and resulted in similar productivity across the urbanization gradient. For those eagles that bred in consecutive years, annual breeding did not appear to have a negative cost on chick condition. The switch to annual breeding is thought to be a response to improved or more constant food sources in urban areas, while higher failure rates might be because of increased nest disturbances from anthropogenic sources (e.g., vegetation clearing, development of industrial areas, human and car traffic). However, although urbanization negatively affected the breeding success of African Crowned Eagles, they are able to persist and thrive in this highly transformed environment, likely through an increased breeding rate. LAY SUMMARY One species that is hardly recognized as an urban adapter is the Crowned Eagle in the metropoles of Durban and Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. We explored the breeding performance of Crowned Eagles across different levels of urbanization, and specifically teased apart breeding rate (i.e. if an eagle breeds annually or every other year) and breeding success (i.e. if they fledge a young or not in a given year). We showed that Crowned Eagles change their breeding strategy in urban areas by increasing their breeding rate, but found nest failures occurred more often at more urbanized sites. These contrasting responses counteracted each other and resulted in similar productivity across the urbanization gradient and highlighted the value of long-term data.
{"title":"Urbanization is associated with increased breeding rate, but decreased breeding success, in an urban population of near-threatened African Crowned Eagles","authors":"Rebecca Muller, A. Amar, P. Sumasgutner, Shane C. McPherson, C. Downs","doi":"10.1093/condor/duaa024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/duaa024","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Urban areas can be attractive to certain species because of increased food abundance and nesting availability, which in turn may increase productivity or breeding rates. However, there are also potential costs associated with urban living such as higher nest failure, poorer body condition, or increased prevalence of disease. These costs may result in species trading off the number of young produced against the condition of their young. African Crowned Eagles (Stephanoaetus coronatus) are a rare example of large, powerful apex predators that breed in some urban areas in Africa. In this study, we explored the breeding performance of these eagles across an urbanization gradient in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, over 7 breeding seasons. We predicted that living in an urban environment would increase productivity through an increase in breeding rate (shifting from typically biennial breeding to annual breeding). We then explored if there were any hidden costs associated with such a change in breeding strategy by examining the body condition of chicks from pairs that had successfully bred in the previous year. We found that pairs in more urban areas were more likely to breed annually, resulting in higher breeding rates, but were also less likely to successfully fledge a chick (i.e. lower breeding success). These 2 contrasting responses counteracted each other and resulted in similar productivity across the urbanization gradient. For those eagles that bred in consecutive years, annual breeding did not appear to have a negative cost on chick condition. The switch to annual breeding is thought to be a response to improved or more constant food sources in urban areas, while higher failure rates might be because of increased nest disturbances from anthropogenic sources (e.g., vegetation clearing, development of industrial areas, human and car traffic). However, although urbanization negatively affected the breeding success of African Crowned Eagles, they are able to persist and thrive in this highly transformed environment, likely through an increased breeding rate. LAY SUMMARY One species that is hardly recognized as an urban adapter is the Crowned Eagle in the metropoles of Durban and Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. We explored the breeding performance of Crowned Eagles across different levels of urbanization, and specifically teased apart breeding rate (i.e. if an eagle breeds annually or every other year) and breeding success (i.e. if they fledge a young or not in a given year). We showed that Crowned Eagles change their breeding strategy in urban areas by increasing their breeding rate, but found nest failures occurred more often at more urbanized sites. These contrasting responses counteracted each other and resulted in similar productivity across the urbanization gradient and highlighted the value of long-term data.","PeriodicalId":50624,"journal":{"name":"Condor","volume":" ","pages":"1 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/condor/duaa024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46126474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Marshall, Erik J. Blomberg, Valerie K. Watson, M. Conway, J. Cohen, M. Correll, C. Elphick, T. Hodgman, Alison R. Kocek, A. Kovach, W. G. Shriver, Whitney A. Wiest, Brian J. Olsen
