Pub Date : 2022-04-09DOI: 10.1177/01436244221078933
Muralidhar Patruni, P. Saraswathi
The development of the IoT is rapidly growing. These IoT devices are mainly deployed to control and report environmental changes, prevent risks, and bring many beneficial services. However, these benefits may open doors to the adversaries in conjunction with security vulnerabilities and privacy issues. In the recent past, Blockchain has been an emerging technology that reaches several use-cases apart from cryptocurrency. For instance, IoT integration with Blockchain implementation yet indefinite required further research because of resource-constrained IoT devices and ledger-based Blockchain protocol design. This paper presents the systematic implementation of securing IoT devices by enabling the Ethereum Blockchain smart contract. The results show that the collected information is securely stored in the Blockchain after successful authentication. Practical Application: Blockchain innovations have the power to transform manufacturing, construction, healthcare and building supply chains by eliminating the middleman, streamlining operations, improving overall security, and simplifying data management. Onboarding, recordkeeping, client screening, data management, security, privacy, and transaction and trade processing are examples of several practice applications in the financial, insurance, and eHealth services industries. Thus, this study ensures security by enabling Ethereum blockchain and smart contracts in an authentic blockchain applications for building sustainable environments to improve readability and trustworthiness of the transactions.
{"title":"Securing Internet of Things devices by enabling Ethereum blockchain using smart contracts","authors":"Muralidhar Patruni, P. Saraswathi","doi":"10.1177/01436244221078933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244221078933","url":null,"abstract":"The development of the IoT is rapidly growing. These IoT devices are mainly deployed to control and report environmental changes, prevent risks, and bring many beneficial services. However, these benefits may open doors to the adversaries in conjunction with security vulnerabilities and privacy issues. In the recent past, Blockchain has been an emerging technology that reaches several use-cases apart from cryptocurrency. For instance, IoT integration with Blockchain implementation yet indefinite required further research because of resource-constrained IoT devices and ledger-based Blockchain protocol design. This paper presents the systematic implementation of securing IoT devices by enabling the Ethereum Blockchain smart contract. The results show that the collected information is securely stored in the Blockchain after successful authentication. Practical Application: Blockchain innovations have the power to transform manufacturing, construction, healthcare and building supply chains by eliminating the middleman, streamlining operations, improving overall security, and simplifying data management. Onboarding, recordkeeping, client screening, data management, security, privacy, and transaction and trade processing are examples of several practice applications in the financial, insurance, and eHealth services industries. Thus, this study ensures security by enabling Ethereum blockchain and smart contracts in an authentic blockchain applications for building sustainable environments to improve readability and trustworthiness of the transactions.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":"43 1","pages":"473 - 484"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44837891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-30DOI: 10.1177/01436244221089445
James Pincott, P. Tien, S. Wei, John Kaiser Calautit
Fire poses a significant risk across industrial and domestic settings, especially to firefighters who must tackle the blaze. Current technology for detection in indoor environments are smoke detectors and flame detectors. However, these detectors have several limitations during the ignition phase of a fire and propagation. These systems cannot detect an exact position of the fire nor how the fire is spreading or its size, all of which is necessary information for fire services when dealing with these incidents. A potential solution is to use artificial intelligence techniques such as computer vision, which has shown the potential to detect and recognise objects and activities in indoor spaces. This study aims to develop a vision-based fire and smoke detection system. A deep learning technique that incorporates convolutional neural networks (CNN) was utilised to develop the real-time detection approach that can potentially provide necessary information for fire services, including identifying the position and size of the fire and how the fire spreads. A transfer learning approach using a pre-trained model was used to train the detector. Based on the detection and recognition tests using indoor fire and smoke videos, results indicated that the fire detection achieved up to 92.37% correct detections while the smoke detection did not perform as well. Hence, further improvement and evaluation of the detection approach will be conducted in future work, focusing on the impact of different parameters such as the detection model, building type, indoor space size and positioning of the detection camera. The present study provides an insight into the capabilities and potential applications of the concept.
