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The spectral characterisation of reduced order models in chemical kinetic systems 化学动力学系统中降阶模型的谱特征
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.1080/13647830.2022.2136038
M. Valorani, R. Malpica Galassi, P. P. Ciottoli, H. Najm, S. Paolucci
The size and complexity of multi-scale problems such as those arising in chemical kinetics mechanisms has stimulated the search for methods that reduce the number of species and chemical reactions but retain a desired degree of accuracy. The time-scale characterisation of the multi-scale problem can be carried out on the basis of local information such as the Jacobian matrix of the model problem and its related eigen-system evaluated at one point P of the system trajectory. While the original problem is usually described by ordinary differential equations (ODEs), the reduced order model is described by a reduced number of ODEs and a number of algebraic equations (AEs), that might express one or more physical conservation laws (mass, momentum, energy), or the fact that the long-term dynamics evolves within a so-called Slow Invariant Manifold (SIM). To fully exploit the benefits offered by a reduced order model, it is required that the time scale characterisation of the n-dimensional reduced order model returns an answer consistent and coherent with the time-scale characterisation of the N-dimensional original model. This manuscript discusses a procedure for obtaining the time-scale characterisation of the reduced order model in a manner that is consistent with that of the original problem. While a standard time scale characterisation of the (original) N-dimensional original model can be carried out by evaluating the eigen-system of the ( ) Jacobian matrix of the vector field that defines the system dynamics, the time-scale characterisation of the n-dimensional reduced order model (with n
多尺度问题(如化学动力学机制中出现的问题)的规模和复杂性刺激了对减少物种和化学反应数量但保持所需精度的方法的探索。多尺度问题的时间尺度表征可以基于局部信息来进行,例如在系统轨迹的一个点P处评估的模型问题及其相关特征系统的雅可比矩阵。虽然原始问题通常由常微分方程(ODE)描述,但降阶模型由数量减少的常微分方程和数量减少的代数方程(AE)描述,这些方程可能表示一个或多个物理守恒定律(质量、动量、能量),或者长期动力学在所谓的慢不变流形(SIM)中演化的事实。为了充分利用降阶模型所提供的好处,要求n维降阶模型的时间尺度表征返回与n维原始模型的时间维度表征一致且连贯的答案。本文讨论了以与原始问题一致的方式获得降阶模型的时间尺度特征的过程。虽然(原始)N维原始模型的标准时间尺度表征可以通过评估定义系统动力学的向量场的()雅可比矩阵的特征系统来执行,但N维降阶模型的时间尺度表征(具有N
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引用次数: 0
A feasibility study on the use of low-dimensional simulations for database generation in adaptive chemistry approaches 在自适应化学方法中使用低维模拟生成数据库的可行性研究
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.1080/13647830.2022.2137062
A. Newale, Pushan Sharma, S. Pope, P. Pepiot
Large eddy simulation (LES)/ Probability Density Function (PDF) approaches are now well established and can be used for simulating challenging turbulent combustion configurations with strong turbulence chemistry interactions. Transported PDF methods are known to be computationally expensive compared to flamelet-like turbulent combustion models. The pre-partitioned adaptive chemistry (PPAC) methodology was developed to address this cost differential. PPAC entails an offline preprocessing stage, where a set of reduced models are generated starting from an initial database of representative compositions. At runtime, this set of reduced models are dynamically utilised during the reaction fractional step leading to computational savings. We have recently combined PPAC with in-situ adaptive tabulation (ISAT) to further reduce the computational cost. We have shown that the combined method reduced the average wall-clock time per time step of large-scale LES/particle PDF simulations of turbulent combustion by 39%. A key assumption in PPAC is that the initial database used in the offline stage is representative of the compositions encountered at runtime. In our previous study this assumption was trivially satisfied as the initial database consisted of compositions extracted from the turbulent combustion simulation itself. Consequently, a key open question remains as to whether such databases can be generated without having access to the turbulent combustion simulation. Towards answering this question, in the current work, we explore whether the compositions for forming such a database can be extracted from computationally-efficient low-dimensional simulations such as 1D counterflow flames and partially stirred reactors. We show that a database generated using compositions extracted from a partially stirred reactor configuration leads to performance comparable to the optimal case, wherein the database is comprised of compositions extracted directly from the LES/PDF simulation itself.
