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Vibrations and Heat Transfer in Glasses: The Role Played by Disorder 玻璃中的振动和热传递:无序所起的作用
4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.5802/crphys.162
Anne Tanguy
Amorphous materials are also distinguished from crystals by their thermal properties. The structural disorder seems to be responsible both for a significant increase in heat capacity compared to crystals of the same composition, but also for a significant decrease in thermal conductivity. The temperature dependence of thermal conductivity, unusual for common interpretations of solid-state physics, gave rise to a lot of debates. We review in this article different interpretations of thermal conductivity in amorphous materials. We show finally that the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity in dielectric materials can be understood by relating it to the disorder-dependent harmonic vibrational eigenmodes.
非晶材料的热性能也与晶体不同。与相同成分的晶体相比,结构紊乱似乎既导致了热容的显著增加,也导致了导热系数的显著降低。热导率对温度的依赖,在固态物理的常见解释中是不寻常的,引起了很多争论。本文综述了对非晶材料热导率的不同解释。我们最后表明,电介质材料中导热系数的温度依赖性可以通过将其与无序相关的谐波振动本征模相关联来理解。
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引用次数: 1
Astronomy, Atmospheres and Refraction: Foreword 天文学、大气和折射:前言
IF 1.4 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2023-08-11 DOI: 10.5802/crphys.132
L. Dettwiller, P. Léna, D. Gratias
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引用次数: 5
Detection of exoplanets: exploiting each property of light 探测系外行星:利用光的每一种特性
IF 1.4 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2023-08-11 DOI: 10.5802/crphys.135
D. Rouan, A. Lagrange
Up to now and probably for still a long time, the only support of information used to detect exoplanets has been the analysis of light, either visible or infrared. In the vast majority of cases it is the light from a star and not the light from the planet itself which is used, because the huge contrast in brightness between the star and a planet orbiting it as well as the extremely short angular distance between them makes direct imaging a real challenge. It is then a subtle effect detected on the starlight that in general indicates the planet’s presence and provides information on some of its characteristics: mass, radius, distance to the star, temperature, etc. As an introduction to the different contributions appearing in this volume, this article proposes a kind of brief review of the various methods imagined by astronomers to exploit one of the properties of the light to succeed in detecting and characterizing exoplanets. We’ll show that even direct detection became a reality and contributes to the more than 5000 exoplanets detected today. Résumé. Jusqu’à présent et probablement pour encore longtemps, le seul support d’information utilisé pour détecter les exoplanètes est l’analyse de la lumière, qu’elle soit visible ou infrarouge. Dans la grande majorité des cas, c’est la lumière d’une étoile et non celle de la planète elle-même qui est utilisée, car l’énorme contraste de luminosité entre l’étoile et une planète en orbite autour d’elle ainsi que la distance angulaire extrêmement courte qui les sépare font de l’imagerie directe un véritable défi. C’est alors un effet subtil détecté sur la lumière de l’étoile qui indique en général la présence de la planète et fournit des informations sur certaines de ses caractéristiques : masse, rayon, distance à l’étoile, température, etc. En guise d’introduction aux différentes contributions figurant dans ce volume, cet article propose une sorte de brève revue des différentes méthodes imaginées par les astronomes pour exploiter une des propriétés de la lumière afin de parvenir à détecter et caractériser des exoplanètes. Nous montrerons que même la détection directe est devenue une réalité et contribue aux plus de 5000 exoplanètes détectées aujourd’hui.
