Building Services Engineering Research & Technology最新文献_第2页

A review of approaches and applications in building stock energy and indoor environment modelling 建筑存量能源和室内环境建模方法及应用综述

IF 1.7 4区工程技术 Q2 Engineering

Building Services Engineering Research & Technology

Pub Date : 2023-03-14 DOI: 10.1177/01436244231163084

J. Dong, Y. Schwartz, A. Mavrogianni, I. Korolija, D. Mumovic

Current energy and climate policies are formulated and implemented to mitigate and adapt to climate change. To inform relevant building policies, two bottom-up building stock modelling approach: 1) archetype-based and 2) Building-by-building have been developed. This paper presents the main characteristics and applications of these two approaches and evaluates and compares their ability to support policy making. Because of lower data requirements and computational cost, archetype-based modelling approaches are still the mainstream approach to stock-level energy modelling, life cycle assessment, and indoor environmental quality assessment. Building-by-building approaches can better capture the heterogeneous characteristics of each building and are emerging due to the development of data acquisition and computational techniques. The model uncertainties exist in both models which may affect the reliability of outputs, while stochastic archetype models and timeless digital twin model have the potential to address the issue. System dynamics modelling approach can describe and address the dynamics and complexity of often-conflicting policies and achieve co-benefit of multiple policy objectives. Practical applications This paper aims to provide comprehensive knowledge on building stock modelling for modellers and policymakers, so they could use a building stock model with an appropriate user interface without having to fully understand the underlying algorithms or complexities.

制定和实施减缓和适应气候变化的现行能源和气候政策。为了向相关的建筑政策提供信息，我们开发了两种自下而上的建筑存量建模方法:1)基于原型和2)逐栋建筑。本文介绍了这两种方法的主要特点和应用，并对其支持政策制定的能力进行了评价和比较。由于数据需求和计算成本较低，基于原型的建模方法仍然是库存级能源建模、生命周期评估和室内环境质量评估的主流方法。由于数据采集和计算技术的发展，逐建筑的方法可以更好地捕捉每个建筑的异质特征。两种模型都存在模型不确定性，可能影响输出的可靠性，而随机原型模型和永恒数字孪生模型有可能解决这一问题。系统动力学建模方法可以描述和处理经常冲突的政策的动态性和复杂性，实现多个政策目标的协同效益。本文旨在为建模者和决策者提供有关建筑存量建模的全面知识，以便他们可以使用具有适当用户界面的建筑存量模型，而无需完全了解底层算法或复杂性。

{"title":"A review of approaches and applications in building stock energy and indoor environment modelling","authors":"J. Dong, Y. Schwartz, A. Mavrogianni, I. Korolija, D. Mumovic","doi":"10.1177/01436244231163084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244231163084","url":null,"abstract":"Current energy and climate policies are formulated and implemented to mitigate and adapt to climate change. To inform relevant building policies, two bottom-up building stock modelling approach: 1) archetype-based and 2) Building-by-building have been developed. This paper presents the main characteristics and applications of these two approaches and evaluates and compares their ability to support policy making. Because of lower data requirements and computational cost, archetype-based modelling approaches are still the mainstream approach to stock-level energy modelling, life cycle assessment, and indoor environmental quality assessment. Building-by-building approaches can better capture the heterogeneous characteristics of each building and are emerging due to the development of data acquisition and computational techniques. The model uncertainties exist in both models which may affect the reliability of outputs, while stochastic archetype models and timeless digital twin model have the potential to address the issue. System dynamics modelling approach can describe and address the dynamics and complexity of often-conflicting policies and achieve co-benefit of multiple policy objectives. \u0000 Practical applications\u0000 This paper aims to provide comprehensive knowledge on building stock modelling for modellers and policymakers, so they could use a building stock model with an appropriate user interface without having to fully understand the underlying algorithms or complexities.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47506581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Energy-saving potential assessment of a classroom building envelope through sensitivity analysis and multi-objective optimization under different climate types 基于敏感性分析和多目标优化的不同气候类型下教室围护结构节能潜力评估

IF 1.7 4区工程技术 Q2 Engineering

Building Services Engineering Research & Technology

Pub Date : 2023-03-13 DOI: 10.1177/01436244231161944

Fatima Zahra Benaddi, L. Boukhattem, F. Ait Nouh, Paulo Cesar Tabares-Velasco, B. Benhamou

The present work aims to optimize the thermal behavior of a building envelope by combining sensitivity analysis (SA) and multi-objective optimization (MOO). An existing classroom located in Marrakech city was considered a case study building. The building model was analyzed under six Moroccan climate zones. The SA was applied on 16 design variables and performed using the Morris method implemented in the tool Simlab to rank each design variable based on its influence on the objective function (overall energy demand). The SA results showed that the solar absorptance of the internal roof, wall, and ground floor and the ground hollow core slab thickness impacted less the overall energy demand. Therefore, the only remaining variables showing the most relevant effect will be optimized afterward. The optimization phase was conducted by coupling the generic optimization tool GenOpt with TRNSYS. The optimum solution was selected based on the Pareto front approach. The obtained results assessed the effectiveness of the adopted methodological approach in significant minimization of the required thermal loads. Furthermore, the values of each optimum design variables set differ from one climate zone to another; leading to energy demand reduction varying from 30 to 42%, in comparison with the original design building.