{"title":"Development and evaluation of a vision-based transfer learning approach for indoor fire and smoke detection","authors":"James Pincott, P. Tien, S. Wei, John Kaiser Calautit","doi":"10.1177/01436244221089445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244221089445","url":null,"abstract":"Fire poses a significant risk across industrial and domestic settings, especially to firefighters who must tackle the blaze. Current technology for detection in indoor environments are smoke detectors and flame detectors. However, these detectors have several limitations during the ignition phase of a fire and propagation. These systems cannot detect an exact position of the fire nor how the fire is spreading or its size, all of which is necessary information for fire services when dealing with these incidents. A potential solution is to use artificial intelligence techniques such as computer vision, which has shown the potential to detect and recognise objects and activities in indoor spaces. This study aims to develop a vision-based fire and smoke detection system. A deep learning technique that incorporates convolutional neural networks (CNN) was utilised to develop the real-time detection approach that can potentially provide necessary information for fire services, including identifying the position and size of the fire and how the fire spreads. A transfer learning approach using a pre-trained model was used to train the detector. Based on the detection and recognition tests using indoor fire and smoke videos, results indicated that the fire detection achieved up to 92.37% correct detections while the smoke detection did not perform as well. Hence, further improvement and evaluation of the detection approach will be conducted in future work, focusing on the impact of different parameters such as the detection model, building type, indoor space size and positioning of the detection camera. The present study provides an insight into the capabilities and potential applications of the concept.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":"43 1","pages":"319 - 332"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42967868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-30DOI: 10.1177/01436244221084913
H. Lagoeiro, A. Revesz, G. Davies, Ken Gysin, D. Curry, G. Faulks, Declan Murphy, Josh Vivian, G. Maidment
Recovering waste heat from urban infrastructures is becoming increasingly important as the UK strives to decarbonise heat, which remains one of the main challenges in the transition towards net zero. The Bunhill Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) System represents a first of its kind scheme that will recover waste energy from a ventilation shaft of the London Underground (LU) transport network. The system is based upon the installation of a heat recovery heat exchanger that consists of cooling coils and a reversible fan. The coils are connected to a heat pump that supplies low-carbon thermal energy to the Bunhill Heat Network in Central London. One particularly important aspect of the Bunhill WHR system is its ability to operate in a way that not only provides heating to the local heat network, but can also simultaneously supply cooled air to the LU tunnels depending on the operation of the reversible fan. The current paper estimates the potential cooling benefit that could be achieved with the WHR system based upon the development of a mathematical model. The model is able to predict the condition of the coil surface according to air inlet parameters, and this is used to calculate the latent and sensible cooling loads, which are applied to simulate how the system affects the local tunnel environment, with peak temperature reductions of up to 7.2 K being estimated for adjacent stations in 2030. The results from the investigation are presented together with recommendations for further development and future deployment of heat recovery from metro systems, as this technology could be applied across London and elsewhere to deliver significant carbon and cost savings while improving the thermal environment of railway tunnels. Practical Application This work investigates the cooling potential behind a practical project that involves recovering waste heat from the LU network. As electrification leads to an increased deployment of heat pump and district heating systems, waste heat could become a valuable resource for maximising energy efficiency, even more so when additional cooling benefits can be achieved. This paper aims to explore the impacts of cooling on railway tunnels, emphasising how secondary benefits, which are many times overlooked, could be critical to making waste heat recovery economically feasible, maximising its potential as a key technology for decarbonising heat.