大涡模拟(LES)/概率密度函数(PDF)方法现已成熟,可用于模拟具有强烈湍流化学相互作用的具有挑战性的湍流燃烧配置。众所周知,与类似火焰的湍流燃烧模型相比,传输PDF方法在计算上是昂贵的。为了解决这种成本差异,开发了预分区自适应化学(PPAC)方法。PPAC需要离线预处理阶段,从代表性成分的初始数据库开始生成一组简化模型。在运行时,这组简化模型在反应分步过程中被动态利用,从而节省了计算量。我们最近将PPAC与原位自适应制表(ISAT)相结合,以进一步降低计算成本。我们已经表明,组合方法将湍流燃烧的大规模LES/粒子PDF模拟的每个时间步长的平均壁时钟时间减少了39%。PPAC中的一个关键假设是,离线阶段使用的初始数据库代表运行时遇到的组合。在我们之前的研究中,这一假设得到了很好的满足,因为初始数据库由从湍流燃烧模拟本身提取的成分组成。因此,一个关键的悬而未决的问题仍然是,是否可以在不访问湍流燃烧模拟的情况下生成这样的数据库。为了回答这个问题,在目前的工作中,我们探索了是否可以从计算高效的低维模拟中提取用于形成这样一个数据库的成分,例如1D逆流火焰和部分搅拌反应器。我们表明,使用从部分搅拌的反应器配置中提取的组合物生成的数据库导致与最佳情况相当的性能,其中该数据库由直接从LES/PDF模拟本身提取的组合物组成。
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引用次数: 2
Pyrolysis of four waste biomasses and elucidation of reaction kinetics and pyrolytic products 四种废生物质的热解及其反应动力学和热解产物的阐明
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.1080/13647830.2022.2136039
Wenliang Zhou, Qizhao Lin
With the increase of bioenergy crops and the rapid development of agriculture, the total amount of solid waste is increasing rapidly. This study quantified the pyrolytic performance and gaseous products of spent coffee grounds (SCG), Chinese medicine residue (CMR), vinasse (VI) and camellia oil shell (COS) by using (derivative) thermogravimetric ((D)TG), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and mass spectrometry (MS) analyses. There are two main stages of mass loss: volatilisation of volatiles and continuous decomposition of macromolecules. At a heating rate of 20°C/min, COS has the slowest pyrolysis rate compared to the other three. Model-free methods: Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) were used to calculate the activation energy (E) of samples with different conversion rates (α). SCG and VI have the highest average activation energy (about 240kJ/mol), followed by CMR (200kJ/mol), and COS the lowest (175kJ/mol). FTIR was mainly used to detect functional group types (including hydroxyl, carbonyl, aldehyde and ester groups, etc.), while MS co-detected the characteristics of condensable/non-condensable gases (including H2O, CO2, NOx, SOx, C6H6, C7H8, C9H8 and other major gas emissions, pollutants and hydrocarbons). Nitrogen oxides are produced in the range of 500–800°C. SCG and VI emit more gas pollutants than CMR and COS.
随着生物能源作物的增加和农业的快速发展,固体废物的总量正在迅速增加。本研究采用(衍生)热重(D)TG)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和质谱(MS)分析方法,定量了废咖啡渣(SCG)、中药渣(CMR)、酒糟(VI)和茶花油壳(COS)的热解性能和气态产物。质量损失主要有两个阶段:挥发物的挥发和大分子的连续分解。在20°C/min的加热速率下,与其他三种相比,COS的热解速率最慢。无模型方法:使用Flynn Wall Ozawa(FWO)和Kissinger Akahira Sunose(KAS)计算不同转化率(α)样品的活化能(E)。SCG和VI具有最高的平均活化能(约240kJ/mol),其次是CMR(200kJ/mol)和COS最低(175kJ/mol。FTIR主要用于检测官能团类型(包括羟基、羰基、醛基和酯基等),而MS共同检测可冷凝/不可冷凝气体的特征(包括H2O、CO2、NOx、SOx、C6H6、C7H8、C9H8等主要气体排放、污染物和碳氢化合物)。氮氧化物在500–800°C的温度范围内产生。SCG和VI比CMR和COS排放更多的气体污染物。
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引用次数: 1
A reduced kinetic scheme for methyl methacrylate gas-phase combustion 甲基丙烯酸甲酯气相燃烧的还原动力学方案
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2022-10-13 DOI: 10.1080/13647830.2022.2132015
S. Yakush, O. Korobeinichev, A. Shmakov, T. Bolshova, S. Trubachev
