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Video anomaly detection using transformers and ensemble of convolutional auto-encoders 利用变换器和卷积自动编码器集合进行视频异常检测
IF 4 3区 计算机科学 Q1 COMPUTER SCIENCE, HARDWARE & ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2024.109879
Seyed Mohammad Rahimpour , Mohammad Kazemi , Payman Moallem , Mehran Safayani
Video anomaly detection is the identification of outliers deviating from the norm within a series of videos. The spatio-temporal dependencies and unstructured nature of videos make video anomaly detection complicated. Many existing methods cannot detect anomalies accurately because they are unable to learn from the learning data effectively and capture dependencies between distant frames. To this end, we propose a model that uses a pre-trained vision transformer and an ensemble of deep convolutional auto-encoders to capture dependencies between distant frames. Moreover, AdaBoost training is used to ensure the model learns every sample in the data properly. To evaluate the method, we conducted experiments on four publicly available video anomaly detection datasets, namely the CUHK Avenue dataset, ShanghaiTech, UCSD Ped1, and UCSD Ped2, and achieved AUC scores of 93.4 %, 78.8 %, 93.5 %, and 95.7 % for these datasets, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate the flexibility and generalizability of the proposed method for video anomaly detection, coming from robust features extracted by a pre-trained vision transformer and efficient learning of data representations by employing the AdaBoost training strategy.
视频异常检测是在一系列视频中识别偏离正常值的异常值。视频的时空依赖性和非结构化特性使得视频异常检测变得复杂。许多现有方法无法准确检测异常,因为它们无法有效地从学习数据中学习,也无法捕捉远距离帧之间的依赖关系。为此,我们提出了一种模型,利用预先训练的视觉变换器和深度卷积自动编码器集合来捕捉远距离帧之间的依赖关系。此外,我们还使用 AdaBoost 训练来确保模型能正确学习数据中的每个样本。为了对该方法进行评估,我们在四个公开的视频异常检测数据集(即中大大道数据集、ShanghaiTech、UCSD Ped1 和 UCSD Ped2)上进行了实验,这些数据集的 AUC 分数分别为 93.4%、78.8%、93.5% 和 95.7%。实验结果表明,通过预先训练的视觉转换器提取出的强大特征,以及采用 AdaBoost 训练策略进行的高效数据表示学习,所提出的方法在视频异常检测方面具有灵活性和通用性。
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引用次数: 0
Introduction to the special section on High-Performance Computing (VSI-pdcat6) 高性能计算特别单元(VSI-pdcat6)介绍
IF 4 3区 计算机科学 Q1 COMPUTER SCIENCE, HARDWARE & ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2024.109851
Hui Tian , James Park , Yidong Li , Haibo Zhang
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引用次数: 0
The role of mobile edge computing in advancing federated learning algorithms and techniques: A systematic review of applications, challenges, and future directions 移动边缘计算在推进联合学习算法和技术中的作用:对应用、挑战和未来方向的系统回顾
IF 4 3区 计算机科学 Q1 COMPUTER SCIENCE, HARDWARE & ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2024.109812
Amir Masoud Rahmani , Shtwai Alsubai , Abed Alanazi , Abdullah Alqahtani , Monji Mohamed Zaidi , Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) and Federated Learning (FL) have recently attracted considerable interest for their potential applications across diverse domains. MEC is an architecture for distributed computing that utilizes computational capabilities near the network edge, enabling quicker data processing and minimizing latency. In contrast, FL is a method in the field of Machine learning (ML) that allows for the simultaneous involvement of multiple participants to collectively train models without revealing their raw data, effectively tackling concerns related to security and privacy. This systematic review explores the core principles, architectures, and applications of FL within MEC and vice versa, providing a comprehensive analysis of these technologies. The study emphasizes FL and MEC's unique characteristics, advantages, and drawbacks, highlighting their attributes and limitations. The study explores the complex architectures of both technologies, showcasing the cutting-edge methods and tools employed for their implementation. Aside from examining the foundational principles, the review explores the depths of the internal mechanisms of FL and MEC, offering a valuable in-depth of their architecture understanding and the fundamental principles and processes that facilitate their operation. At last, the concluding remarks and future research directions are provided.