{"title":"Investigating the opportunity for cooling the London underground through waste heat recovery","authors":"H. Lagoeiro, A. Revesz, G. Davies, Ken Gysin, D. Curry, G. Faulks, Declan Murphy, Josh Vivian, G. Maidment","doi":"10.1177/01436244221084913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244221084913","url":null,"abstract":"Recovering waste heat from urban infrastructures is becoming increasingly important as the UK strives to decarbonise heat, which remains one of the main challenges in the transition towards net zero. The Bunhill Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) System represents a first of its kind scheme that will recover waste energy from a ventilation shaft of the London Underground (LU) transport network. The system is based upon the installation of a heat recovery heat exchanger that consists of cooling coils and a reversible fan. The coils are connected to a heat pump that supplies low-carbon thermal energy to the Bunhill Heat Network in Central London. One particularly important aspect of the Bunhill WHR system is its ability to operate in a way that not only provides heating to the local heat network, but can also simultaneously supply cooled air to the LU tunnels depending on the operation of the reversible fan. The current paper estimates the potential cooling benefit that could be achieved with the WHR system based upon the development of a mathematical model. The model is able to predict the condition of the coil surface according to air inlet parameters, and this is used to calculate the latent and sensible cooling loads, which are applied to simulate how the system affects the local tunnel environment, with peak temperature reductions of up to 7.2 K being estimated for adjacent stations in 2030. The results from the investigation are presented together with recommendations for further development and future deployment of heat recovery from metro systems, as this technology could be applied across London and elsewhere to deliver significant carbon and cost savings while improving the thermal environment of railway tunnels. Practical Application This work investigates the cooling potential behind a practical project that involves recovering waste heat from the LU network. As electrification leads to an increased deployment of heat pump and district heating systems, waste heat could become a valuable resource for maximising energy efficiency, even more so when additional cooling benefits can be achieved. This paper aims to explore the impacts of cooling on railway tunnels, emphasising how secondary benefits, which are many times overlooked, could be critical to making waste heat recovery economically feasible, maximising its potential as a key technology for decarbonising heat.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":"43 1","pages":"347 - 359"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47968607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-26DOI: 10.1177/01436244221085921
A. Revesz, P. Jones, C. Dunham, Anthony Riddle, Norman Gatensby, G. Maidment
This paper describes a heat pump investigation for GreenSCIES (GS), a fifth Generation district heating and cooling (5DHC) network in Islington, London. The paper describes the GreenSCIES concept integrating Mobility, Power and Heat into a Smart Local Energy System (SLES). At the heart of the system is an ultra-low temperature ambient loop network, which permits bi-directional flow within the pipes to allow energy exchange between heating and cooling customers at different times and in different locations, depending on where demand is at any given time. An existing data centre provides the primary source of waste heat for the scheme. Heat pumps in distributed energy centres are utilised to amplify the temperature of the ambient loop to deliver heat in connected buildings. The energy centres integrate heat pumps with building-mounted solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and electric vehicle (EV) charging points. The paper provides an overview of the integrated SLES concept, focussing on the heat pump selection and the short and long-term thermal storage options designed for the scheme. The results show that even the smaller constructible ‘New River’ scheme will save 5,000 tons of CO2e annually. This will tend to 100% as the grid decarbonise further. Therefore, the GS SLES concept applied to urban areas could deliver significant carbon emission savings in the UK and elsewhere. Practical application: Project GreenSCIES, is a detailed design study to develop a Smart, Local Energy System (SLES) for a large community in the London Borough of Islington. Our consortium have developed an innovative SLES concept, centred around a fifth generation district heating and cooling network. The GS ambient loop systems have negligible losses and much greater efficiencies than traditional district heat networks. As recognised by the UK Government’s Heat and Buildings Strategy, ambient loop systems should be considered where large-scale neighbourhood regeneration occurs. The proposed SLES concept applied to wider urban areas could deliver significant carbon emission savings in the UK.