Gas-phase combustion of methylmethacrylate (MMA) monomer is an essential stage of solid polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) combustion, which is of interest in many applications. A skeletal kinetic scheme for MMA combustion in air is proposed including 44 irreversible elementary reactions for 29 species. The mechanism is derived from the reduced kinetic scheme for MMA oxidation comprised of 263 reactions for 66 components. In this work, the mechanism predictive capabilities are demonstrated by solving the self-ignition problem, as well as the premixed flame propagation problem for MMA-air mixtures. It is shown that the skeletal mechanism overpredicts the ignition delay times due to significant simplification of the MMA decomposition stage reaction pathways. The flame propagation speed is predicted reasonably for lean and nearly-stoichiometric mixtures, but overpredicted for fuel-rich mixtures. Also, a diffusion flame representing the cup burner of liquid MMA is simulated in two-dimensional statement of the problem, the results are shown to agree well with the measurements and numerical simulations performed earlier on the basis of a detailed kinetic scheme. The skeletal mechanism can be used in the numerical simulations of gas-phase combustion of MMA, including the problems of flame propagation over the solid PMMA polymer.
甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)单体的气相燃烧是固体聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)燃烧的重要阶段,在许多应用中都引起了人们的兴趣。提出了MMA在空气中燃烧的骨架动力学方案,包括29种物质的44个不可逆的基本反应。该机理来源于MMA氧化的还原动力学方案,该方案包括66种组分的263个反应。在这项工作中,通过解决MMA空气混合物的自燃问题和预混火焰传播问题,证明了其机理预测能力。结果表明,由于MMA分解阶段反应途径的显著简化,骨架机制高估了点火延迟时间。对于贫燃料和接近化学计量的混合物,火焰传播速度是合理预测的,但对于富燃料的混合物,则预测过高。此外,在问题的二维陈述中模拟了代表液态MMA杯形燃烧器的扩散火焰,结果与之前基于详细的动力学方案进行的测量和数值模拟非常一致。骨架机制可用于MMA气相燃烧的数值模拟,包括火焰在固体PMMA聚合物上传播的问题。
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引用次数: 1
Consistent submodel coupling in hybrid particle/finite volume algorithms for zone-adaptive modelling of turbulent reactive flows 湍流反应流区域自适应建模的粒子/有限体积混合算法中的一致子模型耦合
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.1080/13647830.2022.2133636
Tianwei Yang, Yuchao Yin, Hua Zhou, Yi Mo, Yuxuan Chen, Zhuyin Ren
A hybrid particle/finite volume algorithm has been formulated for zone-adaptive modelling of turbulent reactive flows to achieve both high fidelity in predictions and high computational efficiency. Specifically, a computationally economical species transport model via finite volume algorithm is employed as the base model for the whole computational domain, while the advanced transported probability density function (TPDF) method via Lagrangian particle tracking is employed only for regions with intense turbulence-chemistry interaction. The ‘PDF regions’ can be updated dynamically based on local flow and flame characteristics, and are compatible with complex geometric structures such as separated multi blocks, non-convex, and multi-connected regions. A two-way particle/finite volume submodel coupling is formulated to ensure the composition consistency in submodels in the PDF regions and to impose the correct interface conditions for composition and mass flow rate on the boundary of the PDF regions. The spatial partition and particle algorithms for time-varying PDF regions are demonstrated and the convergence characteristics of the adaptive modelling are investigated specifically for the variation of statistical error and bias with the number of particles per cell. The proposed zone-adaptive hybrid particle/finite volume algorithm has been numerically validated in a turbulent hydrogen/air non-premixed jet flame. It is shown that the predictions from zone-adaptive modelling are almost identical to those of stand-alone TPDF, illustrating the preservation of prediction accuracy but with significantly less computational cost.