ABSTRACT The Saltmarsh Sparrow (Ammospiza caudacuta) is a tidal marsh bird facing rapid population decline throughout its range, largely caused by degradation and loss of breeding habitat. Thus, there is a need to preserve tidal marshes in the northeastern United States, but to do so requires an understanding of the habitat features that support robust populations. Previous studies have shown Saltmarsh Sparrow abundance increases with marsh size, but in similar bird species, area sensitivity is more directly linked to edge avoidance. Whether additional landscape features affect the abundance of Saltmarsh Sparrows is unknown. We explored how the height of objects on the horizon, an index of habitat openness, affected the abundance of Saltmarsh Sparrows. Our primary goal was to determine whether the angle to the highest point on the horizon (“angle to maximum horizon”) predicted abundance better than marsh area or distance to the marsh edge. We used N-mixture models to evaluate the combination of spatial factors that best predicted Saltmarsh Sparrow abundance while also accounting for survey-level variables that could influence detection probability. We found that the interaction between distance to edge and angle to maximum horizon best predicted abundance. Taller objects on the horizon were negatively correlated with bird abundance, and this effect was strongest within 50 m of the marsh edge. When we considered the predictive powers of patch area, distance to edge, and angle to maximum horizon individually, angle to maximum horizon was the best single predictor. We found the highest abundance of Saltmarsh Sparrows at point locations where the angle to maximum horizon was 0.0°, and at angles greater than 12° the predicted abundance fell below 1 bird per survey point. We propose that managers should prioritize marsh openness and experimentally test the effect of marsh edge manipulations when making conservation decisions for this rapidly declining species.
{"title":"Habitat openness and edge avoidance predict Saltmarsh Sparrow abundance better than habitat area","authors":"H. Marshall, Erik J. Blomberg, Valerie K. Watson, M. Conway, J. Cohen, M. Correll, C. Elphick, T. Hodgman, Alison R. Kocek, A. Kovach, W. G. Shriver, Whitney A. Wiest, Brian J. Olsen","doi":"10.1093/condor/duaa019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/duaa019","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Saltmarsh Sparrow (Ammospiza caudacuta) is a tidal marsh bird facing rapid population decline throughout its range, largely caused by degradation and loss of breeding habitat. Thus, there is a need to preserve tidal marshes in the northeastern United States, but to do so requires an understanding of the habitat features that support robust populations. Previous studies have shown Saltmarsh Sparrow abundance increases with marsh size, but in similar bird species, area sensitivity is more directly linked to edge avoidance. Whether additional landscape features affect the abundance of Saltmarsh Sparrows is unknown. We explored how the height of objects on the horizon, an index of habitat openness, affected the abundance of Saltmarsh Sparrows. Our primary goal was to determine whether the angle to the highest point on the horizon (“angle to maximum horizon”) predicted abundance better than marsh area or distance to the marsh edge. We used N-mixture models to evaluate the combination of spatial factors that best predicted Saltmarsh Sparrow abundance while also accounting for survey-level variables that could influence detection probability. We found that the interaction between distance to edge and angle to maximum horizon best predicted abundance. Taller objects on the horizon were negatively correlated with bird abundance, and this effect was strongest within 50 m of the marsh edge. When we considered the predictive powers of patch area, distance to edge, and angle to maximum horizon individually, angle to maximum horizon was the best single predictor. We found the highest abundance of Saltmarsh Sparrows at point locations where the angle to maximum horizon was 0.0°, and at angles greater than 12° the predicted abundance fell below 1 bird per survey point. We propose that managers should prioritize marsh openness and experimentally test the effect of marsh edge manipulations when making conservation decisions for this rapidly declining species.","PeriodicalId":50624,"journal":{"name":"Condor","volume":"122 1","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/condor/duaa019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42458716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Sólymos, J. Toms, Steven M. Matsuoka, S. Cumming, Nicole Barker, W. Thogmartin, D. Stralberg, A. Crosby, Francisco V. Dénes, S. Haché, C. L. Mahon, F. Schmiegelow, E. Bayne
ABSTRACT Estimating the population abundance of landbirds is a challenging task complicated by the amount, type, and quality of available data. Avian conservationists have relied on population estimates from Partners in Flight (PIF), which primarily uses roadside data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS). However, the BBS was not designed to estimate population sizes. Therefore, we set out to compare the PIF approach with spatially explicit models incorporating roadside and off-road point-count surveys. We calculated population estimates for 81 landbird species in Bird Conservation Region 6 in Alberta, Canada, using land cover and climate as predictors. We also developed a framework to evaluate how the differences between the detection distance, time-of-day, roadside count, and habitat representation adjustments explain discrepancies between the 2 estimators. We showed that the key assumptions of the PIF population estimator were commonly violated in this region, and that the 2 approaches provided different population estimates for most species. The average differences between estimators were explained by differences in the detection-distance and time-of-day components, but these adjustments left much unexplained variation among species. Differences in the roadside count and habitat representation components explained most of the among-species variation. The variation caused by these factors was large enough to change the population ranking of the species. The roadside count bias needs serious attention when roadside surveys are used to extrapolate over off-road areas. Habitat representation bias is likely prevalent in regions sparsely and non-representatively sampled by roadside surveys, such as the boreal region of North America, and thus population estimates for these regions need to be treated with caution for certain species. Additional sampling and integrated modeling of available data sources can contribute towards more accurate population estimates for conservation in remote areas of North America.
