IF 2 4区生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY

Biosystems

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105376

Thomas W. Grunt

Biophysical, developmental and systems-biology considerations enable deeper understanding why cancer is life threatening despite intensive research. Here we use two metaphors. Both conceive the cell genome and the encoded molecular system as an interacting gene regulatory network (GRN). According to Waddington's epigenetic (quasi-potential)-landscape, an instrumental tool in ontogenetics, individual interaction patterns ( = expression profiles) within this GRN represent possible cell states with different stabilities. Network interactions with low stability are represented on peaks. Unstable interactions strive towards regions with higher stability located at lower altitude in valleys termed attractors that correspond to stable cell phenotypes. Cancer cells are seen as GRNs adopting aberrant semi-stable attractor states (cancer attractor). In the second metaphor, Wright's phylogenetic fitness (adaptive) landscape, each genome ( = GRN) is assigned a specific position in the landscape according to its structure and reproductive fitness in the specific environment. High elevation signifies high fitness and low altitude low fitness. Selection ensures that mutant GRNs evolve and move from valleys to peaks. The genetic flexibility is highlighted in the fitness landscape, while non-genetic flexibility is captured in the quasi-potential landscape. These models resolve several inconsistencies that have puzzled cancer researchers, such as the fact that phenotypes generated by non-genetic mechanisms coexist in a single tumor with phenotypes caused by mutations and they mitigate conflicts between cancer theories that claim cancer is caused by mutation (somatic mutation theory) or by disruption of tissue architecture (tissue organization field theory). Nevertheless, spontaneous mutations play key roles in cancer. Remarkable, fundamental natural laws such as the second law of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics state that mutations are inevitable events. The good side of this is that without mutational variability in DNA, evolutionary development would not have occurred, but its bad side is that the occurrence of cancer is essentially inevitable. In summary, both landscapes together fully describe the behavior of cancer under normal and stressful conditions such as chemotherapy. Thus, the landscapes-attractor model fully describes cancer cell behavior and offers new perspectives for future treatment.

从生物物理、发展和系统生物学的角度来考虑问题，可以更深入地理解为什么尽管进行了深入的研究，癌症仍然威胁着人们的生命。在此，我们使用两个比喻。两者都将细胞基因组和编码分子系统视为相互作用的基因调控网络（GRN）。根据瓦丁顿（Waddington）的表观遗传学（准潜在）景观（本体遗传学的一种工具），这个基因调控网络中的单个相互作用模式（=表达档案）代表了具有不同稳定性的可能细胞状态。低稳定性的网络互动表现为峰值。不稳定的交互作用则向位于低谷的较高稳定性区域发展，这些区域被称为吸引子，对应于稳定的细胞表型。癌细胞被视为采用异常半稳定吸引子状态的 GRN（癌症吸引子）。在第二个比喻中，即赖特的系统发育适应性（适应性）景观中，每个基因组（=GRN）根据其结构和在特定环境中的繁殖适应性，被分配到景观中的特定位置。高海拔代表高适应性，低海拔代表低适应性。选择确保突变的 GRN 从低谷进化到高峰。遗传灵活性在适应性景观中得到强调，而非遗传灵活性则在准潜力景观中得到体现。这些模型解决了令癌症研究人员困惑的几个不一致之处，例如非遗传机制产生的表型与突变导致的表型共存于一个肿瘤中，它们还缓解了声称癌症是由突变（体细胞突变理论）或组织结构破坏（组织-组织-场理论）导致的癌症理论之间的冲突。然而，自发突变在癌症中起着关键作用。热力学第二定律和量子力学等显著的基本自然规律表明，突变是不可避免的事件。好的一面是，如果没有 DNA 变异，进化发展就不会发生；坏的一面是，癌症的发生基本上是不可避免的。总之，这两种景观共同充分描述了癌症在正常和化疗等压力条件下的行为。因此，"地貌-吸引子-模型 "完全描述了癌细胞的行为，并为未来的治疗提供了新的视角。

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引用次数: 0

A workflow for the hybrid modelling and simulation of multi-timescale biological systems 多时间尺度生物系统混合建模与仿真工作流程。