本文提出了一种混合粒子/有限体积算法,用于紊流反应流的区域自适应建模,以实现高保真度的预测和高效率的计算。具体而言,采用基于有限体积算法的计算经济物种输运模型作为整个计算域的基础模型,而基于拉格朗日粒子跟踪的高级输运概率密度函数(TPDF)方法仅用于湍流-化学相互作用强烈的区域。“PDF区域”可以根据局部流动和火焰特性动态更新,并且与复杂的几何结构(如分离的多块、非凸和多连接区域)兼容。建立了粒子/有限体积的双向耦合子模型,以保证PDF区域内子模型成分的一致性,并在PDF区域边界上施加正确的成分和质量流率的界面条件。研究了时变PDF区域的空间划分和粒子算法,并研究了自适应模型的收敛特性,特别是统计误差和偏差随每个单元粒子数的变化。提出的区域自适应混合粒子/有限体积算法在湍流氢/空气非预混射流火焰中得到了数值验证。结果表明,区域自适应模型的预测结果与单独的TPDF模型的预测结果几乎相同,这表明在保持预测精度的同时,计算成本显著降低。
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引用次数: 1
Lifted jet edge flames: symmetric and non-symmetric configurations 提升射流边缘火焰:对称和非对称配置
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2022-09-16 DOI: 10.1080/13647830.2022.2121663
V. Kurdyumov, C. Jiménez
The purpose of this work is to demonstrate that there are different stable configurations of lifted edge flames for the same set of parameters. It is shown that when a fuel jet is injected surrounded by oxidiser streams of equal velocity, there are configurations with symmetric and non-symmetric flame structures with respect to the symmetry line of the problem. These two kinds of solutions are both stable and the actual realisation of one or another solution depends on the initial conditions, in particular on the flame ignition parameters. It is shown that this multiple solution phenomenon takes place when the fuel Lewis number is less than unity. The influence of the Zel'dovich number and the injection flow rate is also investigated.
这项工作的目的是证明,对于同一组参数,上升边缘火焰有不同的稳定配置。研究表明,当燃料射流被等速度的氧化剂流包围时,相对于问题的对称线,存在具有对称和非对称火焰结构的配置。这两种解决方案都是稳定的,一种或另一种解决方案的实际实现取决于初始条件,特别是火焰点火参数。结果表明,当燃料路易斯数小于1时,就会出现这种多重解现象。还研究了Zeldovich数和注入流量的影响。
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引用次数: 1
Efficient treatment of secondary kinetic processes for pre-partitioned adaptive chemistry approaches 预分区自适应化学方法对二次动力学过程的有效处理
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2022-08-22 DOI: 10.1080/13647830.2022.2111275
Pushan Sharma, A. Newale, P. Pepiot
Probability Density Function (PDF) methods, which allow for the direct integration of chemical kinetics, are well established to accurately simulate turbulent flames with strong turbulence-chemistry interactions. While adaptive chemistry techniques have been proven effective in reducing the high CPU cost and memory requirements associated with the handling of chemistry in such simulations, performance metrics have mostly been focussed on the primary oxidation pathways converting fuel to major products. In contrast, this work investigates the ability of adaptive techniques, in this case, the pre-partitioned adaptive chemistry (PPAC) approach, to handle secondary kinetics pathways that are parallel, but tightly coupled to the main oxidation process, taking formation as a case study. PPAC relies on a partitioning of the composition space into a user-specified number of regions, on which specialised reduced models are generated using the Directed Relation Graph with Error Propagation (DRGEP) reduction technique. The direct application of that methodology to a mix of hydrocarbon oxidation and nitrogen-related targets is shown to yield excessively detailed region-specific reduced mechanisms in order to properly capture both the main oxidation and the secondary formation processes, thereby decreasing the benefits of the adaptive approach. To address this issue, a sequential approach is proposed for the generation of the region-specific reduced mechanisms, in which the primary combustion pathways relevant for each region are identified first, followed by the selective addition, directly at the reduced level, of any secondary pathways relevant for that region using a recently developed build-up technique. This new strategy is assessed in the context of propane combustion in a partially stirred reactor (PaSR) and methane combustion in the Sandia Flame D configuration, demonstrating in both cases the benefits of the sequential approach for reduced model generation.