{"title":"Ambient loop district heating and cooling networks with integrated mobility, power and interseasonal storage","authors":"A. Revesz, P. Jones, C. Dunham, Anthony Riddle, Norman Gatensby, G. Maidment","doi":"10.1177/01436244221085921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244221085921","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a heat pump investigation for GreenSCIES (GS), a fifth Generation district heating and cooling (5DHC) network in Islington, London. The paper describes the GreenSCIES concept integrating Mobility, Power and Heat into a Smart Local Energy System (SLES). At the heart of the system is an ultra-low temperature ambient loop network, which permits bi-directional flow within the pipes to allow energy exchange between heating and cooling customers at different times and in different locations, depending on where demand is at any given time. An existing data centre provides the primary source of waste heat for the scheme. Heat pumps in distributed energy centres are utilised to amplify the temperature of the ambient loop to deliver heat in connected buildings. The energy centres integrate heat pumps with building-mounted solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and electric vehicle (EV) charging points. The paper provides an overview of the integrated SLES concept, focussing on the heat pump selection and the short and long-term thermal storage options designed for the scheme. The results show that even the smaller constructible ‘New River’ scheme will save 5,000 tons of CO2e annually. This will tend to 100% as the grid decarbonise further. Therefore, the GS SLES concept applied to urban areas could deliver significant carbon emission savings in the UK and elsewhere. Practical application: Project GreenSCIES, is a detailed design study to develop a Smart, Local Energy System (SLES) for a large community in the London Borough of Islington. Our consortium have developed an innovative SLES concept, centred around a fifth generation district heating and cooling network. The GS ambient loop systems have negligible losses and much greater efficiencies than traditional district heat networks. As recognised by the UK Government’s Heat and Buildings Strategy, ambient loop systems should be considered where large-scale neighbourhood regeneration occurs. The proposed SLES concept applied to wider urban areas could deliver significant carbon emission savings in the UK.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":"43 1","pages":"333 - 345"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43845990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-18DOI: 10.1177/01436244221080030
Michalis Michael, M. Overend
In its simplest form, a Closed Cavity Façade (CCF) consists of a double or triple glazing unit (DGU or TGU) on the inner layer and single glazing on the outer one, forming a sealed non-ventilated cavity with an automated shading device in between. Given its dynamic behaviour, this technology can dynamically control the flow of solar energy and light penetrating the building. Using EnergyPlus and IDA ICE, several CCF configurations were investigated and compared to the baseline (TGU). MATELab, an office-like test facility at the University of Cambridge, was used as the model, which was beforehand experimentally validated. The results show extensive benefits of CCFs compared to traditional TGU systems, in terms of thermal performance and occupants’ comfort. The CCF configurations investigated led to an improvement of energy performance in the range of 18–37% compared to the traditional TGU, depending on the CCF configuration and the climate while a previous study, using CCF configurations with DGU as inner skin, revealed an improvement of energy performance in the range of 22–41% compared to the conventional DGU. Further investigation showed that glass coatings and solar shading characteristics play an important role in cutting down overheating phenomenon while increasing occupants’ comfort. Practical application: Governments are making ever more stringent energy regulations for the building industry aiming to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. At the same time, building owners and architects are looking at cost-effective solutions for the long-term performance of buildings while tenants/occupants are more than ever aware of the fact that building comfort increases well-being and productivity. In all these regards, this work focuses and accentuates that substantial improvements can be achieved by designing and using suitable configurations of the innovative Closed Cavity Façade according to the climatic conditions of each location. The results presented indicate that there is much potential in improving the energy and comfort performance of a building, raising awareness to help deploy innovative glazing technologies.