IF 2 4区生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY

Biosystems

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105365

Mostafa Herajy , Fei Liu , Monika Heiner

With the steady advance of in-silico biological experimentation, model construction and simulation becomes a ubiquitous tool to understand and predict the behaviour of many biological systems. However, biological processes may contain components from different types of reaction networks, resulting in models with different (e.g., slow and fast) timescales. Hybrid simulation is one approach which can be employed to efficiently execute multi-timescale models. In this paper, we present a methodology and workflow utilizing (coloured) hybrid Petri nets to construct smaller and more complicated hybrid models. The presented workflow integrates algorithms and ideas from hybrid simulation of biochemical reaction networks as well as Petri nets. We also construct multi-timescale hybrid models and then show how these models can be efficiently executed using three different advanced hybrid simulation algorithms.

随着实验室内生物实验的稳步发展，构建和模拟模型已成为了解和预测许多生物系统行为的普遍工具。然而，生物过程可能包含来自不同类型反应网络的成分，导致模型具有不同（如慢速和快速）的时标。混合模拟是有效执行多时间尺度模型的一种方法。在本文中，我们介绍了一种利用（彩色）混合 Petri 网构建更小、更复杂混合模型的方法和工作流程。所介绍的工作流程整合了生化反应网络混合模拟以及 Petri 网的算法和理念。我们还构建了多时标混合模型，然后展示了如何使用三种不同的高级混合仿真算法高效执行这些模型。

引用次数: 0

The existence of the two domains of life, Bacteria and Archaea, would in itself imply that LUCA and the ancestors of these domains were progenotes 细菌和古细菌这两个生命领域的存在本身就意味着 LUCA 和这些领域的祖先是原生生物。

IF 2 4区生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY

Biosystems

Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105375

Massimo Di Giulio

The length of the deepest branches of the tree of life would tend to support the hypothesis that the distance of the branch that separates the sequences of archaea from those of bacteria, i.e. the interdomain one, is longer than the intradomain ones, i.e. those that separate the sequences of archaea and those of bacteria within them. Why should interdomain distance be larger than intradomain distances? The fact that the rate of amino acid substitutions was slowed as the domains of life appeared would seem to imply an evolutionary transition. The slowdown in the speed of evolution that occurred during the formation of the two domains of life would be the consequence of the progenote- > cell evolutionary transition. Indeed, the evolutionary stage of the progenote being characterized by an accelerated tempo and mode of evolution might explain the considerable interdomain distance because the accumulation of many amino acid substitutions on this branch would indicate the progenote stage that is also characterized by a high rate of amino acid substitutions. Furthermore, the fact that intradomain distances are smaller than interdomain distances would corroborate the hypothesis of the achievement of cellularity at the appearance of the main phyletic lineages. Indeed, the cell stage, unlike the progenotic one, definitively establishes the relationship between the genotype and phenotype, lowering the rate of evolution. Therefore, the arguments presented lead to the conclusion that LUCA was a progenote.

生命树最深分支的长度倾向于支持这样的假设，即把古细菌序列和细菌序列分开的分支（即域间分支）的距离比域内分支（即把古细菌序列和细菌序列分开的分支）的距离要长。为什么域间距离要大于域内距离？随着生命领域的出现，氨基酸的替换速度减慢，这似乎意味着进化的过渡。在两个生命领域形成过程中出现的进化速度减慢，应该是原生生物向细胞进化转变的结果。事实上，原生生物的进化阶段具有进化速度加快和进化模式加快的特点，这也许可以解释域间距离相当大的原因，因为在这一分支上积累了许多氨基酸替代物，这表明原生生物的进化阶段也具有氨基酸替代率高的特点。此外，域内距离小于域间距离的事实也证实了在主要植物系出现时实现细胞化的假说。事实上，细胞阶段与原生阶段不同，它明确地确定了基因型与表型之间的关系，从而降低了进化速度。因此，根据所提出的论据，可以得出 LUCA 是原生生物的结论。对 LUCA 基因组复杂性的重建确定了一个非常复杂的 LUCA。我深信，在这些重建中，可能隐藏着推理形式上的缺陷。这些分析都是从同源蛋白质序列开始的，这些序列将确定细菌和古细菌序列之间的多重排列。这些多重蛋白质比对包含很少或极少数保存完好的氨基酸区域。尽管如此，我们还是假定 LUCA 中已经存在该特定蛋白质的功能及其结构。这一假设可能是错误的。事实上，这只是一种可能性，一种假设，不应该被用来推断 LUCA 的复杂性。事实上，我们并不知道 LUCA 中的蛋白质是什么形态，而这正是我们想知道的。也就是说，我们不知道该基因处于哪个进化阶段。虽然有人假定--仅仅是基于在多重排列中蛋白质的某些区域保存完好--基因是现代类型的，但这很可能是错误的。总之，支持原生 LUCA 的观点和论据似乎比支持细胞 LUCA 的观点和论据更有价值。