概率密度函数(PDF)方法,允许化学动力学的直接集成,很好地建立了精确模拟湍流火焰强湍流-化学相互作用。虽然自适应化学技术已被证明可以有效地降低与此类模拟中化学处理相关的高CPU成本和内存需求,但性能指标主要集中在将燃料转化为主要产品的主要氧化途径上。相比之下,本研究调查了自适应技术的能力,在这种情况下,预分割自适应化学(PPAC)方法,以形成为例,处理平行的,但与主要氧化过程紧密耦合的二级动力学途径。PPAC依赖于将组合空间划分为用户指定数量的区域,在这些区域上使用带有错误传播的有向关系图(DRGEP)约简技术生成专门的约简模型。将该方法直接应用于碳氢化合物氧化和氮相关目标的混合,会产生过于详细的区域特异性还原机制,从而无法正确捕获主要氧化和次级形成过程,从而降低了适应性方法的好处。为了解决这个问题,提出了一种顺序方法来生成特定区域的还原机制,其中首先确定与每个区域相关的主要燃烧途径,然后使用最近开发的构建技术直接在还原水平上选择性地添加与该区域相关的任何次要途径。在部分搅拌反应器(PaSR)中的丙烷燃烧和Sandia Flame D配置中的甲烷燃烧的背景下,对这种新策略进行了评估,在这两种情况下,都证明了顺序方法减少模型生成的好处。
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引用次数: 1
Efficient numerical methods for the optimisation of large kinetic reaction mechanisms 大型动力学反应机制优化的有效数值方法
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2022-08-17 DOI: 10.1080/13647830.2022.2110945
Simret Kidane Goitom, M. Papp, M. Kovács, T. Nagy, I. G. Zsély, T. Turányi, László Pál
Optimisation of detailed combustion mechanisms means that the corresponding kinetic model is fitted to experimental data via optimising their important rate and thermodynamic parameters within their domain of uncertainty. Typically, several dozen parameters are fitted to several hundred to several thousand data points. Many numerical optimisation methods have been used, but the efficiency of these methods has not been compared systematically. In this work, parameters of an H2/O2/NO x mechanism (214 reaction steps of 35 species) were fitted to 1552 indirect (ignition delay times measured in shock tubes and concentrations measured in flow reactors) and 755 direct measurements. Three test cases were investigated: (1) fitting the Arrhenius parameters of 2 reaction steps to 732 data points; (2) fitting the Arrhenius parameters of 4 reaction steps to 1077 data points; (3) fitting the Arrhenius parameters of 10 reaction steps to 2307 data points. All 3 cases were investigated in 2 ways: fitting the A-parameters only and fitting all Arrhenius parameters (5, 11 and 29 parameters, respectively). A series of global (FOCTOPUS, genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, particle swarm optimisation, covariance matrix adaptation evolutionary strategy (CMA-ES)) and local (simplex, pattern search, interior-point, quasi-Newton, BOBYQA, NEWUOA) optimisation methods were tested on these cases, some of them in two variants. The methods were compared in terms of the final error function value and number of error function evaluations. The main conclusions are that the FOCTOPUS resulted in the lowest final error value in all cases, but this method required relatively many error function evaluations. As the task became more difficult, more and more methods failed. A variant of the BOBYQA method looked stable and efficient in all cases.
详细的燃烧机制的优化意味着相应的动力学模型拟合的实验数据,通过优化其重要的速率和热力学参数在其不确定域。通常,几十个参数被拟合到几百到几千个数据点。许多数值优化方法已被采用,但这些方法的效率尚未得到系统的比较。在这项工作中,H2/O2/NO x机理的参数(35种物质的214个反应步骤)拟合了1552个间接测量值(激波管中测量的点火延迟时间和流动反应器中测量的浓度)和755个直接测量值。研究了3个测试用例:(1)对2个反应步骤的Arrhenius参数进行了732个数据点的拟合;(2)对4个反应步骤的Arrhenius参数进行1077个数据点的拟合;(3)拟合10步反应的Arrhenius参数至2307个数据点。所有3例均采用两种方法进行研究:仅拟合a参数和拟合所有Arrhenius参数(分别为5、11和29个参数)。在这些情况下,对全局优化方法(FOCTOPUS、遗传算法、模拟退火、粒子群优化、协方差矩阵自适应进化策略(CMA-ES))和局部优化方法(单纯形、模式搜索、内点、拟牛顿、BOBYQA、NEWUOA)进行了测试,其中一些方法在两个变量下进行了测试。比较了两种方法的最终误差函数值和误差函数评价次数。主要结论是FOCTOPUS在所有情况下的最终误差值最低,但该方法需要相对较多的误差函数评价。随着任务变得越来越困难,越来越多的方法失败了。BOBYQA方法的一种变体在所有情况下看起来都是稳定有效的。
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引用次数: 1
Augmenting covariance estimation for ensemble-based data assimilation in multiple-query scenarios 多查询场景下基于集合的数据同化的增广协方差估计
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/13647830.2022.2105259
Andrew F. Ilersich, K. Schau, J. Oefelein, A. Steinberg, M. Yano
We present and assess a method to reduce the computational cost of performing ensemble-based data assimilation (DA) for reacting flows in multiple-query scenarios, i.e. scenarios where multiple simulations are performed on systems with similar underlying dynamics. The accuracy of the DA, which depends on the accuracy of the sample covariance, improves with the ensemble size, but results in a commensurate increase to computational cost. To reduce the ensemble size while maintaining accurate covariance, we propose a data-driven approach to augment the covariance based on the statistical behaviour learned from previous model evaluations. We assess our augmentation method using one-dimensional model problems and a two-dimensional synthetic reacting flow problem. We show in all these cases that ensemble size, and thus computational cost, may be reduced by a factor of three to four while maintaining accuracy.