移动边缘计算(MEC)和联合学习(FL)最近因其在不同领域的潜在应用而备受关注。MEC 是一种分布式计算架构,利用靠近网络边缘的计算能力,实现更快的数据处理并最大限度地减少延迟。相比之下,FL 是机器学习(ML)领域的一种方法,允许多个参与者同时参与,在不泄露原始数据的情况下集体训练模型,从而有效解决了与安全和隐私相关的问题。本系统综述探讨了 FL 在 MEC 中的核心原理、架构和应用,反之亦然,对这些技术进行了全面分析。研究强调了 FL 和 MEC 的独特性、优势和缺点,突出了它们的属性和局限性。研究探讨了这两种技术的复杂架构,展示了在实施过程中采用的最先进的方法和工具。除了对基本原理进行研究外,本综述还深入探讨了 FL 和 MEC 的内部机制,为深入理解其架构以及促进其运行的基本原理和流程提供了宝贵的资料。最后,本文提出了结束语和未来的研究方向。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing the performance of graphene and LCP 1x2 rectangular microstrip antenna arrays for terahertz applications using photonic band gap structures 利用光子带隙结构提高太赫兹应用中石墨烯和 LCP 1x2 矩形微带天线阵列的性能
IF 4 3区 计算机科学 Q1 COMPUTER SCIENCE, HARDWARE & ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2024.109858
Hamed Abderrahime Bouzid , Mohammed Belkheir , Allel Mokaddem , Mehdi Rouissat , Djamila Ziani
The terahertz (THz) frequency band (0.1–10 THz) has drawn a lot of attention due to the growing demand for greater resolutions, lower latency, faster data rates, and wider bandwidth in 6 G technologies. This range provides data speeds exceeding tens of gigabits per second, large bandwidth, great spectral resolution, and non-ionizing characteristics. THz signals have potential; however they are affected by attenuation, route losses, and atmospheric conditions, necessitating the use of specialised antenna designs. This work presents a 300 GHz rectangular microstrip patch antenna with Graphene as the patch material and Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) as the substrate. Photonic band gap (PBG) substrates are used to incorporate cuboid and cylindrical air gaps in square and triangular lattices, hence improving performance. The highest performance is found with cylindrical air gaps in a triangular lattice PBG substrate, which has a bandwidth of 29.56 GHz, a return loss of –48.12 dB, a gain of 10.4 dBi, a directivity of 10.8 dBi, and a radiation efficiency of 91 %. These results establish the proposed antennas as highly effective for broadband and high-speed THz applications, particularly in 6 G systems like advanced sensing applications, ultra-fast device-to-device (D2D) communications, potential beam steering applications, and non-invasive imaging solutions.
由于 6 G 技术对更高分辨率、更低延迟、更快数据传输速率和更宽带宽的需求日益增长,太赫兹(THz)频段(0.1-10 THz)引起了广泛关注。这一范围的数据传输速率超过每秒数十吉比特,带宽大,频谱分辨率高,并且具有非电离特性。太赫兹信号具有潜力,但会受到衰减、路由损耗和大气条件的影响,因此必须使用专门的天线设计。这项研究提出了一种 300 GHz 的矩形微带贴片天线,采用石墨烯作为贴片材料,液晶聚合物(LCP)作为衬底。光子带隙(PBG)衬底用于在方形和三角形晶格中加入长方体和圆柱形气隙,从而提高性能。三角形晶格 PBG 衬底中的圆柱形气隙性能最高,其带宽为 29.56 GHz,回波损耗为 -48.12 dB,增益为 10.4 dBi,指向性为 10.8 dBi,辐射效率为 91%。这些结果表明,所提出的天线对宽带和高速太赫兹应用非常有效,特别是在 6 G 系统中,如先进传感应用、超高速设备对设备 (D2D) 通信、潜在的波束转向应用和非侵入式成像解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Low-resolution face recognition: Review, challenges and research directions 低分辨率人脸识别:回顾、挑战和研究方向
IF 4 3区 计算机科学 Q1 COMPUTER SCIENCE, HARDWARE & ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2024.109846
Pranali Dandekar , Shailendra S. Aote , Abhijeet Raipurkar
Low-resolution face recognition (LRFR) is an active research area as it is widely used in forensics and surveillance systems. A lot of effort has been put into improving the performance of the system since its inception. Recent deep neural network models have demonstrated outstanding face recognition performance on various face data sets with challenges like variations in pose, illumination, and occlusion and surpassed the performance of humans in these tasks. But, the accuracy of the LRFR method is still a problem. There is no fixed definition for considering any image as a low-resolution (LR) image. Most of the researchers have considered the image below 32 × 32 as a low-resolution image. This paper discusses various methods and algorithms used in improving the performance of low-resolution face recognition (LRFR). We have presented a thorough study of all the processes included in face recognition tasks including face detection, feature mapping, super-resolution, and face recognition. The study includes methodology along with the dataset and performance measures. We have also summarized the study of different datasets used in LRFR along with various source codes used to perform experimentation on LRFR. We have also presented a study in terms of accuracy of different LRFR methods on different dataset. Finally, challenges and research directions are presented to further carry out the LRFR research.