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引用次数: 0

Benchmark for quantitative characterization of circadian clock cycles 昼夜节律时钟周期定量表征的基准。

IF 2 4区生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY

Biosystems

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105363

Odile Burckard , Michèle Teboul , Franck Delaunay , Madalena Chaves

Understanding circadian clock mechanisms is fundamental in order to counteract the harmful effects of clock malfunctioning and associated diseases. Biochemical, genetic and systems biology approaches have provided invaluable information on the mechanisms of the circadian clock, from which many mathematical models have been developed to understand the dynamics and quantitative properties of the circadian oscillator. To better analyze and compare quantitatively all these circadian cycles, we propose a method based on a previously proposed circadian cycle segmentation into stages. We notably identify a sequence of eight stages that characterize the progress of the circadian cycle. Next, we apply our approach to an experimental dataset and to five different models, all built with ordinary differential equations. Our method permits to assess the agreement of mathematical model cycles with biological properties or to detect some inconsistencies. As another application of our method, we provide insights on how this segmentation into stages can help to analyze the effect of a clock gene loss of function on the dynamic of a genetic oscillator. The strength of our method is to provide a benchmark for characterization, comparison and improvement of new mathematical models of circadian oscillators in a wide variety of model systems.

了解昼夜节律钟机制对于抵御时钟失灵和相关疾病的有害影响至关重要。生化、遗传和系统生物学方法为昼夜节律钟的机制提供了宝贵的信息，并由此建立了许多数学模型，以了解昼夜节律振荡器的动态和定量特性。为了更好地定量分析和比较所有这些昼夜节律周期，我们提出了一种基于之前提出的昼夜节律周期阶段划分的方法。值得注意的是，我们确定了昼夜节律周期进展的八个阶段序列。接下来，我们将我们的方法应用于一个实验数据集和五个不同的模型，这些模型都是用常微分方程建立的。我们的方法可以评估数学模型周期与生物特性的一致性，或发现一些不一致之处。作为我们方法的另一项应用，我们深入探讨了这种阶段划分如何有助于分析时钟基因功能缺失对遗传振荡器动态的影响。我们方法的优势在于为各种模型系统中昼夜节律振荡器新数学模型的特征描述、比较和改进提供了基准。

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引用次数: 0

Sensing, feeling and sentience in unicellular organisms and living cells 单细胞生物和活细胞的感知、感觉和知觉。

IF 2 4区生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY

Biosystems

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105374

F. Baluška , W.B. Miller , P. Slijepcevic , A.S. Reber

Cells represent the basic units of life, not only as structural building blocks, but also as cognitive agents endowed with subjective cellular feelings, sentience (consciousness), and cognitive infocomputatioal competence. Living cells act as ‘Kantian Wholes’: All of its parts exist for and by means of the whole system, allowing cells to use sentient agency for solving existential problems and evolve as living self-organizing units. Cell sentience is based on its excitable plasma membrane generating bioelectromagnetic fields that link to a whole-cell sensory architecture. This cellular sensory apparatus, termed its senome, represents the totality of cellular self-referential information obtained by cells via their sensory systems, including the subjective cellular inside and the cell’s self-referential appraisal of its external environment. The plasma membrane was ‘invented’ by the very first cells and has been uninterruptedly inherited by cells for billions of years through successive cell divisions.