{"title":"Closed cavity façade, an innovative energy saving façade","authors":"Michalis Michael, M. Overend","doi":"10.1177/01436244221080030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244221080030","url":null,"abstract":"In its simplest form, a Closed Cavity Façade (CCF) consists of a double or triple glazing unit (DGU or TGU) on the inner layer and single glazing on the outer one, forming a sealed non-ventilated cavity with an automated shading device in between. Given its dynamic behaviour, this technology can dynamically control the flow of solar energy and light penetrating the building. Using EnergyPlus and IDA ICE, several CCF configurations were investigated and compared to the baseline (TGU). MATELab, an office-like test facility at the University of Cambridge, was used as the model, which was beforehand experimentally validated. The results show extensive benefits of CCFs compared to traditional TGU systems, in terms of thermal performance and occupants’ comfort. The CCF configurations investigated led to an improvement of energy performance in the range of 18–37% compared to the traditional TGU, depending on the CCF configuration and the climate while a previous study, using CCF configurations with DGU as inner skin, revealed an improvement of energy performance in the range of 22–41% compared to the conventional DGU. Further investigation showed that glass coatings and solar shading characteristics play an important role in cutting down overheating phenomenon while increasing occupants’ comfort. Practical application: Governments are making ever more stringent energy regulations for the building industry aiming to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. At the same time, building owners and architects are looking at cost-effective solutions for the long-term performance of buildings while tenants/occupants are more than ever aware of the fact that building comfort increases well-being and productivity. In all these regards, this work focuses and accentuates that substantial improvements can be achieved by designing and using suitable configurations of the innovative Closed Cavity Façade according to the climatic conditions of each location. The results presented indicate that there is much potential in improving the energy and comfort performance of a building, raising awareness to help deploy innovative glazing technologies.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":"43 1","pages":"279 - 296"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45251181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-14DOI: 10.1177/01436244211069655
Tareq Abuimara, Brodie W. Hobson, Burak Gunay, W. O’brien
Data-driven building operation and maintenance research such as metadata inference, fault detection and diagnosis, occupant-centric controls (OCCs), and non-invasive load monitoring have emerged (NILM) as independent domains of study. However, there are strong dependencies between these domains; for example, quality of metadata affects the usability of fault detection and diagnostics techniques. Further, faults in controls hardware and programs limit the performance of OCCs. To this end, a literature review was conducted to identify the dependencies between these domains of research. Additionally, real-world examples using operational data from three institutional buildings in Ottawa, Canada, were provided and discussed to demonstrate these dependencies. Finally, a holistic tool-agnostic workflow was introduced which suggested the implementation of operational energy efficiency measures in the following order to ensure their full potential: (1) improve metadata, (2) address faults, (3) implement OCCs, and (4) monitor enhanced key performance indicators (KPIs). The proposed workflow is intended to be comprehensive, reproducible, nonintrusive, and inexpensive to implement. Practical applications: Optimization of building operations has been emerging among energy management professionals as a relatively low-cost means to achieve energy efficiency and minimize occupants’ discomfort. To this end, this study introduces a tool-agnostic data-driven workflow to building energy management practitioners that can assist them in achieving increased energy efficiency. The proposed workflow recognizes the interdependency of the various domains of research which have historically been treated independently.
{"title":"A data-driven workflow to improve energy efficient operation of commercial buildings: A review with real-world examples","authors":"Tareq Abuimara, Brodie W. Hobson, Burak Gunay, W. O’brien","doi":"10.1177/01436244211069655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244211069655","url":null,"abstract":"Data-driven building operation and maintenance research such as metadata inference, fault detection and diagnosis, occupant-centric controls (OCCs), and non-invasive load monitoring have emerged (NILM) as independent domains of study. However, there are strong dependencies between these domains; for example, quality of metadata affects the usability of fault detection and diagnostics techniques. Further, faults in controls hardware and programs limit the performance of OCCs. To this end, a literature review was conducted to identify the dependencies between these domains of research. Additionally, real-world examples using operational data from three institutional buildings in Ottawa, Canada, were provided and discussed to demonstrate these dependencies. Finally, a holistic tool-agnostic workflow was introduced which suggested the implementation of operational energy efficiency measures in the following order to ensure their full potential: (1) improve metadata, (2) address faults, (3) implement OCCs, and (4) monitor enhanced key performance indicators (KPIs). The proposed workflow is intended to be comprehensive, reproducible, nonintrusive, and inexpensive to implement. Practical applications: Optimization of building operations has been emerging among energy management professionals as a relatively low-cost means to achieve energy efficiency and minimize occupants’ discomfort. To this end, this study introduces a tool-agnostic data-driven workflow to building energy management practitioners that can assist them in achieving increased energy efficiency. The proposed workflow recognizes the interdependency of the various domains of research which have historically been treated independently.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":"43 1","pages":"517 - 534"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48067586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-02DOI: 10.1177/01436244221077344