低分辨率人脸识别(LRFR)是一个活跃的研究领域,因为它被广泛应用于取证和监控系统。自诞生以来,人们一直在努力提高该系统的性能。最近的深度神经网络模型在各种人脸数据集上表现出了出色的人脸识别性能,应对了姿势、光照和遮挡变化等挑战,并在这些任务中超越了人类的表现。但是,LRFR 方法的准确性仍然是个问题。将任何图像视为低分辨率(LR)图像都没有固定的定义。大多数研究人员将 32 × 32 以下的图像视为低分辨率图像。本文讨论了用于提高低分辨率人脸识别(LRFR)性能的各种方法和算法。我们对人脸识别任务的所有过程进行了深入研究,包括人脸检测、特征映射、超分辨率和人脸识别。研究包括方法、数据集和性能测量。我们还总结了用于 LRFR 的不同数据集的研究,以及用于 LRFR 实验的各种源代码。我们还介绍了不同数据集上不同 LRFR 方法的准确性研究。最后,我们提出了进一步开展 LRFR 研究的挑战和研究方向。
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引用次数: 0
Maximizing solar energy efficiency: Optimized DC power conversion for resistive loads 最大限度地提高太阳能效率:优化电阻负载的直流电源转换
IF 4 3区 计算机科学 Q1 COMPUTER SCIENCE, HARDWARE & ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2024.109867
Mohammed Rhiat , Mohammed Karrouchi , Ilias Atmane , Abdellah Touhafi , Badre Bossoufi , Mishari Metab Almalki , Thamer A.H. Alghamdi , Kamal Hirech
This paper investigates the integration of photovoltaic (PV) energy systems with a DC power converter based on a boost converter designed to optimize the power output for resistive loads such as heat elements for heat generation applications. Emphasizing the role of boost converters in increasing the output voltage of PV systems to efficiently supply resistive loads, the performance and efficiency of this integration is evaluated. The work also addresses the basic principles, control strategies and efficiency considerations associated with the fusion of solar PV systems with synchronous boost converters for resistive load applications. The results demonstrate a peak efficiency of 97%, which decreases to 90.5%, 87.5%, and 84% for resistive loads of 10Ω, 15Ω, and 20Ω, respectively at 80W and for a switching frequency of 60KHz. This indicates that efficiency declines as the value of the resistive load increases. Additionally, the results exhibit a notable efficiency increase of 4.6% by simply raising the switching frequency from 20KHz to 100KHz. Through extensive testing, we have substantiated the effectiveness of employing synchronous boost converters to optimize power output and enhance the overall performance of PV systems when supplying resistive heat elements.
本文研究了光伏(PV)能源系统与直流电源转换器的集成问题,直流电源转换器基于升压转换器设计,旨在优化电阻性负载(如制热应用中的热元件)的功率输出。该研究强调升压转换器在提高光伏系统输出电压以有效供应电阻负载方面的作用,并对这种集成的性能和效率进行了评估。该研究还探讨了太阳能光伏系统与同步升压转换器融合用于阻性负载应用的基本原理、控制策略和效率考虑因素。结果表明,在 80W 和开关频率为 60KHz 时,峰值效率为 97%,当电阻负载为 10Ω、15Ω 和 20Ω 时,效率分别降至 90.5%、87.5% 和 84%。这表明效率随着电阻负载值的增加而下降。此外,结果表明,只需将开关频率从 20KHz 提高到 100KHz,效率就会显著提高 4.6%。通过广泛的测试,我们证实了采用同步升压转换器优化功率输出和提高光伏系统整体性能的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of hardware and software implementations for NIST finalist and fourth-round post-quantum cryptography KEMs 评估 NIST 入围和第四轮后量子加密 KEM 的硬件和软件实施情况
IF 4 3区 计算机科学 Q1 COMPUTER SCIENCE, HARDWARE & ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2024.109826
Mamatha Bandaru , Sudha Ellison Mathe , Chirawat Wattanapanich
Quantum computer attacks could easily jeopardize the total security of currently employed encryption systems. As a result, there is an ongoing collaborative effort to design post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms, and to this end many works in the literature have been published. In this paper, five Key Encapsulation Mechanisms (KEM) for PQC that the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) considered as one finalist and 4, fourth round KEMs are reviewed and compared, as well as their software and hardware implementations. Because of the high computational complexity of PQC algorithms, real-time implementation necessitates a large amount of hardware resources, particularly the number of multipliers. Also, traditional performance aspects of each algorithm that are implemented in hardware are compared, such as area, delay, and power, particularly, the memory requirements, resource usage, Lookup tables (LUTs), registers, Flip-flops, maximum operating frequency, number of cycles for encapsulation and decapsulation etc., to quantify and highlight the features of each algorithm. This survey discusses a variety of PQC algorithms that can be used to meet a variety of application needs, including accuracy, hardware resource usage, and throughput. It also informs researchers and engineers about the most recent advances in PQC research in order to identify research problems and improve designs for efficient PQC algorithms.