本研究旨在结合灵敏度分析(SA)和多目标优化(MOO)对建筑围护结构的热性能进行优化。位于马拉喀什市的现有教室被认为是一个案例研究建筑。分析了摩洛哥六个气候带下的建筑模型。SA应用于16个设计变量，并使用Simlab工具中实现的Morris方法进行执行，根据每个设计变量对目标函数(总能源需求)的影响对其进行排名。结果表明，内屋面、墙体、地面层的太阳能吸收率和地面空心芯板厚度对总能量需求的影响较小。因此，剩下的显示出最相关效果的变量将在之后进行优化。优化阶段通过通用优化工具GenOpt与TRNSYS的耦合进行。基于Pareto前法选取最优解。获得的结果评估了所采用的方法在显著最小化所需热负荷方面的有效性。此外，每个最优设计变量集的值因气候区而异;与原设计建筑相比，能源需求减少了30%至42%。

{"title":"Energy-saving potential assessment of a classroom building envelope through sensitivity analysis and multi-objective optimization under different climate types","authors":"Fatima Zahra Benaddi, L. Boukhattem, F. Ait Nouh, Paulo Cesar Tabares-Velasco, B. Benhamou","doi":"10.1177/01436244231161944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244231161944","url":null,"abstract":"The present work aims to optimize the thermal behavior of a building envelope by combining sensitivity analysis (SA) and multi-objective optimization (MOO). An existing classroom located in Marrakech city was considered a case study building. The building model was analyzed under six Moroccan climate zones. The SA was applied on 16 design variables and performed using the Morris method implemented in the tool Simlab to rank each design variable based on its influence on the objective function (overall energy demand). The SA results showed that the solar absorptance of the internal roof, wall, and ground floor and the ground hollow core slab thickness impacted less the overall energy demand. Therefore, the only remaining variables showing the most relevant effect will be optimized afterward. The optimization phase was conducted by coupling the generic optimization tool GenOpt with TRNSYS. The optimum solution was selected based on the Pareto front approach. The obtained results assessed the effectiveness of the adopted methodological approach in significant minimization of the required thermal loads. Furthermore, the values of each optimum design variables set differ from one climate zone to another; leading to energy demand reduction varying from 30 to 42%, in comparison with the original design building.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41975455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Optimal control of critical fresh air volume based on sectional adjustment of fresh air and return air dampers 基于新风和回风阻尼器分段调节的临界新风量优化控制

IF 1.7 4区工程技术 Q2 Engineering

Building Services Engineering Research & Technology

Pub Date : 2023-03-10 DOI: 10.1177/01436244231161949

T. Zhao, Ziyi Qu, Han Xing, Liangdong Ma, Xiuming Li

During the regulation process of VAV systems, the supply air volume changes with the real time load changes, which will cause the fresh air volume to deviate from its set value. Insufficient fresh air results in poor IAQ, whereas an excessive fresh air increases energy consumption. Therefore, an effective method to control the fresh air volume is essential for VAV systems. Based on the differential pressure control theory, two improved control methods—the fresh air section static pressure control method and the critical air volume control method—are proposed herein. Three control methods were compared through experimental study. The results indicate that differential pressure in the first improved method is higher than that in the differential pressure control method, which increases the ease of measurement. However, both these methods have approximately 15% to 25% errors when the supply air volume is small. The critical air volume control method provides more precise control of the fresh air volume, and eliminates deviations at small supply air volumes. Furthermore, the fan power is reduced as well. Investigation has demonstrated that the critical air volume control method is energy-efficient, and can provide new insights into optimized energy-saving control methods for VAV systems. Practical application This work proposed a fresh air volume control method of VAV system, the critical air volume control method. This method improves the control accuracy and the convenience of differential pressure measurement of VAV system. The reliability of the method was verified on the test rig, and it is similar to the engineering situation. Therefore, this method has practical application value. Also this method reduces the fan energy consumption of VAV system, thereby improving energy efficiency and reducing operating costs.

在变风量系统的调节过程中，送风量会随着负荷的实时变化而变化，这会导致新风量偏离其设定值。新鲜空气不足会导致室内空气质量差，而过多的新鲜空气会增加能源消耗。因此，一种有效的新风量控制方法对变风量系统至关重要。基于压差控制理论，提出了两种改进的控制方法——新风段静压控制方法和临界风量控制方法。通过实验研究比较了三种控制方法。结果表明，第一种改进方法中的压差高于压差控制方法，增加了测量的容易性。然而，当供气量小时，这两种方法都具有大约15%至25%的误差。临界空气量控制方法提供了对新鲜空气量的更精确控制，并消除了小供应空气量时的偏差。此外，风扇功率也降低了。研究表明，临界风量控制方法是节能的，可以为变风量系统的优化节能控制方法提供新的见解。实际应用本文提出了变风量系统的新风量控制方法，即临界风量控制方法。该方法提高了变风量系统的控制精度和差压测量的方便性。在试验台上验证了该方法的可靠性，与工程情况相类似。因此，该方法具有实际应用价值。该方法还降低了变风量系统的风机能耗，从而提高了能源效率，降低了运行成本。

