It is high time we took stock of the field of carceral history—something particularly true for the French-speaking world. In the last twenty years, the Francosphere has seen a frenzy of research activity centred on the prison, and more broadly around multiple forms of confinement. The field is being radically transformed under the watchful eye of a whole new generation of researchers who have produced numerous monographs, articles and colloquia on the subject. The research and thinking about the prison model that the current generation is developing diverges so completely from the classical revisionist historiography as to be unrecognisable, transfigured from previous iterations. The purpose of this article is to explore those recent transformations of the field following three parameters. The first is linguistic (reviewing only the work emerging from the Francosphere); the second is one of academic discipline (History); and the third is temporal (the emphasis is on research touching on the long pre-Revolution period). These three parameters provide a focused view, while remaining sufficiently widely relevant to identify the dominant trends in French-language research. This is set in the context of past research, of work that has been done elsewhere, and of what sets Francophone research apart from corresponding English-language scholarship.
{"title":"Prisons on the Edge: Perspectives on the Late Medieval and Early Modern History of Confinement in the Francosphere","authors":"Sophie Abdela","doi":"10.1093/ehr/ceae116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceae116","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 It is high time we took stock of the field of carceral history—something particularly true for the French-speaking world. In the last twenty years, the Francosphere has seen a frenzy of research activity centred on the prison, and more broadly around multiple forms of confinement. The field is being radically transformed under the watchful eye of a whole new generation of researchers who have produced numerous monographs, articles and colloquia on the subject. The research and thinking about the prison model that the current generation is developing diverges so completely from the classical revisionist historiography as to be unrecognisable, transfigured from previous iterations. The purpose of this article is to explore those recent transformations of the field following three parameters. The first is linguistic (reviewing only the work emerging from the Francosphere); the second is one of academic discipline (History); and the third is temporal (the emphasis is on research touching on the long pre-Revolution period). These three parameters provide a focused view, while remaining sufficiently widely relevant to identify the dominant trends in French-language research. This is set in the context of past research, of work that has been done elsewhere, and of what sets Francophone research apart from corresponding English-language scholarship.","PeriodicalId":507076,"journal":{"name":"The English Historical Review","volume":"46 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141803747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Imperial Powers and Humanitarian Interventions: The Zanzibar Sultanate, Britain, and France in the Indian Ocean, 1862–1905, by Raphaël Cheriau","authors":"Elisabeth McMahon","doi":"10.1093/ehr/ceae112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceae112","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":507076,"journal":{"name":"The English Historical Review","volume":"119 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141821980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Black Students in Imperial Britain: The African Institute, Colwyn Bay, 1889–1911, by Robert Burroughs","authors":"Samuel Clark","doi":"10.1093/ehr/ceae113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceae113","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":507076,"journal":{"name":"The English Historical Review","volume":" 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141826420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New Crusade: The Royal Navy and British Navalism, 1884–1914, by Bradley Cesario","authors":"N. C. Fleming","doi":"10.1093/ehr/ceae114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceae114","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":507076,"journal":{"name":"The English Historical Review","volume":"8 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141642739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bologna, 1299. The purse-makers Bompietro and Giuliano are burned at the stake as heretics by the Dominican Inquisition. A discussion about the lack of fairness of the condemnation ensues and spreads all over the city. The outrage of the Bolognese community is such that an investigation into the disorders and a mass excommunication follow. This article uses the Bolognese episode, for which a rich documentation survives in the form of inquisitorial records, as a lens through which to observe and comment on the phenomenon of the ‘public sphere’ (a term coined in Habermas’s Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit) in medieval Europe. The first aim of the article is to demonstrate that it is possible to reconstruct a ‘public sphere’ in the specific context of the public response to the condemnation for heresy of the two purse-makers. In so doing, the article looks at the social composition and at the communication mechanisms of, and at the discussion taking place within, the Bolognese public sphere. Importantly, it proposes the idea that the Inquisition too was a public authority around which a public sphere could develop, in contrast to the focus on secular political institutions of the previous historiography. The second aim is to build on the evidence presented to demonstrate that the notion of the ‘public sphere’ can be an effective tool for the study of the interaction between the people and public authorities in the pre-modern world—if the critical functions rather than the structural characteristics of the phenomenon are emphasised.
