Amongst functional materials, shape-memory alloys occupy a special place. Discovered in the beginning of 1960th in XX century, these alloys attracted quite an attention because of the possibility to restore significant deformation amounts at certain stress–temperature conditions due to the martensitic diffusionless phase transformation involved in a process. It was possible to exploit not only so-called ‘shape-memory’ effect, but also superelasticity and high damping capacity. Over the years, more than 10 000 patents on shape-memory alloys were filed, appreciating not only the possibility to exploit energy transformation to ensure the response (feedback) at the change in independent thermodynamic parameters (temperature, stress, pressure, electric or magnetic field, etc.), but the significant work output as well. Applications ranged from different gadgets to automotive, aerospace industries, machine building, civil construction, etc. Unfortunately, the structural and functional fatigue restricted successful business application to medical sector with nitinol shape-memory alloy (different implants, stents, cardiovascular valves, etc.). Emerging high-entropy shape-memory alloys can be considered as a chance to overcome fatigue problems of existing industrial shape-memory alloys due to their specific structure that ensures superior resistance to irreversible plastic deformation.
{"title":"Development of High-Entropy Shape-Memory Alloys: Structure and Properties","authors":"","doi":"10.15407/ufm.24.04.819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.24.04.819","url":null,"abstract":"Amongst functional materials, shape-memory alloys occupy a special place. Discovered in the beginning of 1960th in XX century, these alloys attracted quite an attention because of the possibility to restore significant deformation amounts at certain stress–temperature conditions due to the martensitic diffusionless phase transformation involved in a process. It was possible to exploit not only so-called ‘shape-memory’ effect, but also superelasticity and high damping capacity. Over the years, more than 10 000 patents on shape-memory alloys were filed, appreciating not only the possibility to exploit energy transformation to ensure the response (feedback) at the change in independent thermodynamic parameters (temperature, stress, pressure, electric or magnetic field, etc.), but the significant work output as well. Applications ranged from different gadgets to automotive, aerospace industries, machine building, civil construction, etc. Unfortunately, the structural and functional fatigue restricted successful business application to medical sector with nitinol shape-memory alloy (different implants, stents, cardiovascular valves, etc.). Emerging high-entropy shape-memory alloys can be considered as a chance to overcome fatigue problems of existing industrial shape-memory alloys due to their specific structure that ensures superior resistance to irreversible plastic deformation.","PeriodicalId":507123,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physics of Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139189765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article analyses the current trends in the development of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. In recent years, the development of additive technologies is one of the industry priorities. Additive technologies, first of all, make it possible to implement effectively any design and engineering ideas in high-tech industries, such as aircraft construction, engine and engine building, rocket engineering, modern electronic devices, etc. The expansion of the range of materials for additive technologies will facilitate their introduction into mass production. Meanwhile, the development of breakthrough scientific and technical solutions in the field of AT is impossible without new powder materials. Currently, there is an evident fundamental problem, namely, the lack of comprehensive scientific research aimed at developing new powder materials for additive technologies, adapting these materials to the requirements of modern additive manufacturing machines and studying the properties of products obtained by additive technology with various variations of technical parameters.
{"title":"Progress in Additive Manufacturing","authors":"Martin Schäfer, Cynthia Wirth","doi":"10.15407/ufm.24.04.686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.24.04.686","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyses the current trends in the development of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. In recent years, the development of additive technologies is one of the industry priorities. Additive technologies, first of all, make it possible to implement effectively any design and engineering ideas in high-tech industries, such as aircraft construction, engine and engine building, rocket engineering, modern electronic devices, etc. The expansion of the range of materials for additive technologies will facilitate their introduction into mass production. Meanwhile, the development of breakthrough scientific and technical solutions in the field of AT is impossible without new powder materials. Currently, there is an evident fundamental problem, namely, the lack of comprehensive scientific research aimed at developing new powder materials for additive technologies, adapting these materials to the requirements of modern additive manufacturing machines and studying the properties of products obtained by additive technology with various variations of technical parameters.","PeriodicalId":507123,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physics of Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139188542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bilayer samples comprised of hard metal-matrix composite top layer and ductile 10 mm Ti–6Al–4V plate are produced with 3D printing by conical electron-beam method using specially prepared core (powder) wire that allows forming hard top layer of metal-matrix (Ti–6Al–4V) composite (MMC) reinforced by means of fine TiC particles with thickness up to 4 mm. Ballistic tests performed with 7.62×51 AP ammunition show a good ballistic resistance of this protective structure, i.e., it is not perforated. Only minor penetration and partial fracture are occurred exclusively in the surface MMC layer. Either no traces of plastic deformation are found at the boundary with the base layer or inside it that indicates that the MMC layer absorbs the entire impact energy of the projectile. Based on studies of the fine structure and texture of the interface between the layers, a reasonable assumption is made that wavy geometry of MMC layer provides additional deflection and scattering of stress waves generated during impact. Comparing the results of ballistic tests of various metallic materials, it is concluded that the 3D-printed bilayer material consisting of the upper Ti–6Al–4V + 40% TiC layer and the base Ti–6Al–4V layer has an undeniable advantage in ballistic performance when it is tested with cartridges of this type.