细胞是生命的基本单位，不仅是结构构件，也是具有细胞主观感受、知觉（意识）和认知信息计算能力的认知主体。活细胞是一个 "康德式整体"：它的所有部分都是为了整个系统而存在，并通过整个系统而存在，从而使细胞能够利用感知机构来解决存在的问题，并作为有生命的自组织单元而进化。细胞的感知力基于其可兴奋的质膜产生的生物电磁场，该电磁场与整个细胞的感官结构相联系。这种细胞感官装置被称为 "感官体"（senome），代表了细胞通过感官系统获得的全部细胞自我参照信息，包括细胞内部的主观信息和细胞对外部环境的自我参照评价。质膜是最早的细胞 "发明 "的，数十亿年来，细胞通过连续的细胞分裂不间断地继承了质膜。

引用次数: 0

Senescence, change, and competition: When the desire to pick one model harms our understanding 衰老、变化和竞争：当选择一种模式的欲望损害了我们的理解力时。

IF 2 4区生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY

Biosystems

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105364

André C.R. Martins

The question of why we age is a fundamental one. It is about who we are, and it also might have critical practical aspects as we try to find ways to age slower. Or to not age at all. Different reasons point at distinct strategies for the research of anti-aging drugs. While the main reason why biological systems work as they do is evolution, for quite a while, it was believed that aging required another explanation. Aging seems to harm individuals so much that even if it has group benefits, those benefits were unlikely to be enough. That has led many scientists to propose non-evolutionary explanations as to why we age. But those theories seem to fail at explaining all the data on how species age. Here, I will show that the insistence of finding the one idea that explains it all might be at the root of the difficulty of getting a full picture. By exploring an evolutionary model of aging where locality and temporal changes are fundamental aspects of the problem, I will show that environmental change causes the barrier for group advantages to become much weaker. That weakening might help small group advantages to add up to the point they could make an adaptive difference. To answer why we age, we might have to abandon asking which models are correct. The full answer might come from considering how much each hypothesis behind each existing model, evolutionary and non-evolutionary ones, contributes to the real world’s solution.

我们为什么会衰老是一个根本性的问题。它关系到我们是谁，而且在我们试图找到延缓衰老的方法时，它也可能具有重要的现实意义。或者根本不会衰老。不同的原因为抗衰老药物的研究指出了不同的策略。虽然生物系统的主要工作原理是进化，但在相当长的一段时间里，人们认为衰老需要另一种解释。衰老似乎对个体伤害很大，即使它对群体有好处，这些好处也不可能足够。因此，许多科学家提出了一些非进化的解释，来解释我们为什么会衰老。但这些理论似乎无法解释物种衰老的所有数据。在这里，我将说明，坚持寻找一个能解释一切的观点，可能是难以获得全貌的根源。通过探索一个以地域性和时间性变化为基本问题的衰老进化模型，我将证明环境变化会导致群体优势的障碍变得更弱。这种弱化可能会帮助小群体优势累积到可以产生适应性差异的程度。要回答我们为什么会衰老，我们可能不得不放弃追问哪种模式是正确的。完整的答案可能来自于考虑每个现有模型背后的假设，包括进化和非进化模型，对现实世界的解决方案有多大贡献。

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引用次数: 0

The Neurobehavioral State hypothesis 神经行为状态假说。

IF 2 4区生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY

Biosystems

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105361

Luis Fernando Ontiveros-Araiza

Since the early attempts to understand the brain made by Greek philosophers more than 2000 years ago, one of the main questions in neuroscience has been how the brain perceives all the stimuli in the environment and uses this information to implement a response. Recent hypotheses of the neural code rely on the existence of an ideal observer, whether on specific areas of the cerebral cortex or distributed network composed of cortical and subcortical elements. The Neurobehavioral State hypothesis stipulates that neurons are in a quasi-stable state due to the dynamic interaction of their molecular components. This increases their computational capabilities and electrophysiological behavior further than a binary active/inactive state. Together, neuronal populations across the brain learn to identify and associate internal and external stimuli with actions and emotions. Furthermore, such associations can be stored through the regulation of neuronal components as new quasi-stable states. Using this framework, behavior arises as the result of the dynamic interaction between internal and external stimuli together with previously established quasi-stable states that delineate the behavioral response. Finally, the Neurobehavioral State hypothesis is firmly grounded on present evidence of the complex dynamics within the brain, from the molecular to the network level, and avoids the need for a central observer by proposing the brain configures itself through experience-driven associations.