{"title":"Optimal control of critical fresh air volume based on sectional adjustment of fresh air and return air dampers","authors":"T. Zhao, Ziyi Qu, Han Xing, Liangdong Ma, Xiuming Li","doi":"10.1177/01436244231161949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244231161949","url":null,"abstract":"During the regulation process of VAV systems, the supply air volume changes with the real time load changes, which will cause the fresh air volume to deviate from its set value. Insufficient fresh air results in poor IAQ, whereas an excessive fresh air increases energy consumption. Therefore, an effective method to control the fresh air volume is essential for VAV systems. Based on the differential pressure control theory, two improved control methods—the fresh air section static pressure control method and the critical air volume control method—are proposed herein. Three control methods were compared through experimental study. The results indicate that differential pressure in the first improved method is higher than that in the differential pressure control method, which increases the ease of measurement. However, both these methods have approximately 15% to 25% errors when the supply air volume is small. The critical air volume control method provides more precise control of the fresh air volume, and eliminates deviations at small supply air volumes. Furthermore, the fan power is reduced as well. Investigation has demonstrated that the critical air volume control method is energy-efficient, and can provide new insights into optimized energy-saving control methods for VAV systems. \u0000 Practical application\u0000 This work proposed a fresh air volume control method of VAV system, the critical air volume control method. This method improves the control accuracy and the convenience of differential pressure measurement of VAV system. The reliability of the method was verified on the test rig, and it is similar to the engineering situation. Therefore, this method has practical application value. Also this method reduces the fan energy consumption of VAV system, thereby improving energy efficiency and reducing operating costs.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43616455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparative analysis of the whole life carbon of three construction methods of a UK-based supermarket 英国某超市三种建设方式的全寿命碳比较分析

IF 1.7 4区工程技术 Q2 Engineering

Building Services Engineering Research & Technology

Pub Date : 2023-03-06 DOI: 10.1177/01436244231161070

Golnaz Mohebbi, A. Hasan, Augustine Blay-Armah, Ali Bahadori-Jahromi, A. Mylona, Mark Barthorpe

The built environment has been a significant contributor to global carbon emissions. It, therefore, has a vital role to play in the reduction efforts of future climate change. While the design of buildings may determine future energy use for cooling, heating, and lighting during the operational stage of the building, this study aims to observe the effect of the building design on the operational as well as the whole-life carbon emissions. Past studies have focused on either the operational carbon or the embodied carbon of a building. Using a cradle-to-grave assessment of a typical UK supermarket, this study explores the relationship between embodied carbon and operational carbon. Additionally, it examines the effects of the variables between three approved construction methods of the same design on the whole life of carbon. These methods are a steel structural frame and cladding panel external wall, steel frame and poroton walls, precast concrete and glulam frame and precast concrete walls. The findings of this research will contribute to mitigation strategies for the environmental impacts of supermarket building construction whilst providing a framework for future assessment of the whole-life carbon of supermarket buildings. Practical Application Employing the life cycle assessment methodology, this paper examines the potential of minimising both embodied and operational carbon by observing the whole life carbon. Highlighting the influence of the GHG emission contributing factors in each stage on each other. Additionally, the recommended methodology for the supermarket building types of this case study, could be adapted for other types of buildings. The findings could also augment carbon emission research and guide the development of supermarket buildings to low carbon intensive. Furthermore, collaboration with the industry in carrying out this research aids in adopting the findings as practical and theoretical guides for engineers and designers in reducing the building sector’s harmful environmental impact.

建筑环境一直是全球碳排放的重要因素。因此，它在减少未来气候变化的努力中发挥着至关重要的作用。虽然建筑设计可能会决定建筑运营阶段制冷、供暖和照明的未来能源使用，但本研究旨在观察建筑设计对运营和终身碳排放的影响。过去的研究主要集中在建筑的运行碳或内含碳上。本研究对一家典型的英国超市进行了从摇篮到坟墓的评估，探讨了内含碳和运营碳之间的关系。此外，它还考察了同一设计的三种获批施工方法之间的变量对碳的整个寿命的影响。这些方法包括钢结构框架和覆面板外墙、钢框架和多孔墙、预制混凝土和胶合木框架以及预制混凝土墙。这项研究的结果将有助于缓解超市建筑施工对环境的影响，同时为未来评估超市建筑的全寿命碳提供一个框架。实际应用本文采用生命周期评估方法，通过观察整个生命周期的碳，考察了最大限度地减少内含碳和操作碳的潜力。强调各阶段温室气体排放促成因素对彼此的影响。此外，本案例研究中超市建筑类型的推荐方法也适用于其他类型的建筑。这些发现还可以加强碳排放研究，并指导超市建筑向低碳密集型发展。此外，与行业合作开展这项研究有助于将这些发现作为工程师和设计师减少建筑行业有害环境影响的实践和理论指南。