{"title":"The Medieval Public Sphere and the Response to a Condemnation for Heresy in Bologna, 1299","authors":"Teresa Barucci","doi":"10.1093/ehr/ceae109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceae109","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Bologna, 1299. The purse-makers Bompietro and Giuliano are burned at the stake as heretics by the Dominican Inquisition. A discussion about the lack of fairness of the condemnation ensues and spreads all over the city. The outrage of the Bolognese community is such that an investigation into the disorders and a mass excommunication follow. This article uses the Bolognese episode, for which a rich documentation survives in the form of inquisitorial records, as a lens through which to observe and comment on the phenomenon of the ‘public sphere’ (a term coined in Habermas’s Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit) in medieval Europe. The first aim of the article is to demonstrate that it is possible to reconstruct a ‘public sphere’ in the specific context of the public response to the condemnation for heresy of the two purse-makers. In so doing, the article looks at the social composition and at the communication mechanisms of, and at the discussion taking place within, the Bolognese public sphere. Importantly, it proposes the idea that the Inquisition too was a public authority around which a public sphere could develop, in contrast to the focus on secular political institutions of the previous historiography. The second aim is to build on the evidence presented to demonstrate that the notion of the ‘public sphere’ can be an effective tool for the study of the interaction between the people and public authorities in the pre-modern world—if the critical functions rather than the structural characteristics of the phenomenon are emphasised.","PeriodicalId":507076,"journal":{"name":"The English Historical Review","volume":"62 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141652055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bones and Bodies: How South African Scientists Studied Race, by Alan G. Morris","authors":"Robin Derricourt","doi":"10.1093/ehr/ceae052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceae052","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":507076,"journal":{"name":"The English Historical Review","volume":"24 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141651175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the changing significance of the Solemn League and Covenant in the century and a half following its negotiation by the parliamentary regimes of England and Scotland in 1643. The Solemn League had three careers. Until the late 1640s, it was the basis for an Anglo-Scottish alliance. But by the 1660s, Scottish Presbyterians conceived of the Solemn League’s religious commitments as binding particularly in Scotland, rather than across the three Stuart kingdoms. Well into the eighteenth century, the Solemn League continued to constrain the attitudes and behaviour of large numbers of conscientious Scottish Presbyterians. In its third career, however, Scots understood the Solemn League more historically than constitutionally. They revered its seventeenth-century adherents, even as they criticised the Solemn League’s terms and objectives. Though previous scholars have explored each of the Solemn League’s three careers, the transitions between them are not well understood. This article reconstructs the ways in which Scots rethought the Solemn League from the late 1640s to the early 1660s, to explain how its first career gave way to its second. The article then analyses a series of mid- and late eighteenth-century debates about the Solemn League. The more historical and critical perspectives on the Solemn League associated with its third career emerged from disputes within the Church of Scotland and rivalry between its ministers and members of new dissenting Presbyterian Churches. By tracing changes in how the Solemn League was understood, therefore, the article comments on the growth of religious diversity in Scotland.