自 2000 多年前希腊哲学家试图了解大脑的早期尝试以来，神经科学的主要问题之一一直是大脑如何感知环境中的所有刺激并利用这些信息做出反应。最新的神经密码假说依赖于理想观察者的存在，无论是大脑皮层的特定区域，还是由皮层和皮层下元素组成的分布式网络。神经行为状态假说认为，由于神经元分子成分的动态相互作用，神经元处于准稳定状态。与二元活跃/不活跃状态相比，这进一步提高了神经元的计算能力和电生理行为。整个大脑的神经元群共同学习识别内部和外部刺激，并将其与行动和情绪联系起来。此外，这种关联可以通过神经元成分的调节存储为新的准稳定状态。在这一框架下，行为的产生是内部和外部刺激与先前建立的准稳定状态之间动态互动的结果，而这些准稳定状态划定了行为反应的范围。最后，"神经行为状态假说 "以大脑内部从分子到网络层面复杂动态的现有证据为坚实基础，提出大脑通过经验驱动的联想进行自我配置，从而避免了对中心观察者的需求。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the spatial effects influencing the EGFR/ERK pathway dynamics with machine learning surrogate models 利用机器学习代用模型探索影响表皮生长因子受体/表皮生长受体激酶通路动态的空间效应。

IF 2 4区生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY

Biosystems

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105360

Juan A. Garcia, Anass Bouchnita

The fate of cells is regulated by biochemical reactions taking place inside of them, known as intracellular pathways. Cells display a variety of characteristics related to their shape, structure and contained fluid, which influences the diffusion of proteins and their interactions. To gain insights into the spatial effects shaping intracellular regulation, we apply machine learning (ML) to explore a previously developed spatial model of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. The model describes the reactions between molecular species inside of cells following the transient activation of EGF receptors. To train our ML models, we conduct 10,000 numerical simulations in parallel where we calculate the cumulative activation of molecules and transcription factors under various conditions such as different diffusion speeds, inactivation rates, and cell structures. We take advantage of the low computational cost of ML algorithms to investigate the effects of cell and nucleus sizes, the diffusion speed of proteins, and the inactivation rate of the Ras molecules on the activation strength of transcription factors. Our results suggest that the predictions by both neural networks and random forests yielded minimal mean square error (MSEs), while linear generalized models displayed a significantly larger MSE. The exploration of the surrogate models has shown that smaller cell and nucleus radii as well, larger diffusion coefficients, and reduced inactivation rates increase the activation of transcription factors. These results are confirmed by numerical simulations. Our ML algorithms can be readily incorporated within multiscale models of tumor growth to embed the spatial effects regulating intracellular pathways, enabling the use of complex cell models within multiscale models while reducing the computational cost.

细胞的命运受其内部发生的生化反应（即细胞内途径）调控。细胞显示出与其形状、结构和所含液体有关的各种特征，这些特征影响着蛋白质的扩散及其相互作用。为了深入了解影响细胞内调控的空间效应，我们应用机器学习（ML）来探索之前开发的表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）信号传导空间模型。该模型描述了表皮生长因子受体瞬时激活后细胞内分子物种之间的反应。为了训练我们的 ML 模型，我们并行进行了 10,000 次数值模拟，计算在不同扩散速度、失活率和细胞结构等条件下分子和转录因子的累积激活。我们利用 ML 算法计算成本低的优势，研究了细胞和细胞核大小、蛋白质扩散速度和 Ras 分子失活率对转录因子激活强度的影响。我们的研究结果表明，神经网络和随机森林的预测均方误差（MSE）最小，而线性广义模型的 MSE 明显较大。对代用模型的探索表明，较小的细胞和细胞核半径、较大的扩散系数和较低的失活率都会增加转录因子的活化。数值模拟证实了这些结果。我们的 ML 算法可以很容易地融入肿瘤生长的多尺度模型中，以嵌入调节细胞内通路的空间效应，从而在多尺度模型中使用复杂的细胞模型，同时降低计算成本。

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引用次数: 0

Adjustment of link weights based on tolerance promotes cooperation in spatial prisoner's dilemma game 根据容忍度调整链接权重，促进空间囚徒困境博弈中的合作。