{"title":"Comparative analysis of the whole life carbon of three construction methods of a UK-based supermarket","authors":"Golnaz Mohebbi, A. Hasan, Augustine Blay-Armah, Ali Bahadori-Jahromi, A. Mylona, Mark Barthorpe","doi":"10.1177/01436244231161070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244231161070","url":null,"abstract":"The built environment has been a significant contributor to global carbon emissions. It, therefore, has a vital role to play in the reduction efforts of future climate change. While the design of buildings may determine future energy use for cooling, heating, and lighting during the operational stage of the building, this study aims to observe the effect of the building design on the operational as well as the whole-life carbon emissions. Past studies have focused on either the operational carbon or the embodied carbon of a building. Using a cradle-to-grave assessment of a typical UK supermarket, this study explores the relationship between embodied carbon and operational carbon. Additionally, it examines the effects of the variables between three approved construction methods of the same design on the whole life of carbon. These methods are a steel structural frame and cladding panel external wall, steel frame and poroton walls, precast concrete and glulam frame and precast concrete walls. The findings of this research will contribute to mitigation strategies for the environmental impacts of supermarket building construction whilst providing a framework for future assessment of the whole-life carbon of supermarket buildings. \u0000 Practical Application\u0000 Employing the life cycle assessment methodology, this paper examines the potential of minimising both embodied and operational carbon by observing the whole life carbon. Highlighting the influence of the GHG emission contributing factors in each stage on each other. Additionally, the recommended methodology for the supermarket building types of this case study, could be adapted for other types of buildings. The findings could also augment carbon emission research and guide the development of supermarket buildings to low carbon intensive. Furthermore, collaboration with the industry in carrying out this research aids in adopting the findings as practical and theoretical guides for engineers and designers in reducing the building sector’s harmful environmental impact.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49090821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Measurement and rapid assessment of indoor air quality at mass gathering events to assess ventilation performance and reduce aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2. 对人群聚集场所室内空气质量进行测量和快速评估，评估通风性能，减少SARS-CoV-2的气溶胶传播

IF 1.7 4区工程技术 Q2 Engineering

Building Services Engineering Research & Technology

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 Epub Date: 2022-12-16 DOI: 10.1177/01436244221137995

Liora Malki-Epshtein, Filipa Adzic, Ben M Roberts, Elizabeth Abigail Hathway, Christopher Iddon, Murat Mustafa, Malcolm Cook

To assess risk factors for COVID-19 transmission and address the closure of mass gathering events since March 2020, the UK Government ran the Events Research Programme (ERP), following which it reopened live events in sports, music, and culture in July 2021. We report the rapid post-occupancy evaluation of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and associated long-range airborne transmission risk conducted in the Environmental Study of the ERP. Ten large venues around the UK were monitored with CO₂ sensors at a high spatial and temporal resolution during 90 events. An IAQ Index based on CO₂ concentration was developed, and all monitored spaces were classified in bands from A to G based on their average and maximum CO₂ concentrations from all events. High resolution monitoring and the IAQ Index depicted the overall state of ventilation at live events, and allowed identification of issues with ventilation effectiveness and distribution, and of spaces with poor ventilation and the settings in which long-range airborne transmission risk may be increased. In numerous settings, CO₂ concentrations were found to follow patterns relating to event management and specific occupancy of spaces around the venues. Good ventilation was observed in 90% of spaces monitored for given occupancies. Practical applications: High-resolution monitoring of indoor CO₂ concentrations is necessary to detect the spatial variation of indoor air quality (IAQ) in large mass gathering event venues. The paper summarises COVID-19 ventilation guidance for buildings and defines a methodology for measurement and rapid assessment of IAQ during occupancy at live events that can be implemented by venue managers. Comparisons of the CO₂ concentrations measured during the events identified the spaces at high risk of long-range transmission of airborne pathogens. Building operators should be mindful of the ventilation strategies used relative to the total occupancy in different spaces and the occupant's activities.

为了评估新冠肺炎传播的风险因素，并解决自2020年3月以来关闭大规模集会活动的问题，英国政府实施了活动研究计划（ERP），随后于2021年7月重新开放了体育、音乐和文化方面的现场活动。我们报告了在ERP环境研究中进行的室内空气质量（IAQ）和相关远程空气传播风险的快速入住后评估。在90场活动中，英国各地的10个大型场馆都用二氧化碳传感器进行了高时空分辨率的监测。开发了一个基于CO2浓度的室内空气质量指数，并根据所有事件的平均和最大CO2浓度将所有监测空间分为A到G。高分辨率监测和室内空气质量指数描述了现场活动的总体通风状态，并允许识别通风效果和分布问题，以及通风不良的空间和可能增加远程空气传播风险的环境。在许多情况下，发现二氧化碳浓度遵循与活动管理和场馆周围空间特定占用相关的模式。在给定占用率的监测空间中，90%的空间通风良好。实际应用：在大型群众聚集性活动场所，有必要对室内CO2浓度进行高分辨率监测，以检测室内空气质量（IAQ）的空间变化。本文总结了新冠肺炎建筑物通风指南，并定义了现场活动入住期间室内空气质量的测量和快速评估方法，可由场馆经理实施。对事件期间测量的二氧化碳浓度的比较确定了空气传播病原体的高风险空间。建筑运营商应注意相对于不同空间的总占用率和占用者的活动所使用的通风策略。