{"title":"Lessons learned from comparing spatially explicit models and the Partners in Flight approach to estimate population sizes of boreal birds in Alberta, Canada","authors":"P. Sólymos, J. Toms, Steven M. Matsuoka, S. Cumming, Nicole Barker, W. Thogmartin, D. Stralberg, A. Crosby, Francisco V. Dénes, S. Haché, C. L. Mahon, F. Schmiegelow, E. Bayne","doi":"10.1093/condor/duaa007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/duaa007","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Estimating the population abundance of landbirds is a challenging task complicated by the amount, type, and quality of available data. Avian conservationists have relied on population estimates from Partners in Flight (PIF), which primarily uses roadside data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS). However, the BBS was not designed to estimate population sizes. Therefore, we set out to compare the PIF approach with spatially explicit models incorporating roadside and off-road point-count surveys. We calculated population estimates for 81 landbird species in Bird Conservation Region 6 in Alberta, Canada, using land cover and climate as predictors. We also developed a framework to evaluate how the differences between the detection distance, time-of-day, roadside count, and habitat representation adjustments explain discrepancies between the 2 estimators. We showed that the key assumptions of the PIF population estimator were commonly violated in this region, and that the 2 approaches provided different population estimates for most species. The average differences between estimators were explained by differences in the detection-distance and time-of-day components, but these adjustments left much unexplained variation among species. Differences in the roadside count and habitat representation components explained most of the among-species variation. The variation caused by these factors was large enough to change the population ranking of the species. The roadside count bias needs serious attention when roadside surveys are used to extrapolate over off-road areas. Habitat representation bias is likely prevalent in regions sparsely and non-representatively sampled by roadside surveys, such as the boreal region of North America, and thus population estimates for these regions need to be treated with caution for certain species. Additional sampling and integrated modeling of available data sources can contribute towards more accurate population estimates for conservation in remote areas of North America.","PeriodicalId":50624,"journal":{"name":"Condor","volume":"122 1","pages":"1 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/condor/duaa007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43294185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-05Epub Date: 2020-03-06DOI: 10.1093/condor/duaa009
Megan B Garfinkel, Emily S Minor, Christopher J Whelan
Birds provide ecosystem services (pest control) in many agroecosystems and have neutral or negative ecological effects (disservices) in others. Large-scale, conventional row crop agriculture is extremely widespread globally, yet few studies of bird effects take place in these agroecosystems. We studied indirect effects of insectivorous birds on corn and soybean crops in fields adjacent to a prairie in Illinois (USA). We hypothesized that prairie birds would forage for arthropods in adjacent crop fields and that the magnitude of services or disservices would decrease with distance from the prairie. We used bird-excluding cages over crops to examine the net effect of birds on corn and soybean grain yield. We also conducted DNA metabarcoding to identify arthropod prey in fecal samples from captured birds. Our exclosure experiments revealed that birds provided net services in corn and net disservices in soybeans. Distance from prairie was not a significant predictor of exclosure treatment effect in either crop. Many bird fecal samples contained DNA from both beneficial arthropods and known economically significant pests of corn, but few economically significant pests of soybeans. Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia), one of our most captured species, most commonly consumed corn rootworms, an economically significant pest of corn crops. We estimated that birds in this system provided a service worth approximately US $275 ha-1 in corn yield gain, and a disservice valued at approximately $348 ha-1 in soybean yield loss. Our study is the first to demonstrate that birds can provide substantial and economically valuable services in field corn, and disservices in soybean crops. The contrasting findings in the 2 crop systems suggest a range of bird impacts within widespread agroecosystems and demonstrate the importance of quantifying net trophic effects.