我们提出并评估了一种方法,以降低在多个查询场景中执行基于集合的数据同化(DA)的计算成本,即在具有相似底层动力学的系统上执行多个模拟的场景。DA的准确性取决于样本协方差的准确性,随着集成大小的增加而提高,但导致计算成本的相应增加。为了在保持准确协方差的同时减小集合大小,我们提出了一种数据驱动的方法,以基于从以前的模型评估中学习到的统计行为来增加协方差。我们使用一维模型问题和二维合成反应流问题来评估我们的增广方法。我们表明,在所有这些情况下,在保持精度的同时,系综大小和计算成本可以减少三到四倍。
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引用次数: 0
Flame dynamics of premixed CH4/H2/air flames in a microchannel with a wall temperature gradient 具有壁面温度梯度的微通道中预混CH4/H2/空气火焰的火焰动力学
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2022-07-13 DOI: 10.1080/13647830.2022.2095927
S. Singh, Jithin Edacheri Veetil, Neeraj Kumbhakarna, R. K. Velamati, Sudarshan Kumar
The effect of hydrogen (H2) addition on the flame dynamics of premixed methane/air mixtures in a microchannel was investigated through two-dimensional numerical computations using a detailed chemistry model. Detailed numerical simulations were performed in a 2 mm diameter tube with 120 mm length and a hyperbolic wall temperature gradient condition. All numerical computations were performed at stoichiometric mixture conditions with a fixed inlet velocity of 15 cm/s. Flame repetitive extinction and ignition (FREI) has been observed to appear at various mixture conditions. The frequency of FREI shows a non-monotonic variation for CH4/air mixtures with H2 addition. The time taken for completion of one FREI cycle increases with H2 addition. The maximum temperature and heat of the reaction were observed to decrease with hydrogen addition. The effect of diameter on the FREI cycle was studied by comparing the numerical results for 1, 1.5, and 2 mm diameter tubes. As the diameter is reduced from 2 mm to 1 mm, the FREI frequency increased, and the maximum temperature decreased owing to increased heat loss through channel walls. The location of the ignition and extinction shifted downstream for 1 mm tube, as compared to a 2 mm diameter tube.
利用详细的化学模型,通过二维数值计算研究了氢气(H2)的添加对微通道中预混甲烷/空气混合物火焰动力学的影响。在直径为2mm、长度为120mm的管道中,在双曲壁温度梯度条件下进行了详细的数值模拟。所有数值计算都是在化学计量混合物条件下进行的,固定入口速度为15厘米/秒。已观察到在各种混合物条件下出现火焰重复熄灭和点燃(FREI)。对于添加H2的CH4/空气混合物,FREI的频率显示出非单调变化。完成一个FREI循环所花费的时间随着H2的加入而增加。观察到反应的最高温度和热随着氢气的加入而降低。通过比较直径为1、1.5和2mm的管子的数值结果,研究了直径对FREI循环的影响。当直径从2mm减小到1mm时,FREI频率增加,并且由于通过通道壁的热损失增加,最高温度降低。与直径为2mm的管道相比,1mm管道的点火和熄灭位置向下游移动。
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引用次数: 3
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Combustion Theory and Modelling
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