Rajat Gupta, M. Gregg
Smart thermostats allow continuous learning, remote scheduling and control of indoor temperature. This paper empirically evaluates indoor environmental conditions, occupant experiences and prevalence of summertime overheating in three low-energy dwellings with smart thermostats and compares the results with three similar dwellings with standard programmable thermostats. The study uses building performance evaluation methods combining time-series data on temperature, relative humidity and window opening with survey data on occupant perception of thermal comfort and heating control over the period 2019–2020. While there was little difference observed in the measured and perceived indoor temperatures between dwellings with and without smart thermostats, the six dwellings were different in the way they heated their homes and controlled their indoor environment. A wide indoor temperature range of 16oC–22oC was observed in dwellings with smart thermostats during the heating season. The majority of dwellings also experienced summertime overheating with temperatures in bedrooms going up to 34oC. Individual heating preferences dominated the use of smart or standard thermostats ranging from Cool Conserver, On-off Switcher to On-demand Sizzler. It is vital that energy models consider a range of heating preferences to avoid a gap between expectation and reality. Practical application: Actual in-use performance of dwellings with smart thermostats is necessary for their large-scale deployment. A wide range of thermostat behaviours are documented; therefore, it is vital that energy models consider a range of heating preferences to minimise the gap between energy models and reality. As smart home appliances and controls become more commonplace, the findings demonstrate their need for resident training and trouble-shooting support to ensure smart thermostats deliver their expected benefits. Since most of the case study dwellings experienced summertime overheating, it is also vital that building design tackles overheating through passive measures.
{"title":"Building performance evaluation of low-energy dwellings with and without smart thermostats","authors":"Rajat Gupta, M. Gregg","doi":"10.1177/01436244221077344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244221077344","url":null,"abstract":"Smart thermostats allow continuous learning, remote scheduling and control of indoor temperature. This paper empirically evaluates indoor environmental conditions, occupant experiences and prevalence of summertime overheating in three low-energy dwellings with smart thermostats and compares the results with three similar dwellings with standard programmable thermostats. The study uses building performance evaluation methods combining time-series data on temperature, relative humidity and window opening with survey data on occupant perception of thermal comfort and heating control over the period 2019–2020. While there was little difference observed in the measured and perceived indoor temperatures between dwellings with and without smart thermostats, the six dwellings were different in the way they heated their homes and controlled their indoor environment. A wide indoor temperature range of 16oC–22oC was observed in dwellings with smart thermostats during the heating season. The majority of dwellings also experienced summertime overheating with temperatures in bedrooms going up to 34oC. Individual heating preferences dominated the use of smart or standard thermostats ranging from Cool Conserver, On-off Switcher to On-demand Sizzler. It is vital that energy models consider a range of heating preferences to avoid a gap between expectation and reality. Practical application: Actual in-use performance of dwellings with smart thermostats is necessary for their large-scale deployment. A wide range of thermostat behaviours are documented; therefore, it is vital that energy models consider a range of heating preferences to minimise the gap between energy models and reality. As smart home appliances and controls become more commonplace, the findings demonstrate their need for resident training and trouble-shooting support to ensure smart thermostats deliver their expected benefits. Since most of the case study dwellings experienced summertime overheating, it is also vital that building design tackles overheating through passive measures.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":"43 1","pages":"297 - 318"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47341289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1177/01436244221087015
Domestic heating with compact combination hybrids (gas boiler and heat pump): A simple English stock model of different heating system scenarios G Bennett, S Watson, G Wilson and T Oreszczyn Convenient, low-disruption heat decarbonization technology is crucial to the speed of deployment necessary to achieve net zero. This article defines the size of HP necessary to achieve rapid low-disruption impact and distinguishes the types of compact hybrid which can deliver the highest decarbonization impact while minimizing in-house disruption and the electrical grid impact.