鸟类在许多农业生态系统中提供生态系统服务（害虫控制），而在另一些农业生态系统中则产生中性或负面生态影响（非服务）。大规模的传统连作农业在全球范围内极为普遍，但在这些农业生态系统中很少有关于鸟类影响的研究。我们研究了食虫鸟类对美国伊利诺伊州毗邻大草原的玉米和大豆作物的间接影响。我们假设草原鸟类会在邻近的作物田中觅食节肢动物，而服务或不服务的程度会随着与草原距离的增加而减少。我们在农作物上方使用鸟类排除笼来研究鸟类对玉米和大豆谷物产量的净影响。我们还进行了 DNA 代谢编码，以鉴定捕获鸟类粪便样本中的节肢动物猎物。我们的围栏实验表明，鸟类为玉米提供了净服务，而为大豆提供了净服务。与草原的距离并不能显著预测两种作物的围栏处理效果。许多鸟类排泄物样本中都含有玉米中有益节肢动物和已知经济上重要的害虫的 DNA，但大豆中经济上重要的害虫却很少。鸣麻雀（Melospiza melodia）是我们捕获最多的物种之一，它最常食用玉米根虫，而玉米根虫是一种对玉米作物具有重要经济价值的害虫。我们估计，鸟类在这一系统中提供的服务价值约为 275 美元公顷-1（玉米增产），而造成的损失价值约为 348 美元公顷-1（大豆减产）。我们的研究首次证明，鸟类能为大田玉米提供大量有经济价值的服务，同时也能为大豆作物提供有害服务。在两种作物系统中截然不同的研究结果表明，鸟类在广泛的农业生态系统中产生了一系列影响，并证明了量化净营养效应的重要性。
{"title":"Birds suppress pests in corn but release them in soybean crops within a mixed prairie/agriculture system.","authors":"Megan B Garfinkel, Emily S Minor, Christopher J Whelan","doi":"10.1093/condor/duaa009","DOIUrl":"10.1093/condor/duaa009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Birds provide ecosystem services (pest control) in many agroecosystems and have neutral or negative ecological effects (disservices) in others. Large-scale, conventional row crop agriculture is extremely widespread globally, yet few studies of bird effects take place in these agroecosystems. We studied indirect effects of insectivorous birds on corn and soybean crops in fields adjacent to a prairie in Illinois (USA). We hypothesized that prairie birds would forage for arthropods in adjacent crop fields and that the magnitude of services or disservices would decrease with distance from the prairie. We used bird-excluding cages over crops to examine the net effect of birds on corn and soybean grain yield. We also conducted DNA metabarcoding to identify arthropod prey in fecal samples from captured birds. Our exclosure experiments revealed that birds provided net services in corn and net disservices in soybeans. Distance from prairie was not a significant predictor of exclosure treatment effect in either crop. Many bird fecal samples contained DNA from both beneficial arthropods and known economically significant pests of corn, but few economically significant pests of soybeans. Song Sparrows (<i>Melospiza melodia</i>), one of our most captured species, most commonly consumed corn rootworms, an economically significant pest of corn crops. We estimated that birds in this system provided a service worth approximately US $275 ha<sup>-1</sup> in corn yield gain, and a disservice valued at approximately $348 ha<sup>-1</sup> in soybean yield loss. Our study is the first to demonstrate that birds can provide substantial and economically valuable services in field corn, and disservices in soybean crops. The contrasting findings in the 2 crop systems suggest a range of bird impacts within widespread agroecosystems and demonstrate the importance of quantifying net trophic effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":50624,"journal":{"name":"Condor","volume":"122 2","pages":"duaa009"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7243448/pdf/duaa009.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37994622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Dayer, Eduardo A. Silva‐Rodríguez, S. Albert, M. Chapman, Benjamin Zukowski, J. Ibarra, Gemara Gifford, A. Echeverri, A. Martínez-Salinas, Claudia Sepúlveda-Luque
ABSTRACT As the global human population increases, and many bird populations in the Neotropics and the rest of the world continue to decline, the study of the intersection of humans, birds, and conservation has become more relevant than ever. The field of conservation social science is an interdisciplinary field that applies the social sciences and humanities to examine research questions that have implications for biodiversity conservation, and encompasses disciplines as diverse as psychology, economics, and political ecology. An understanding of the human dimensions of biodiversity conservation issues can be an essential element in the success or failure of a conservation initiative, policy, or practice. The purpose of this article is to provide an understanding of the growing body of conservation social science relevant to Neotropical bird conservation research and to demonstrate its importance. We discuss how this research can contribute to addressing 5 major threats to bird conservation in the Neotropics, including future research needs, and we provide 3 case studies of bird conservation social science projects, demonstrating the insights that can be gained. We close with a discussion of how conservation biologists and ornithologists can most effectively work with conservation social scientists.