{"title":"New Approach for Manufacturing Ti–6Al–4V+40%TiC Metal-Matrix Composites by 3D Printing Using Conic Electron Beam and Cored Wire. Pt. 2: Layered MMC/Alloy Materials, Their Main Characteristics, and Possible Application as Ballistic Resistant Materials","authors":"","doi":"10.15407/ufm.24.04.741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.24.04.741","url":null,"abstract":"Bilayer samples comprised of hard metal-matrix composite top layer and ductile 10 mm Ti–6Al–4V plate are produced with 3D printing by conical electron-beam method using specially prepared core (powder) wire that allows forming hard top layer of metal-matrix (Ti–6Al–4V) composite (MMC) reinforced by means of fine TiC particles with thickness up to 4 mm. Ballistic tests performed with 7.62×51 AP ammunition show a good ballistic resistance of this protective structure, i.e., it is not perforated. Only minor penetration and partial fracture are occurred exclusively in the surface MMC layer. Either no traces of plastic deformation are found at the boundary with the base layer or inside it that indicates that the MMC layer absorbs the entire impact energy of the projectile. Based on studies of the fine structure and texture of the interface between the layers, a reasonable assumption is made that wavy geometry of MMC layer provides additional deflection and scattering of stress waves generated during impact. Comparing the results of ballistic tests of various metallic materials, it is concluded that the 3D-printed bilayer material consisting of the upper Ti–6Al–4V + 40% TiC layer and the base Ti–6Al–4V layer has an undeniable advantage in ballistic performance when it is tested with cartridges of this type.","PeriodicalId":507123,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physics of Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139188763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, a new approach for additive manufacturing metal-matrix composites based on Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy reinforced with titanium carbide particles, as well as layered structures consisted of such composite and Ti–6Al–4V alloy layers is considered. The approach is based on 3D printing with a conical electron beam using a special cored wire, whose composition corresponds to metal-matrix composite. The issues of production such a wire, the features of the 3D printing process, when using it, as well as the features of formation of the microstructure and phase composition of the printed composite material are described. The issues of titanium-carbide particles’ wetting with Ti–6Al–4V melt during process of 3D printing, as well as possible thermogravitational effects (floating or drowning) for solid TiC particles within the melt are considered in detail with additional experiments. The influence of individual components of the wire composition on the formation of the microstructure and its uniformity over the cross section of the printed layer is shown. The possibility of controlling the formation of homogeneous structural state and obtaining sufficiently high values of the hardness (of above 600 HV) of the metal-matrix composite layer printed on the Ti–6Al–4V baseplate is shown.