量子计算机攻击很容易危及目前使用的加密系统的整体安全性。因此,人们一直在合作设计后量子加密(PQC)算法,为此发表了许多文献。本文对美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)认为入围的五种 PQC 密钥封装机制(KEM)和四种第四轮 KEM 进行了评述和比较,并介绍了它们的软件和硬件实现方法。由于 PQC 算法的计算复杂度很高,实时实现需要大量的硬件资源,特别是乘法器的数量。此外,还比较了硬件实现的每种算法的传统性能方面,如面积、延迟和功耗,特别是内存要求、资源使用、查找表(LUT)、寄存器、触发器、最大工作频率、封装和解封装的周期数等,以量化和突出每种算法的特点。本调查报告讨论了各种 PQC 算法,这些算法可用于满足各种应用需求,包括精度、硬件资源使用和吞吐量。它还向研究人员和工程师介绍了 PQC 研究的最新进展,以便找出研究问题,改进高效 PQC 算法的设计。
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引用次数: 0
Artificial intelligence in sign language recognition: A comprehensive bibliometric and visual analysis 手语识别中的人工智能:全面的文献计量学和视觉分析
IF 4 3区 计算机科学 Q1 COMPUTER SCIENCE, HARDWARE & ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2024.109854
Yanqiong Zhang , Yu Han , Zhaosong Zhu , Xianwei Jiang , Yudong Zhang
Sign language recognition (SLR) plays a crucial role in bridging the communication gap between individuals with hearing impairments and the auditory communities. This study explores the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in SLR through a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 2,720 articles published from 1988 to 2024. Utilizing tools like VOSviewer and CiteSpace, the research uncovers the landscape of publication outputs, influential articles, leading authors, as well as the intellectual framework of current topics and emerging trends. The findings indicate that since the inception of SLR research in 1988, there has been a rapid expansion in the field, particularly from 2004 onwards. China and India lead in research productivity. Keyword and co-citation analyses highlight that Hidden Markov Model, Kinect, and Deep Learning have been focal points at various stages of SLR development, while transfer learning, Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory, attention mechanisms, and Transformer models represent recent emerging trends. This research offers valuable insights for scholars and practitioners interested in AI-based SLR.