{"title":"Applying conservation social science to study the human dimensions of Neotropical bird conservation","authors":"A. Dayer, Eduardo A. Silva‐Rodríguez, S. Albert, M. Chapman, Benjamin Zukowski, J. Ibarra, Gemara Gifford, A. Echeverri, A. Martínez-Salinas, Claudia Sepúlveda-Luque","doi":"10.1093/condor/duaa021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/duaa021","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT As the global human population increases, and many bird populations in the Neotropics and the rest of the world continue to decline, the study of the intersection of humans, birds, and conservation has become more relevant than ever. The field of conservation social science is an interdisciplinary field that applies the social sciences and humanities to examine research questions that have implications for biodiversity conservation, and encompasses disciplines as diverse as psychology, economics, and political ecology. An understanding of the human dimensions of biodiversity conservation issues can be an essential element in the success or failure of a conservation initiative, policy, or practice. The purpose of this article is to provide an understanding of the growing body of conservation social science relevant to Neotropical bird conservation research and to demonstrate its importance. We discuss how this research can contribute to addressing 5 major threats to bird conservation in the Neotropics, including future research needs, and we provide 3 case studies of bird conservation social science projects, demonstrating the insights that can be gained. We close with a discussion of how conservation biologists and ornithologists can most effectively work with conservation social scientists.","PeriodicalId":50624,"journal":{"name":"Condor","volume":" ","pages":"1 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/condor/duaa021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44156624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leila S. Duchac, D. B. Lesmeister, Katie M. Dugger, Zachary J. Ruff, Raymond J. Davis
Passive acoustic monitoring using autonomous recording units (ARUs) is a fast-growing area of wildlife research especially for rare, cryptic species that vocalize. Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) populations have been monitored since the mid-1980s using mark–recapture methods. To evaluate an alternative survey method, we used ARUs to detect calls of Northern Spotted Owls and Barred Owls (S. varia), a congener that has expanded its range into the Pacific Northwest and threatens Northern Spotted Owl persistence. We set ARUs at 30 500-ha hexagons (150 ARU stations) with recent Northern Spotted Owl activity and high Barred Owl density within Northern Spotted Owl demographic study areas in Oregon and Washington, and set ARUs to record continuously each night from March to July, 2017. We reviewed spectrograms (visual representations of sound) and tagged target vocalizations to extract calls from ~160,000 hr of recordings. Even in a study area with low occupancy rates on historical territories (Washington’s Olympic Peninsula), the probability of detecting a Northern Spotted Owl when it was present in a hexagon exceeded 0.95 after 3 weeks of recording. Environmental noise, mainly from rain, wind, and streams, decreased detection probabilities for both species over all study areas. Using demographic information about known Northern Spotted Owls, we found that weekly detection probabilities of Northern Spotted Owls were higher when ARUs were closer to known nests and activity centers and when owls were paired, suggesting passive acoustic data alone could help locate Northern Spotted Owl pairs on the landscape. These results demonstrate that ARUs can effectively detect Northern Spotted Owls when they are present, even in a landscape with high Barred Owl density, thereby facilitating the use of passive, occupancy-based study designs to monitor Northern Spotted Owl populations.