{"title":"Measurement and rapid assessment of indoor air quality at mass gathering events to assess ventilation performance and reduce aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2.","authors":"Liora Malki-Epshtein, Filipa Adzic, Ben M Roberts, Elizabeth Abigail Hathway, Christopher Iddon, Murat Mustafa, Malcolm Cook","doi":"10.1177/01436244221137995","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01436244221137995","url":null,"abstract":"To assess risk factors for COVID-19 transmission and address the closure of mass gathering events since March 2020, the UK Government ran the Events Research Programme (ERP), following which it reopened live events in sports, music, and culture in July 2021. We report the rapid post-occupancy evaluation of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and associated long-range airborne transmission risk conducted in the Environmental Study of the ERP. Ten large venues around the UK were monitored with CO2 sensors at a high spatial and temporal resolution during 90 events. An IAQ Index based on CO2 concentration was developed, and all monitored spaces were classified in bands from A to G based on their average and maximum CO2 concentrations from all events. High resolution monitoring and the IAQ Index depicted the overall state of ventilation at live events, and allowed identification of issues with ventilation effectiveness and distribution, and of spaces with poor ventilation and the settings in which long-range airborne transmission risk may be increased. In numerous settings, CO2 concentrations were found to follow patterns relating to event management and specific occupancy of spaces around the venues. Good ventilation was observed in 90% of spaces monitored for given occupancies. Practical applications: High-resolution monitoring of indoor CO2 concentrations is necessary to detect the spatial variation of indoor air quality (IAQ) in large mass gathering event venues. The paper summarises COVID-19 ventilation guidance for buildings and defines a methodology for measurement and rapid assessment of IAQ during occupancy at live events that can be implemented by venue managers. Comparisons of the CO2 concentrations measured during the events identified the spaces at high risk of long-range transmission of airborne pathogens. Building operators should be mindful of the ventilation strategies used relative to the total occupancy in different spaces and the occupant's activities.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9760526/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42540271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Demand response with heat pumps: Practical implementation of three different control options. 热泵的需求响应:三种不同控制选项的实际实施。

IF 1.7 4区工程技术 Q2 Engineering

Building Services Engineering Research & Technology

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/01436244221145871

Jenny Crawley, Adria Martin-Vilaseca, Jez Wingfield, Zachary Gill, Michelle Shipworth, Clifford Elwell

The electrification of heating and transport and decarbonisation of supply creates a need for demand side flexibility to balance the grid. Heat pumps are expected to form a major part of heat delivery, and many modelling studies have investigated the technical potential of heat pump demand response. However, little empirical work has been reported on the practical implementation of such demand response in occupied homes. This paper presents a cross-case comparison of three early adopters of heat pump demand response in the UK. The aim was to reduce heat pump electricity consumption during the same peak period, but each employed a different control strategy: lowered air temperature setpoints, lowered flow temperature and blocked heat pump compressor. A 56-90% electricity reduction during the peak period was observed; the success of the demand response depended on how the control strategy affected the heat pump and the rest of the heating system. However, no one stakeholder is responsible for all these system components. The fabric, heating distribution and control system and heat pumps installed are highly heterogeneous across the stock, highlighting that flexibility mechanisms must be developed that can be tailored to or work across their range.

Practical application: Three case studies of different heat pump demand response control strategies in real homes are presented. All three households reduced their electricity consumption during a peak period but delivered unintended consequences where the heat pump's logic did not correspond to the demand response requirements. This study highlights that the implementation of heat pump demand response to support electricity system operation requires a clear definition of electricity system need as well as practical demand response mechanisms to be integrated into heating system design.

供暖和运输的电气化以及供应的脱碳产生了对需求侧灵活性的需求，以平衡电网。热泵预计将成为热量输送的主要部分，许多建模研究已经调查了热泵需求响应的技术潜力。然而，很少的实证工作已经报道了实际实施这种需求反应在已占用的住房。本文提出了一个跨案例比较三个早期采用者的热泵需求响应在英国。目的是减少热泵在同一高峰期间的电力消耗，但每个人都采用不同的控制策略:降低空气温度设定值，降低流量温度并阻塞热泵压缩机。在高峰时段，减少了56-90%的电量;需求响应的成功取决于控制策略如何影响热泵和加热系统的其余部分。然而，没有一个涉众负责所有这些系统组件。在整个库存中安装的织物、加热分配和控制系统以及热泵都是高度不均匀的，这突出表明必须开发灵活的机制，可以根据其范围进行定制或工作。实际应用:给出了三个不同的热泵需求响应控制策略在实际家庭中的案例研究。这三个家庭都在高峰时段减少了用电量，但由于热泵的逻辑不符合需求响应要求，导致了意想不到的后果。本研究强调，实施热泵需求响应以支持电力系统运行，需要明确电力系统需求的定义，并将实际的需求响应机制纳入供热系统设计。