到目前为止,可能在很长一段时间内,用于探测系外行星的信息的唯一支持是对可见光或红外光的分析。在绝大多数情况下,这是来自恒星的光,而不是来自行星本身的光,因为恒星和围绕恒星运行的行星之间的亮度对比很大,而且它们之间的角度距离非常短,这使得直接成像成为一个真正的挑战。然后,它对星光产生了极好的影响,通常表明了行星的存在,并提供了有关其一些特征的信息:质量、半径、与恒星的距离、温度等。作为本卷中出现的不同贡献的介绍,本文对天文学家想象的各种方法进行了一次简短回顾,以利用光的一种特性成功探测和表征系外行星。我们将展示,即使是直接探测也成为现实,并为今天探测到的5000多颗系外行星做出贡献。摘要。到目前为止,可能在很长一段时间内,用于探测系外行星的唯一信息媒介是对光的分析,无论是可见光还是红外。在绝大多数情况下,使用的是来自恒星的光,而不是来自行星本身的光,因为恒星和围绕恒星运行的行星之间的巨大亮度对比,以及它们之间的极短角距离,使得直接成像成为一个真正的挑战。然后,在恒星的光中检测到一种微妙的效应,通常表明行星的存在,并提供有关其某些特征的信息:质量、半径、与恒星的距离、温度等。作为本卷中不同贡献的介绍,本文简要回顾了天文学家设想的利用光的一种特性来探测和表征系外行星的各种方法。我们将表明,即使是直接探测也已成为现实,并为今天探测到的5000多颗系外行星做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Organic Glass-Forming Liquids and the Concept of Fragility 有机玻璃形成液体和易碎性的概念
4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2023-08-03 DOI: 10.5802/crphys.148
Christiane Alba-Simionesco
An important category of glass-forming materials is organic; it includes molecular liquids, polymers, solutions, proteins that can be vitrified by cooling the liquid under standard conditions or after special thermal treatments. The range of applications is large from materials to life sciences and recently to electronics. To distinguish them from other systems described in this issue, some specific properties such as the range of their glass transition temperature (T g ), their ability to vitrify and some rules of thumb to locate T g are presented. The most remarkable property of these liquids is how fast in temperature their viscosity or structural relaxation time increases as approaching T g . To characterize this behavior and rank the liquids of different strength, C.A. Angell introduced the concept of Fragility nearly 40 years ago. He proposed to classify liquids as fragile or strong in an Arrhenius plot with T g scaling (the strongest ones have never being observed in organic glasses, except for water under specific conditions). The T g value and the fragility index of a given liquid can be changed by applying pressure, i.e. changing the density. One can then explore the properties of the supercooled/overcompressed liquid and the glass in a P-T phase diagram. The T g line corresponds to an isochronic line, i.e. a line at constant relaxation time for different pairs of density-temperature. We observe that all data can be placed on master-curves that depend only on a single density- and species-dependent and T-independent effective interaction energy, E ∞ (ρ). An isochoric fragility index is defined as an intrinsic property of a given liquid, that can help in rationalizing all the correlations between the glass properties below T g and the viscous slowing down just above T g from which they are made. Geometrical confinement of liquids is also a way to modify the dynamics of a liquid and the properties of a glass; it corresponds to a large number of situations encountered in nature. Another phase diagram T-d (d defining pore size) can be defined with a non-trivial pore size dependence of the glass transition, which is also strongly affected by surface interactions.
玻璃成型材料的一个重要类别是有机材料;它包括分子液体,聚合物,溶液,蛋白质,可以通过在标准条件下冷却液体或经过特殊热处理而玻璃化。应用范围很广,从材料到生命科学,最近又到电子学。为了将它们与本刊中描述的其他体系区分开来,本文介绍了一些具体的性质,如玻璃化转变温度(tg)的范围、玻璃化的能力以及确定tg位置的一些经验法则。这些液体最显著的特性是,当温度接近tg时,它们的粘度或结构松弛时间增加得有多快。为了描述这种行为并对不同强度的液体进行排序,C.A.安吉尔在近40年前引入了脆弱性的概念。他建议用T - g标度法在阿伦尼乌斯图中将液体分为易碎和坚固两类(除了在特定条件下的水外,在有机玻璃中从未观察到最强的液体)。施加压力可以改变给定液体的T g值和脆性指数,即改变密度。然后可以在P-T相图中探索过冷/过压缩液体和玻璃的性质。T - g线对应于一条等时线,即不同密度-温度对在恒定松弛时间下的一条线。我们观察到,所有数据都可以放置在仅依赖于单一密度和物种相关且与t无关的有效相互作用能E∞(ρ)的主曲线上。等时脆性指数被定义为一种给定液体的固有特性,它可以帮助理顺T g以下的玻璃特性与T g以上的粘性减速之间的所有相关性。液体的几何约束也是一种改变液体动力学和玻璃性质的方法;它与自然界中遇到的大量情况相对应。另一个相图T-d(定义孔径的d)可以定义为玻璃化转变的孔径依赖关系,这也受到表面相互作用的强烈影响。
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引用次数: 0
Hunting for Cold Exoplanets via Microlensing 通过微透镜寻找冷系外行星
IF 1.4 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.5802/crphys.151
J. Beaulieu
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引用次数: 1
Corrigendum: What is measured when measuring a thermoelectric coefficient? 勘误:测量热电系数时测量的是什么?