利用自主录音装置(ARUs)进行被动声监测是野生动物研究的一个快速发展的领域，特别是对稀有的、会发声的神秘物种。北斑猫头鹰(Strix occidentalis caurina)种群自20世纪80年代中期以来一直使用标记-再捕获方法进行监测。为了评估另一种调查方法，我们使用ARUs来检测北斑猫头鹰和横斑猫头鹰(S. varia)的叫声，横斑猫头鹰是一种同系物，已将其活动范围扩大到太平洋西北地区，并威胁到北斑猫头鹰的持久性。我们在俄勒冈州和华盛顿州的北斑猫头鹰人口研究区内设置了30个500公顷的六边形(150个ARU站)，这些区域最近有北斑猫头鹰活动，并且斑猫头鹰密度高，并设置了ARUs，从2017年3月至7月每晚连续记录。我们回顾了声谱图(声音的视觉表示)，并标记了目标发声，从约160,000小时的录音中提取了呼叫。即使是在历史上占有率较低的研究区域(华盛顿的奥林匹克半岛)，经过3周的记录，当一只北斑猫头鹰出现在六边形中时，发现它的概率也超过了0.95。在所有研究区域，主要来自雨、风和溪流的环境噪声降低了这两种物种的检测概率。利用已知的北方斑点猫头鹰的人口统计信息，我们发现当ARUs靠近已知的巢穴和活动中心以及猫头鹰配对时，北方斑点猫头鹰的每周检测概率更高，这表明被动声学数据单独可以帮助定位景观中的北方斑点猫头鹰对。这些结果表明，即使在横斑猫头鹰密度很高的景观中，ARUs也能有效地探测到北方斑点猫头鹰的存在，从而促进了使用被动的、基于占用的研究设计来监测北方斑点猫头鹰的种群。
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Conor C. Egan, B. F. Blackwell, E. Fernández‐Juricic, Page E. Klug
{"title":"Corrigendum: Testing a key assumption of using drones as frightening devices: Do birds perceive drones as risky?","authors":"Conor C. Egan, B. F. Blackwell, E. Fernández‐Juricic, Page E. Klug","doi":"10.1093/condor/duaa025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/duaa025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50624,"journal":{"name":"Condor","volume":"122 1","pages":"1 - 1"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/condor/duaa025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45735089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meredith E. Kernbach, V. Cassone, T. Unnasch, Lynn B. Martin
ABSTRACT Artificial light at night (ALAN) has become a pervasive anthropogenic stressor for both humans and wildlife. Although many negative impacts of ALAN on human health have been identified, the consequences for infectious disease dynamics are largely unexplored. With the increase in popularity of energy efficient light-emitting diodes (LEDs), the effects of spectral composition of ALAN have also come into question. Previous studies showed that exposure to low levels of incandescent ALAN extended the infectious period of House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) infected with West Nile virus (WNV) without affecting mortality rates, thus increasing the pathogen initial reproductive rate (R0) by ∼41%. Here, we asked whether exposure to broad-spectrum (3000 K [Kelvin; unit of color temperature]) ALAN suppressed melatonin, a hormone implicated in ALAN-induced physiological consequences, in House Sparrows. We then asked whether amber-hue bulbs (1800 K) could ameliorate the effects of WNV on individual sparrows, and whether broad-spectrum or blue-rich bulbs (3000 K and 5000 K, respectively) could exacerbate them. We found that exposure to low intensity (∼5 lux) broad-spectrum (3000 K) ALAN significantly suppressed melatonin levels throughout the night. Second, we found that exposure to broad-spectrum and blue-rich (3000 + 5000 K) lights did not affect WNV viremia but did increase WNV-induced mortality. Conversely, birds exposed to amber-hue (1800 K) ALAN had lower viremia and mortality rates similar to controls (i.e. natural light conditions). This study demonstrates that ALAN affects melatonin regulation in birds, but this effect, as well as ALAN influences on infectious disease responses, can be ameliorated by particular lighting technologies.