{"title":"The Three Careers of the Solemn League and Covenant: Presbyterianism and Scottish Religious Diversity, 1643–1800","authors":"Alasdair Raffe","doi":"10.1093/ehr/ceae056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceae056","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article examines the changing significance of the Solemn League and Covenant in the century and a half following its negotiation by the parliamentary regimes of England and Scotland in 1643. The Solemn League had three careers. Until the late 1640s, it was the basis for an Anglo-Scottish alliance. But by the 1660s, Scottish Presbyterians conceived of the Solemn League’s religious commitments as binding particularly in Scotland, rather than across the three Stuart kingdoms. Well into the eighteenth century, the Solemn League continued to constrain the attitudes and behaviour of large numbers of conscientious Scottish Presbyterians. In its third career, however, Scots understood the Solemn League more historically than constitutionally. They revered its seventeenth-century adherents, even as they criticised the Solemn League’s terms and objectives. Though previous scholars have explored each of the Solemn League’s three careers, the transitions between them are not well understood. This article reconstructs the ways in which Scots rethought the Solemn League from the late 1640s to the early 1660s, to explain how its first career gave way to its second. The article then analyses a series of mid- and late eighteenth-century debates about the Solemn League. The more historical and critical perspectives on the Solemn League associated with its third career emerged from disputes within the Church of Scotland and rivalry between its ministers and members of new dissenting Presbyterian Churches. By tracing changes in how the Solemn League was understood, therefore, the article comments on the growth of religious diversity in Scotland.","PeriodicalId":507076,"journal":{"name":"The English Historical Review","volume":"50 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141355122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The role of members of the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) in helping Jewish refugees flee Nazi persecution in the 1930s has garnered wide interest. It has been claimed that SIS officers, in their cover role as Passport Control Officers (PCOs), helped ‘save’ thousands of Jews from the Third Reich by issuing immigration visas. The focus, however, has been on individual SIS officers, rather than the collective effort of the many passport control staff involved in issuing visas. There has also been a tendency to devolve the matter into a process of producing crude balance sheets of numbers of Jews ‘saved’. This article seeks to understand how SIS came to exploit passport control work as cover for its activities and to assess the impact of the refugee crisis on SIS operations. It also aims to make sense of some of the statistics regarding visas issued by individuals such as Captain Frank Foley and Captain Thomas Kendrick, identifying some wild over-estimates. The article suggests that the humanitarian work carried out by SIS/PCO personnel should not be rendered as a competition as to who ‘saved’ the most refugees. It is important to research the subject forensically without a partisan attitude towards the personalities involved in order to uncover the truth and understand what happened.
{"title":"The Secret Intelligence Service, Passport Control and Jewish Refugees from the Third Reich, 1938–1939","authors":"Christopher Baxter","doi":"10.1093/ehr/ceae105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceae105","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The role of members of the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) in helping Jewish refugees flee Nazi persecution in the 1930s has garnered wide interest. It has been claimed that SIS officers, in their cover role as Passport Control Officers (PCOs), helped ‘save’ thousands of Jews from the Third Reich by issuing immigration visas. The focus, however, has been on individual SIS officers, rather than the collective effort of the many passport control staff involved in issuing visas. There has also been a tendency to devolve the matter into a process of producing crude balance sheets of numbers of Jews ‘saved’. This article seeks to understand how SIS came to exploit passport control work as cover for its activities and to assess the impact of the refugee crisis on SIS operations. It also aims to make sense of some of the statistics regarding visas issued by individuals such as Captain Frank Foley and Captain Thomas Kendrick, identifying some wild over-estimates. The article suggests that the humanitarian work carried out by SIS/PCO personnel should not be rendered as a competition as to who ‘saved’ the most refugees. It is important to research the subject forensically without a partisan attitude towards the personalities involved in order to uncover the truth and understand what happened.","PeriodicalId":507076,"journal":{"name":"The English Historical Review","volume":"18 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141359383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bearing Witness: Ruth Harrison and British Farm Animal Welfare (1920–2000), by Claas Kirchhelle","authors":"Matthew Kelly","doi":"10.1093/ehr/ceae084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceae084","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":507076,"journal":{"name":"The English Historical Review","volume":" 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141372204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Funeral Achievements of Henry V at Westminster Abbey: The Arms and Armour of Death, ed. Anne Curry and Susan Jenkins","authors":"D. Palliser","doi":"10.1093/ehr/ceae077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceae077","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":507076,"journal":{"name":"The English Historical Review","volume":" 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141374311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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