{"title":"Demand response with heat pumps: Practical implementation of three different control options.","authors":"Jenny Crawley, Adria Martin-Vilaseca, Jez Wingfield, Zachary Gill, Michelle Shipworth, Clifford Elwell","doi":"10.1177/01436244221145871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244221145871","url":null,"abstract":"The electrification of heating and transport and decarbonisation of supply creates a need for demand side flexibility to balance the grid. Heat pumps are expected to form a major part of heat delivery, and many modelling studies have investigated the technical potential of heat pump demand response. However, little empirical work has been reported on the practical implementation of such demand response in occupied homes. This paper presents a cross-case comparison of three early adopters of heat pump demand response in the UK. The aim was to reduce heat pump electricity consumption during the same peak period, but each employed a different control strategy: lowered air temperature setpoints, lowered flow temperature and blocked heat pump compressor. A 56-90% electricity reduction during the peak period was observed; the success of the demand response depended on how the control strategy affected the heat pump and the rest of the heating system. However, no one stakeholder is responsible for all these system components. The fabric, heating distribution and control system and heat pumps installed are highly heterogeneous across the stock, highlighting that flexibility mechanisms must be developed that can be tailored to or work across their range.Practical application: Three case studies of different heat pump demand response control strategies in real homes are presented. All three households reduced their electricity consumption during a peak period but delivered unintended consequences where the heat pump's logic did not correspond to the demand response requirements. This study highlights that the implementation of heat pump demand response to support electricity system operation requires a clear definition of electricity system need as well as practical demand response mechanisms to be integrated into heating system design.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9976642/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10849197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Building services engineering research and technology 屋宇装备工程研究及技术

IF 1.7 4区工程技术 Q2 Engineering

Building Services Engineering Research & Technology

Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1177/01436244231158897

引用次数: 3

An image recognition measurement approach and uncertainty for overspeed governors employed in elevator safety 电梯安全超速调速器的图像识别测量方法及不确定度

IF 1.7 4区工程技术 Q2 Engineering

Building Services Engineering Research & Technology

Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1177/01436244231159022

Yongming Zhang, Yicheng Zhao, Zhe Yan, Shuangchang Feng, Jie Chen

Elevator safety is closely related to public safety. Overspeed governor is a crucial part of the elevator safety system. Its inspection and calibration involve the measurement of tripping velocity. The frequently-used contact-type measurement method has risks. This paper proposes a non-contact image-recognizing measurement method by the camera, which includes the processes of rotor centre recognition, feature points matching, and tripping switches recognition. The velocity curve can be obtained by feature points displacement based on the rotor centre. Tripping switches recognition can determine the electrical and mechanical tripping velocities in the speed curve. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has no significant difference from the common contact-type measurement method, while it significantly eliminates the risks of physical damage and improves measurement safety. Moreover, this paper proposes the deduction and calculation of measurement uncertainty decided by camera performance. Due to the enhancement of measuring safety, the proposed method will have further application in the field of elevator inspection. Practical application: The research on tripping velocity measurement for overspeed governor in this paper is principally based on image recognition with the help of a camera. The experiment result indicates that the proposed method is capable of completing the speed measurement for the overspeed governor without contact. The proposed method significantly mitigates the risks of physical damage and improves measurement safety rather than the contact-type measurement method. The proposed non-contact image-recognizing method can substitute for the existing contact-type method and contributes to the inspection, maintenance, and management of elevators, which will have further application prospects.

电梯安全与公共安全密切相关。超速调速器是电梯安全系统的重要组成部分。其检查和校准涉及跳闸速度的测量。经常使用的接触式测量方法存在风险。本文提出了一种基于摄像头的非接触式图像识别测量方法，包括转子中心识别、特征点匹配和跳闸开关识别。速度曲线可以通过基于转子中心的特征点位移来获得。跳闸开关识别可以确定速度曲线中的电气和机械跳闸速度。实验结果表明，该方法与常见的接触式测量方法没有显著差异，同时显著消除了物理损伤的风险，提高了测量安全性。此外，本文还提出了由摄像机性能决定的测量不确定度的推导和计算。由于测量安全性的提高，所提出的方法将在电梯检测领域有进一步的应用。实际应用：本文对调速器跳闸速度测量的研究主要是基于图像识别和摄像头的辅助。实验结果表明，该方法能够在无接触的情况下完成调速器的转速测量。与接触式测量方法相比，所提出的方法显著降低了物理损伤的风险，并提高了测量安全性。所提出的非接触式图像识别方法可以替代现有的接触式方法，有助于电梯的检测、维护和管理，具有进一步的应用前景。