{"title":"New Approach for Manufacturing Ti–6Al–4V+40%TiC Metal-Matrix Composites by 3D Printing Using Conic Electron Beam and Cored Wire. Pt. 1: Main Features of the Process, Microstructure Formation and Basic Characteristics of 3D Printed Material","authors":"","doi":"10.15407/ufm.24.04.715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.24.04.715","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a new approach for additive manufacturing metal-matrix composites based on Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy reinforced with titanium carbide particles, as well as layered structures consisted of such composite and Ti–6Al–4V alloy layers is considered. The approach is based on 3D printing with a conical electron beam using a special cored wire, whose composition corresponds to metal-matrix composite. The issues of production such a wire, the features of the 3D printing process, when using it, as well as the features of formation of the microstructure and phase composition of the printed composite material are described. The issues of titanium-carbide particles’ wetting with Ti–6Al–4V melt during process of 3D printing, as well as possible thermogravitational effects (floating or drowning) for solid TiC particles within the melt are considered in detail with additional experiments. The influence of individual components of the wire composition on the formation of the microstructure and its uniformity over the cross section of the printed layer is shown. The possibility of controlling the formation of homogeneous structural state and obtaining sufficiently high values of the hardness (of above 600 HV) of the metal-matrix composite layer printed on the Ti–6Al–4V baseplate is shown.","PeriodicalId":507123,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physics of Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139193701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quantum materials are defined by the emergence of new properties resulting from collective quantum effects and by holding promise for their quantum applications. Novel superconductors, from high-Tc cuprates and iron-based superconductors to twisted monolayers, exhibit a higher level of emergent complexity, with a multiband electronic structure playing a pivotal role in their comprehension and potential applications. Here, we provide a brief overview of key multiband effects in these superconductors and topological semimetals, offering guidelines for the theory-assisted development of new quantum materials and devices.
{"title":"Multiband Quantum Materials","authors":"","doi":"10.15407/ufm.24.04.641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.24.04.641","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum materials are defined by the emergence of new properties resulting from collective quantum effects and by holding promise for their quantum applications. Novel superconductors, from high-Tc cuprates and iron-based superconductors to twisted monolayers, exhibit a higher level of emergent complexity, with a multiband electronic structure playing a pivotal role in their comprehension and potential applications. Here, we provide a brief overview of key multiband effects in these superconductors and topological semimetals, offering guidelines for the theory-assisted development of new quantum materials and devices.","PeriodicalId":507123,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physics of Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139189107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of biocompatible materials is a multidisciplinary task and requires the interaction of physicists, chemists, biologists, and physicians, since the functional reliability of materials depends on their biochemical, cellular, tissue, and biomechanical compatibility. This area has been developing intensively in recent years, resulting in numerous research articles. As assumed, the composition of the biocompatible coating of the new generation should coincide as much as possible with the composition of natural human bone and be able to simulate bone tissue on its surface. As a result of the approximation of the phase-structural state and properties of the resulting coatings on implants to the parameters of bone tissue, improved compatibility between them can be achieved. When forming biocompatible coatings, special attention is paid to creating a definite relief (roughness) on the implant surface. There is a current search for new technological solutions for creating a biocompatible rough surface on implants that ensures reliable integration of the implant into bone tissue, since existing technologies do not fully meet state-of-the-art medical requirements.
{"title":"Synthetic-Hydroxyapatite-Based Coatings on the Ultrafine-Grained Titanium and Zirconium Surface","authors":"","doi":"10.15407/ufm.24.04.792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.24.04.792","url":null,"abstract":"The development of biocompatible materials is a multidisciplinary task and requires the interaction of physicists, chemists, biologists, and physicians, since the functional reliability of materials depends on their biochemical, cellular, tissue, and biomechanical compatibility. This area has been developing intensively in recent years, resulting in numerous research articles. As assumed, the composition of the biocompatible coating of the new generation should coincide as much as possible with the composition of natural human bone and be able to simulate bone tissue on its surface. As a result of the approximation of the phase-structural state and properties of the resulting coatings on implants to the parameters of bone tissue, improved compatibility between them can be achieved. When forming biocompatible coatings, special attention is paid to creating a definite relief (roughness) on the implant surface. There is a current search for new technological solutions for creating a biocompatible rough surface on implants that ensures reliable integration of the implant into bone tissue, since existing technologies do not fully meet state-of-the-art medical requirements.","PeriodicalId":507123,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physics of Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139189297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Zolotarenko, O. Zolotarenko, Z. Matysina, N. Shvachko, N. Akhanova, M. Ualkhanova, D. V. Schur, M. Gabdullin, M. T. Kartel, Y. Solonin, Yu.I. Zhirko, D. V. Ismailov, I. Zagorulko, D. Zolotarenko, Yu.M. Solo-nin
In the present work, a theoretical study of atomic ordering in the A3BCx alloy is carried out. The mutual influence of the ordering and solubility of impurity C in the A3B alloy is studied. The dependences of solubility on the composition of the alloy, temperature, degree of long-range order are found and studied. In addition, the criteria for the manifestation of extremity in the concentration and temperature dependences of solubility are obtained. The atomic ordering is studied using the average-energies’ method; the features of the C impurity solubility in the A3B alloy are elucidated using the configuration method. Experiments confirming the results of the theory are currently unknown to authors. However, the available experimental data on determining the temperatures of martensitic transformation (Tm) and superconducting transition (Tc) for the Nb3SnHx alloy allow us to hope and assert a possible agreement between the data of theory and experiment.