手语识别(SLR)在缩小听障人士与听觉群体之间的沟通差距方面发挥着至关重要的作用。本研究通过对 1988 年至 2024 年间发表的 2,720 篇文章进行全面的文献计量分析,探讨了人工智能(AI)在手语识别中的应用。研究利用 VOSviewer 和 CiteSpace 等工具,揭示了出版成果、有影响力的文章、主要作者以及当前主题和新兴趋势的知识框架。研究结果表明,自 1988 年开始进行可持续土地管理研究以来,该领域的研究成果迅速增加,尤其是从 2004 年开始。中国和印度的研究生产率遥遥领先。关键词和共同引用分析突出表明,隐马尔可夫模型、Kinect 和深度学习在 SLR 发展的各个阶段都是焦点,而迁移学习、双向长短期记忆、注意机制和 Transformer 模型则代表了近期的新兴趋势。这项研究为对基于人工智能的 SLR 感兴趣的学者和从业人员提供了宝贵的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Optimizing Microgrid Management with Intelligent Planning: A Chaos Theory-Based Salp Swarm Algorithm for Renewable Energy Integration and Demand Response 用智能规划优化微电网管理:基于混沌理论的可再生能源整合与需求响应 Salp Swarm 算法
IF 4 3区 计算机科学 Q1 COMPUTER SCIENCE, HARDWARE & ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2024.109847
Fangyi Zhao
This paper presents a novel intelligent planning approach to optimize microgrid management with multiple random renewable energy sources. The key contribution is a developed slap algorithm enhanced with chaos theory to prevent local optima and premature convergence. The system incorporates various components—photovoltaic units, wind turbines, fuel cells, micro-turbines, energy storage, electrolysis—and accounts for smart home participation in energy demand response. Using a scenario-based method, it models uncertainties like wind speed, solar radiation, electricity demand, and price. The paper compares batteries and hydrogen storage tanks as energy storage options and validates the algorithm's effectiveness through four cases evaluating hydrogen storage and demand response. Findings demonstrate significant economic benefits and performance improvements in microgrid management by integrating hydrogen storage and load response programs. The study evaluates four cases, comparing systems with and without demand response (DR) and hydrogen storage. The results show that integrating DR and hydrogen storage reduces costs by 12.4% and 23.4%, respectively, compared to the reference model. The paper also presents a comparative analysis of battery and hydrogen storage, highlighting the efficiency and economic benefits of hybrid storage systems. By incorporating stochastic modeling and multi-objective optimization, the proposed approach enhances energy efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness.
本文提出了一种新颖的智能规划方法,用于优化具有多种随机可再生能源的微电网管理。该方法的主要贡献在于开发了一种利用混沌理论增强的巴掌算法,以防止局部最优和过早收敛。该系统包含各种组件--光伏装置、风力涡轮机、燃料电池、微型涡轮机、储能、电解,并考虑了智能家居参与能源需求响应的情况。它采用基于情景的方法,对风速、太阳辐射、电力需求和价格等不确定因素进行建模。论文比较了电池和储氢罐作为储能选择,并通过四个评估储氢和需求响应的案例验证了算法的有效性。研究结果表明,通过整合氢存储和负载响应计划,微电网管理的经济效益和性能都得到了显著改善。该研究评估了四个案例,比较了有无需求响应(DR)和氢存储的系统。结果表明,与参考模型相比,整合需求响应和氢气储存可分别降低 12.4% 和 23.4% 的成本。论文还对电池和氢气存储进行了比较分析,强调了混合存储系统的效率和经济效益。通过结合随机建模和多目标优化,所提出的方法提高了能源效率、可靠性和成本效益。
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引用次数: 0
Towards sustainable scheduling of a multi-automated guided vehicle system for collision avoidance 实现多自动制导车辆系统的可持续调度以避免碰撞
IF 4 3区 计算机科学 Q1 COMPUTER SCIENCE, HARDWARE & ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2024.109824
Thanh Phuong Nguyen , Hung Nguyen , Ha Quang Thinh Ngo
In previous studies, the behaviour of each vehicle is assumed to be constant in all situations. However, this assumption is unreasonable, as physical factors—such as load conditions or turn times—are not considered in the trajectory planning process, even though they significantly affect vehicle operation. Therefore, an algorithm for determining travel time between two adjacent nodes (A2D2T-A2AN) is proposed to resolve collisions caused by discrepancies between planned time and actual time, which make these collisions unpredictable. Additionally, vehicles can be controlled with varying accelerations depending on load conditions. Furthermore, an algorithm to adjust arrival times when a vehicle approaches a node (A2CAT-VT2N) is developed. To verify the efficiency and feasibility of these algorithms, several experiments were conducted using a chessboard map simulation under different conditions. The results demonstrate that our method is both suitable and effective for real-world applications.
在以往的研究中,假设每辆车在所有情况下的行为都是不变的。然而,这种假设是不合理的,因为在轨迹规划过程中没有考虑物理因素,如负载条件或转弯时间,尽管这些因素对车辆运行有很大影响。因此,我们提出了一种确定两个相邻节点之间行驶时间的算法(A2D2T-A2AN),以解决因计划时间与实际时间不一致而导致的碰撞问题,因为这种不一致会使碰撞变得不可预测。此外,还可根据负载情况控制车辆的不同加速度。此外,还开发了一种在车辆接近节点时调整到达时间的算法(A2CAT-VT2N)。为了验证这些算法的效率和可行性,我们在不同条件下使用棋盘地图模拟进行了多次实验。结果表明,我们的方法在实际应用中既合适又有效。
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引用次数: 0
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Computers & Electrical Engineering
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