{"title":"An image recognition measurement approach and uncertainty for overspeed governors employed in elevator safety","authors":"Yongming Zhang, Yicheng Zhao, Zhe Yan, Shuangchang Feng, Jie Chen","doi":"10.1177/01436244231159022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244231159022","url":null,"abstract":"Elevator safety is closely related to public safety. Overspeed governor is a crucial part of the elevator safety system. Its inspection and calibration involve the measurement of tripping velocity. The frequently-used contact-type measurement method has risks. This paper proposes a non-contact image-recognizing measurement method by the camera, which includes the processes of rotor centre recognition, feature points matching, and tripping switches recognition. The velocity curve can be obtained by feature points displacement based on the rotor centre. Tripping switches recognition can determine the electrical and mechanical tripping velocities in the speed curve. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has no significant difference from the common contact-type measurement method, while it significantly eliminates the risks of physical damage and improves measurement safety. Moreover, this paper proposes the deduction and calculation of measurement uncertainty decided by camera performance. Due to the enhancement of measuring safety, the proposed method will have further application in the field of elevator inspection. Practical application: The research on tripping velocity measurement for overspeed governor in this paper is principally based on image recognition with the help of a camera. The experiment result indicates that the proposed method is capable of completing the speed measurement for the overspeed governor without contact. The proposed method significantly mitigates the risks of physical damage and improves measurement safety rather than the contact-type measurement method. The proposed non-contact image-recognizing method can substitute for the existing contact-type method and contributes to the inspection, maintenance, and management of elevators, which will have further application prospects.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49013777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Validation of computational fluid dynamics simulations for determining pressure loss coefficients of ventilation components 确定通风部件压力损失系数的计算流体动力学模拟的验证

IF 1.7 4区工程技术 Q2 Engineering

Building Services Engineering Research & Technology

Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.1177/01436244231159537

K. Tawackolian, M. Kriegel

Ventilation systems include a variety of components for which necessary pressure loss data is often unavailable. Computational fluid dynamics simulations could substitute for expensive measurements, but validation simulations with suitable data are crucial to assess model uncertainties. Existing CFD validation studies either did not focus specifically on pressure losses, only covered few components, or did not include recent developments in turbulence modelling. In the present work, 33 bends, 4 gates and 2 tees were simulated using a consistent approach. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were validated with published data: rectangular high-edge and wide-edge bends from the experimental dataset of Sprenger, gates and diverging tees from the SMACMA guide. The considered flows cover important basic flow phenomena: deflection, splitting and flow separation. The 39 components were simulated with three turbulence models at 14 Reynolds numbers. The simulations predicted pressure loss coefficients accurately for various components. Cases with strong flow separation regions were most challenging. The model prediction uncertainty was assessed by carrying out simulations with three selected turbulence models. As in the experimental data from Sprenger, the simulations showed a distinct dependence of pressure loss coefficients on the Reynolds number for bends. In contrast, for abrupt deflections and flow separation at sharp edges, the Reynolds number dependency was minor. Practical Application Technical pressure loss data of ductwork components is needed for the dimensioning, optimisation, and energy assessment of ventilation systems. The present validation study assesses the present state of the art of CFD simulations to determine pressure loss coefficients and the resulting prediction uncertainties.

通风系统包括各种组件，这些组件通常无法获得必要的压力损失数据。计算流体动力学模拟可以代替昂贵的测量，但具有适当数据的验证模拟对于评估模型的不确定性至关重要。现有的CFD验证研究要么没有专门关注压力损失，只涵盖了少数组件，要么没有包括湍流建模的最新发展。在本工作中，使用一致的方法模拟了33个弯头、4个闸门和2个三通。计算流体动力学模拟用已发表的数据进行了验证：Sprenger实验数据集中的矩形高边和宽边弯曲，SMACMA指南中的闸门和分叉三通。所考虑的流动包括重要的基本流动现象：偏转、分流和流分离。用三个雷诺数为14的湍流模型对39个分量进行了模拟。模拟准确地预测了各种部件的压力损失系数。具有强流分离区域的情况最具挑战性。通过对三个选定的湍流模型进行模拟来评估模型预测的不确定性。与Sprenger的实验数据一样，模拟显示，弯管的压力损失系数明显依赖于雷诺数。相反，对于锐边处的突然偏转和流分离，雷诺数的依赖性很小。实际应用通风系统的尺寸、优化和能量评估需要管道系统组件的技术压力损失数据。本验证研究评估了CFD模拟的现状，以确定压力损失系数和由此产生的预测不确定性。

{"title":"Validation of computational fluid dynamics simulations for determining pressure loss coefficients of ventilation components","authors":"K. Tawackolian, M. Kriegel","doi":"10.1177/01436244231159537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244231159537","url":null,"abstract":"Ventilation systems include a variety of components for which necessary pressure loss data is often unavailable. Computational fluid dynamics simulations could substitute for expensive measurements, but validation simulations with suitable data are crucial to assess model uncertainties. Existing CFD validation studies either did not focus specifically on pressure losses, only covered few components, or did not include recent developments in turbulence modelling. In the present work, 33 bends, 4 gates and 2 tees were simulated using a consistent approach. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were validated with published data: rectangular high-edge and wide-edge bends from the experimental dataset of Sprenger, gates and diverging tees from the SMACMA guide. The considered flows cover important basic flow phenomena: deflection, splitting and flow separation. The 39 components were simulated with three turbulence models at 14 Reynolds numbers. The simulations predicted pressure loss coefficients accurately for various components. Cases with strong flow separation regions were most challenging. The model prediction uncertainty was assessed by carrying out simulations with three selected turbulence models. As in the experimental data from Sprenger, the simulations showed a distinct dependence of pressure loss coefficients on the Reynolds number for bends. In contrast, for abrupt deflections and flow separation at sharp edges, the Reynolds number dependency was minor. \u0000 Practical Application\u0000 Technical pressure loss data of ductwork components is needed for the dimensioning, optimisation, and energy assessment of ventilation systems. The present validation study assesses the present state of the art of CFD simulations to determine pressure loss coefficients and the resulting prediction uncertainties.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45237628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing the performance gap of two dynamic thermal modelling software tools when comparing with real-time data in relation to thermal loss 在与热损失相关的实时数据进行比较时，评估两种动态热建模软件工具的性能差距