4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.5802/crphys.124
Kamran Behnia
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引用次数: 0
Direct imaging of exoplanets: Legacy and prospects 系外行星的直接成像:遗产和前景
IF 1.4 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2023-06-08 DOI: 10.5802/crphys.139
G. Chauvin
. Understanding how giant and terrestrial planets form and evolve, what is their internal structure and that of their atmosphere, represents one of the major challenges of modern astronomy, which is directly connected to the ultimate search for life at the horizon 2030–2050. However, several astrophysical (under-standing of the formation and physics of giant and terrestrial exoplanets), biological (identification of the best biomarkers) and technological (technical innovations for the new generations of telescopes and instruments) obstacles must be overcome. From the astrophysical point of view, it is indeed crucial to understand the mechanisms of formation and evolution of giant planets, including planet and disk interactions, which will completely sculpt the planetary architectures and thus dominate the formation of terrestrial planets, es-pecially in regions around the host star capable of supporting life. It is also important to develop dedicated instrumentation and techniques to study in their totality the population of giant and terrestrial planets, but also to reveal in the near future the first biological markers of life in the atmospheres of terrestrial planets. In that perspective, direct imaging from ground-based observatories or in space is playing a central role in concert with other observing techniques. In this paper, I will briefly review the genesis of this observing tech-nique,themaininstrumentalinnovationandchallenges,stellartargetsandsurveys,tothenpresentthemain resultsobtainedsofaraboutthephysicsandthemechanismsofformationandevolutionofyounggiantplan-ets and planetary system architectures. I will then present the exciting perspectives o ff ered by the upcoming
. 了解巨行星和类地行星是如何形成和演化的,它们的内部结构是什么,它们的大气是什么,是现代天文学的主要挑战之一,这与在2030-2050年地平线上寻找生命的终极目标直接相关。然而,必须克服一些天体物理学(了解巨行星和类地系外行星的形成和物理)、生物学(确定最佳生物标志物)和技术(新一代望远镜和仪器的技术创新)方面的障碍。从天体物理学的角度来看,理解巨行星的形成和演化机制,包括行星和行星盘的相互作用,确实是至关重要的,这将完全塑造行星的结构,从而主宰类地行星的形成,特别是在主星周围能够支持生命的区域。开发专门的仪器和技术来研究巨行星和类地行星的总体数量,而且在不久的将来揭示类地行星大气中生命的第一个生物标志也很重要。从这个角度来看,地面观测站或空间的直接成像与其他观测技术一起发挥着核心作用。在本文中,我将简要回顾这种观测技术的起源,主要的仪器创新和挑战,恒星目标和调查,然后介绍在年轻的巨行星和行星系统结构的物理和机制形成和演化方面获得的主要结果。然后,我将介绍即将到来的令人兴奋的前景
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引用次数: 1
Evaporation, from exoplanets to exocomets 蒸发,从系外行星到系外彗星
IF 1.4 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2023-06-08 DOI: 10.5802/crphys.142
Alain Lecavelier des Etangs
Evaporation, from
蒸发,来自
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引用次数: 0
Doppler cross-correlation spectroscopy as a path to the detection of Earth-like planets 多普勒互相关光谱作为探测类地行星的途径
IF 1.4 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2023-06-08 DOI: 10.5802/crphys.153
M. Mayor
. In the middle of the 20th century, a paradigm shift appeared concerning the expected frequency of planetary systems in the galaxy...a shift induced by the observation of the rotational velocities of low main sequence stars (Struve 1952)! Atthesametime,Fellgett(1955)proposedtoconcentratethedilutedDopplerinformationonseveraltens of thousands of absorption lines to allow the precise measurement of stellar velocities. This idea improved the e ffi ciency of radial velocity measurements by a factor of over 1000. Gradually the accuracy of the new generation of spectrographs using cross-correlation is improved from 300 m/s to 0.1 m/s....An idea that will contribute in an important way to the discovery of 51 Pegasi b and several hundreds of planetary systems. Will visible or infrared cross-correlation spectrographs today be able to detect rocky planets in the habitable zone associated with their host star?
在20世纪中期,关于银河系行星系统的预期频率出现了范式转变。。。由观测低主序星的旋转速度引起的偏移(Struve 1952)!同时,Fellgett(1955)提出将稀释的Dopplerinformation浓缩在数万条吸收线上,以便精确测量恒星速度。这一想法将径向速度测量的效率提高了1000倍以上。使用互相关的新一代光谱仪的精度逐渐从300m/s提高到0.1m/s。。。。这一想法将对发现51个Pegasi b和数百个行星系统做出重要贡献。今天的可见光或红外互相关光谱仪能够探测到与其宿主恒星相关的宜居带内的岩石行星吗?
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引用次数: 1
Gaia astrometry and exoplanetary science: DR2, (E)DR3, and beyond 盖亚天体测量学和系外行星科学:DR2、(E)DR3及其后
IF 1.4 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2023-06-08 DOI: 10.5802/crphys.152
A. Sozzetti
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引用次数: 1
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Comptes Rendus Physique
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