{"title":"Broad-spectrum light pollution suppresses melatonin and increases West Nile virus–induced mortality in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus)","authors":"Meredith E. Kernbach, V. Cassone, T. Unnasch, Lynn B. Martin","doi":"10.1093/condor/duaa018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/duaa018","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Artificial light at night (ALAN) has become a pervasive anthropogenic stressor for both humans and wildlife. Although many negative impacts of ALAN on human health have been identified, the consequences for infectious disease dynamics are largely unexplored. With the increase in popularity of energy efficient light-emitting diodes (LEDs), the effects of spectral composition of ALAN have also come into question. Previous studies showed that exposure to low levels of incandescent ALAN extended the infectious period of House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) infected with West Nile virus (WNV) without affecting mortality rates, thus increasing the pathogen initial reproductive rate (R0) by ∼41%. Here, we asked whether exposure to broad-spectrum (3000 K [Kelvin; unit of color temperature]) ALAN suppressed melatonin, a hormone implicated in ALAN-induced physiological consequences, in House Sparrows. We then asked whether amber-hue bulbs (1800 K) could ameliorate the effects of WNV on individual sparrows, and whether broad-spectrum or blue-rich bulbs (3000 K and 5000 K, respectively) could exacerbate them. We found that exposure to low intensity (∼5 lux) broad-spectrum (3000 K) ALAN significantly suppressed melatonin levels throughout the night. Second, we found that exposure to broad-spectrum and blue-rich (3000 + 5000 K) lights did not affect WNV viremia but did increase WNV-induced mortality. Conversely, birds exposed to amber-hue (1800 K) ALAN had lower viremia and mortality rates similar to controls (i.e. natural light conditions). This study demonstrates that ALAN affects melatonin regulation in birds, but this effect, as well as ALAN influences on infectious disease responses, can be ameliorated by particular lighting technologies.","PeriodicalId":50624,"journal":{"name":"Condor","volume":" ","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/condor/duaa018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45945379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The Atlantic Forest is the second largest tropical moist forest domain in South America after the Amazon, home to over 800 bird species (223 endemics or 27% of the avifauna). With only 28% of the original vegetation left, mostly fragmented and altered, the Atlantic Forest is a hotspot for bird conservation. We first introduce the extent, vegetation types, and exploitation history of the domain, and the composition and biogeographic affinities of its birds. We then provide an overview of the knowledge gathered so far on the ways Atlantic Forest birds thrive in the often-fragmented landscape, highlighting the landscape features that influence their occurrence and movement behavior. We end with the conservation issues affecting the Atlantic Forest birds and the actions hitherto taken to address them, including the establishment of conservation units, forest restoration, and rewilding.
{"title":"Living in a fragmented world: Birds in the Atlantic Forest","authors":"M. A. Pizo, V. Tonetti","doi":"10.1093/condor/duaa023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/duaa023","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Atlantic Forest is the second largest tropical moist forest domain in South America after the Amazon, home to over 800 bird species (223 endemics or 27% of the avifauna). With only 28% of the original vegetation left, mostly fragmented and altered, the Atlantic Forest is a hotspot for bird conservation. We first introduce the extent, vegetation types, and exploitation history of the domain, and the composition and biogeographic affinities of its birds. We then provide an overview of the knowledge gathered so far on the ways Atlantic Forest birds thrive in the often-fragmented landscape, highlighting the landscape features that influence their occurrence and movement behavior. We end with the conservation issues affecting the Atlantic Forest birds and the actions hitherto taken to address them, including the establishment of conservation units, forest restoration, and rewilding.","PeriodicalId":50624,"journal":{"name":"Condor","volume":" ","pages":"1 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/condor/duaa023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47491275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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