IF 2 4区生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY

Biosystems

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105362

Shounan Lu , Yang Wang

Understanding and explaining cooperative behavior in human society has become an open question. In this paper, we propose a dynamic adjustment of pair relationships in a spatial prisoner's dilemma game. Unlike previous studies that individuals dynamically adjust the intensity of interaction with their opponents at each step, this work consider tolerance, in which the intensity of interaction is adjusted when the time of successive defections by an individual exceeds a tolerance threshold T. We find that although the proposed mechanism can significantly improve cooperation compared to traditional versions, a higher tolerance for continuous defection behavior is not conducive to the evolution of cooperation. Furthermore, an environmental adaptor that dynamically adjusts the paired relationship with the opponent at all times is beneficial for the evolution of cooperation. And the higher the degree of adjustment in the paired relationship, the lower the probability of continuous exploitation by defector. We hope that our work can provide some insights into explaining the existence and maintenance of cooperation.

理解和解释人类社会中的合作行为已成为一个悬而未决的问题。在本文中，我们提出了一种在空间囚徒困境博弈中动态调整配对关系的方法。与以往研究中个体在每一步都动态调整与对手互动强度不同，这项工作考虑了容忍度，即当个体连续叛逃的时间超过容忍阈值 T 时，互动强度就会被调整。我们发现，虽然与传统版本相比，所提出的机制能显著提高合作性，但对连续叛逃行为的更高容忍度并不利于合作的演化。此外，随时动态调整与对手配对关系的环境适应器也有利于合作的进化。而且，配对关系的调整程度越高，叛逃者持续利用的概率就越低。我们希望我们的研究能为解释合作的存在和维持提供一些启示。

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引用次数: 0

Human-driven evolution of cultivated plants and the origin of early civilizations: The concept of Neolithic revolution in the works of Nikolai Vavilov 人类推动的栽培植物进化和早期文明的起源：尼古拉-瓦维洛夫作品中的新石器革命概念。

IF 2 4区生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY

Biosystems

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105359

Abir U. Igamberdiev

The concept of centers of origin of cultivated plants (crop biodiversity hotspots) developed by Nikolai Vavilov (1887–1943) is essential for understanding the origin and evolution of human civilization. Vavilov formulated the principles of the Neolithic agricultural revolution and substantiated the basic patterns for the emergence of agricultural civilizations. He established that the center of speciation of the plants that have a potential for cultivation determines the origin of primary civilization. Humans actively performed the selection of plants with valuable properties, which led to the formation of new cultivated species and varieties, while the starting point for such unconsciously human-directed evolution was the presence of potentially useful traits due to the increased genetic diversity in the center of origin. The spreading of agriculturally important cultivars from the center of their origin led to the propagation of beneficial farming technologies over large areas. The establishment of human civilization resulted from the dynamic quasi-symbiotic relationship between humans and domesticated plants and animals, which human-driven evolution became an essential factor for the transformation and dynamics of human societies. In the addendum, we present archive materials on the cooperation of Nikolai Vavilov with the historians and ethnologists from the editorial board of the journal “Novy Vostok” (“Nouvel Orient”). These materials include his letters to Professor Ilya Borozdin.

尼古拉-瓦维洛夫（Nikolai Vavilov，1887-1943 年）提出的栽培植物起源中心（作物生物多样性热点）概念对于理解人类文明的起源和演变至关重要。瓦维洛夫提出了新石器时代农业革命的原则，并证实了农业文明出现的基本模式。他确定，具有栽培潜力的植物的物种分化中心决定了初级文明的起源。人类积极选择具有宝贵特性的植物，从而形成了新的栽培物种和品种，而这种无意识的人为进化的起点是起源中心遗传多样性的增加所带来的潜在有用性状的存在。具有重要农业价值的栽培品种从原产地中心传播开来，导致了有益农业技术在大面积的传播。人类文明的建立源于人类与驯化动植物之间动态的准共生关系，人类驱动的进化成为人类社会转型和发展的重要因素。在增编中，我们介绍了尼古拉-瓦维洛夫与《新东方》杂志编辑部的历史学家和民族学家合作的档案资料。这些资料包括他写给伊利亚-博罗兹丁教授的信。

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引用次数: 0

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