IF 1.7 4区工程技术 Q2 Engineering

Building Services Engineering Research & Technology

Pub Date : 2023-02-03 DOI: 10.1177/01436244231153839

Bahareh Salehi, D. Andrews, I. Chaer, A. Gillich, Elizabeth J. Newton

Managing thermal loss is a key topic that needs further investigation as it has a direct link to reducing the energy load in buildings. One of these thermal loss management methods can be the use of shading devices. Dynamic thermal models normally used at the early stages of the building design can play an important role in the decision-making process regarding the use of shading devices. This paper presents the results of a real-world study assessing the potential of using a sealed cellular blind as a passive energy conservation method, where the real-world results are compared with the simulated results generated with environmental design solutions limited thermal analysis software (EDSL Tas) and integrated environmental solutions virtual environment (IES VE). During the real-world study, a positive impact of having blinds was seen whereby the window surface temperature increased and office heating energy consumption was lowered. Both software tools were able to predict a similar trend of results for the window surface temperature in with and without blind scenarios whereas for energy consumption although in the presence of a blind a consistent correlation is seen between measured and calculated values but not without a blind. This can be attributed to the inability of the software tools in demonstrating the effect of infiltration in the absence of a blind or shading device i.e., a clear window scenario. Practical Application The performance gap analysis regarding thermal loss between dynamic thermal models and real-world settings within buildings can enhance the predictability of the building energy software tools used by designers. Early design inputs within buildings can prevent costly building re-work to improve the building’s energy performance. This can also improve the understanding within the building industry of the importance of reducing thermal loss through the use of shading devices and ensuring the software tools used to model these devices are as close to real-world settings as possible.

管理热损失是一个需要进一步研究的关键话题，因为它与降低建筑物的能源负荷有直接联系。这些热损失管理方法之一可以是使用遮光设备。通常在建筑设计的早期阶段使用的动态热模型可以在有关遮阳设备使用的决策过程中发挥重要作用。本文介绍了一项真实世界的研究结果，该研究评估了使用密封蜂窝百叶窗作为被动节能方法的潜力，其中将真实世界的结果与环境设计解决方案有限热分析软件（EDSL Tas）和集成环境解决方案虚拟环境（IES VE）生成的模拟结果进行了比较。在现实世界的研究中，百叶窗产生了积极的影响，窗户表面温度升高，办公室供暖能耗降低。两种软件工具都能够预测在有盲和无盲情况下窗户表面温度的类似结果趋势，而对于能耗，尽管存在盲，但在测量值和计算值之间可以看到一致的相关性，但并非没有盲。这可能是由于软件工具无法在没有百叶窗或遮光设备的情况下（即，透明窗口场景）证明渗透的效果。实际应用关于建筑物内动态热模型和真实世界设置之间的热损失的性能差距分析可以提高设计师使用的建筑能源软件工具的可预测性。建筑物内的早期设计输入可以防止昂贵的建筑物返工，以提高建筑物的能源性能。这也可以提高建筑行业对通过使用遮阳设备减少热损失的重要性的理解，并确保用于建模这些设备的软件工具尽可能接近真实世界的设置。

{"title":"Assessing the performance gap of two dynamic thermal modelling software tools when comparing with real-time data in relation to thermal loss","authors":"Bahareh Salehi, D. Andrews, I. Chaer, A. Gillich, Elizabeth J. Newton","doi":"10.1177/01436244231153839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244231153839","url":null,"abstract":"Managing thermal loss is a key topic that needs further investigation as it has a direct link to reducing the energy load in buildings. One of these thermal loss management methods can be the use of shading devices. Dynamic thermal models normally used at the early stages of the building design can play an important role in the decision-making process regarding the use of shading devices. This paper presents the results of a real-world study assessing the potential of using a sealed cellular blind as a passive energy conservation method, where the real-world results are compared with the simulated results generated with environmental design solutions limited thermal analysis software (EDSL Tas) and integrated environmental solutions virtual environment (IES VE). During the real-world study, a positive impact of having blinds was seen whereby the window surface temperature increased and office heating energy consumption was lowered. Both software tools were able to predict a similar trend of results for the window surface temperature in with and without blind scenarios whereas for energy consumption although in the presence of a blind a consistent correlation is seen between measured and calculated values but not without a blind. This can be attributed to the inability of the software tools in demonstrating the effect of infiltration in the absence of a blind or shading device i.e., a clear window scenario. \u0000 Practical Application\u0000 The performance gap analysis regarding thermal loss between dynamic thermal models and real-world settings within buildings can enhance the predictability of the building energy software tools used by designers. Early design inputs within buildings can prevent costly building re-work to improve the building’s energy performance. This can also improve the understanding within the building industry of the importance of reducing thermal loss through the use of shading devices and ensuring the software tools used to model these devices are as close to real-world settings as possible.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44392658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0