本研究对 A3BCx 合金中的原子有序性进行了理论研究。研究了 A3B 合金中有序性和杂质 C 溶解度的相互影响。发现并研究了溶解度与合金成分、温度、长程有序度的关系。此外，还获得了溶解度浓度和温度依赖性中极端性的表现标准。使用平均能量法研究了原子有序性；使用构型法阐明了 A3B 合金中 C 杂质溶解度的特征。目前，作者还没有证实理论结果的实验。不过，现有的确定 Nb3SnHx 合金马氏体转变温度 (Tm) 和超导转变温度 (Tc) 的实验数据让我们希望并断言理论数据和实验数据之间可能存在一致性。
{"title":"Hydrogen in Compounds and Alloys with A15 Structure","authors":"A. Zolotarenko, O. Zolotarenko, Z. Matysina, N. Shvachko, N. Akhanova, M. Ualkhanova, D. V. Schur, M. Gabdullin, M. T. Kartel, Y. Solonin, Yu.I. Zhirko, D. V. Ismailov, I. Zagorulko, D. Zolotarenko, Yu.M. Solo-nin","doi":"10.15407/ufm.24.04.654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.24.04.654","url":null,"abstract":"In the present work, a theoretical study of atomic ordering in the A3BCx alloy is carried out. The mutual influence of the ordering and solubility of impurity C in the A3B alloy is studied. The dependences of solubility on the composition of the alloy, temperature, degree of long-range order are found and studied. In addition, the criteria for the manifestation of extremity in the concentration and temperature dependences of solubility are obtained. The atomic ordering is studied using the average-energies’ method; the features of the C impurity solubility in the A3B alloy are elucidated using the configuration method. Experiments confirming the results of the theory are currently unknown to authors. However, the available experimental data on determining the temperatures of martensitic transformation (Tm) and superconducting transition (Tc) for the Nb3SnHx alloy allow us to hope and assert a possible agreement between the data of theory and experiment.","PeriodicalId":507123,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physics of Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139190219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Volokitina, A. Naizabekov, E. Panin, S. Lezhnev
The article presents methods for improving the quality of forgings and workpieces obtained by forging by intensifying shear or alternating strain in the bulk of the deformed metal. To increase the metal processing due to shear or alternating strain during forging, forging strikers are most often used, the feature of which is the geometric configuration that creates additional metal flows. Quite a lot of works from research teams from all over the world have been devoted to the problem of intensive metal processing during forging. In these publications, a number of new unique designs of strikers have been proposed and various route technologies have been considered, which can significantly increase the level of shear or alternating strain compared with the use of traditional forging tool designs.
{"title":"Methods for Improving the Quality of Forgings and Blanks Obtained by Forging through Intensifying Shear or Alternating Strain in the Bulk of Deformable Metal","authors":"I. Volokitina, A. Naizabekov, E. Panin, S. Lezhnev","doi":"10.15407/ufm.24.04.764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.24.04.764","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents methods for improving the quality of forgings and workpieces obtained by forging by intensifying shear or alternating strain in the bulk of the deformed metal. To increase the metal processing due to shear or alternating strain during forging, forging strikers are most often used, the feature of which is the geometric configuration that creates additional metal flows. Quite a lot of works from research teams from all over the world have been devoted to the problem of intensive metal processing during forging. In these publications, a number of new unique designs of strikers have been proposed and various route technologies have been considered, which can significantly increase the level of shear or alternating strain compared with the use of traditional forging tool designs.","PeriodicalId":507123,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physics of Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139189780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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