{"title":"Practical Applications","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/01436244221087015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244221087015","url":null,"abstract":"Domestic heating with compact combination hybrids (gas boiler and heat pump): A simple English stock model of different heating system scenarios G Bennett, S Watson, G Wilson and T Oreszczyn Convenient, low-disruption heat decarbonization technology is crucial to the speed of deployment necessary to achieve net zero. This article defines the size of HP necessary to achieve rapid low-disruption impact and distinguishes the types of compact hybrid which can deliver the highest decarbonization impact while minimizing in-house disruption and the electrical grid impact.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":"43 1","pages":"141 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49086160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-28DOI: 10.1177/01436244221074542
Dorota Brzezińska, Mariusz Stanisław Barański, P. Bryant, Agnieszka Haznar-Barańska
Buildings’ environmental conditions were changed drastically around the world due to the COVID-19 pandemic hazards and restrictions. New social distance rules and organizational changes in the buildings appeared to require a modified fire safety evacuation analysis. The total number of building users under the revised requirements was often limited. Some additional restrictions, such as the reduction of evacuation exit availability, could cause escape problems in the case of fire. In order to determine how the pandemic restrictions could influence the evacuation conditions, a sports hall building was used to assess the impact of the restrictions on evacuation strategies. The research covered test evacuation simulations using the ‘Pathfinder’ modelling software, as well as manual calculations of the expected evacuation time. It was found that the pandemic social distance requirements could cause adverse evacuation conditions in the case of fire. The research helped formulate a simple mathematical algorithm for determining safety evacuation parameters under pandemic restrictions. Practical application The surrounding conditions for new buildings are driven by the reduction of social distances imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. It has been found that pandemic social distancing can significantly extend the time of the evacuation of people. This article proposes a new simple mathematical algorithm for determining the evacuation parameters under pandemic restrictions, which allows the estimation of the required minimum width of emergency exits. This is a practical tool for those responsible for ensuring safety in buildings.
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Pub Date : 2022-02-28DOI: 10.1177/01436244211069658
A. So
The traditional elevator system design practice is to calculate the round trip time (RTT) and associated parameters of pure incoming traffic during up-peak, followed by real-time computer simulation. Recent studies indicated that the normal traffic is much more complicated, consisting of a mixture of incoming, outgoing and interfloor patterns. A major breakthrough to analytically calculate the Universal RTT, under such complicated traffic patterns, emerged 6 years ago based on an appropriate origin-destination matrix describing the passenger transit probability. That genesis model played safe by assuming that the total number of passengers demanding service within one round trip is limited elevator contract capacity, which is in line with the traditional up-peak incoming RTT formulae. In this article, such assumption is removed and the study is based on Monte Carlo simulation. It is found that there is room for enhancing the handling capacity, up to two times the contract capacity, by not sacrificing the RTT and average passenger transit time by too much. This phenomenon, that is, total passenger demand beyond contract capacity, is only valid under the existence of multiple entrance floors and/or mixed traffic conditions. This approach may prevent oversizing the design which could be more realistic. Practical applications: Elevator system designers, according to ISO 8100:32:2020 and CIBSE Guide D: 2020, are recommended to carry out calculation of the RTT and related parameters before any real-time computer simulation. This practice has been adopted by the elevator industry for decades. However, conventional RTT evaluation is mainly on pure incoming traffic during up-peak. The Universal RTT calculation method developed in 2014–15 extended RTT evaluation to cover dominant and complicated traffic patterns of modern buildings, but the assumed number of passengers to be handled within one round trip was limited to the contract capacity of the elevator. This article further removes this limitation to evaluate the limit of handling capacity with reasonable RTT and average passenger transit time. Then, the Universal RTT method could be more realistic and rolled out, and prevent oversizing the system design.
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