Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-6-10
V. V. Lavrovsky
The paper covers the history of the Federal Centre for Animal Health, which started 65 years ago by the foundation of the All-Union Foot and Mouth Disease Research Institute. The main research area – FMD prevention and control – was and still remains the leading one for the Centre. The current history of the Federal Centre for Animal Health development is inextricably associated with the public administration reform in agriculture in 2000s, when the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor) spun off the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation as an independent executive authority with broad powers in the area of the veterinary and phytosanitary control and surveillance. The grounds for the re-subordination of the Federal Centre for Animal Health to the Rosselkhoznadzor, historically novel executive authority in Russia, included high international prestige of the Centre and nationally and internationally acknowledged qualification of its employees in the field of contagious animal diseases.
{"title":"Contribution of Federal Centre for Animal Health to Rosselkhoznadzor’s international mandate delivery","authors":"V. V. Lavrovsky","doi":"10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-6-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-6-10","url":null,"abstract":"The paper covers the history of the Federal Centre for Animal Health, which started 65 years ago by the foundation of the All-Union Foot and Mouth Disease Research Institute. The main research area – FMD prevention and control – was and still remains the leading one for the Centre. The current history of the Federal Centre for Animal Health development is inextricably associated with the public administration reform in agriculture in 2000s, when the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor) spun off the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation as an independent executive authority with broad powers in the area of the veterinary and phytosanitary control and surveillance. The grounds for the re-subordination of the Federal Centre for Animal Health to the Rosselkhoznadzor, historically novel executive authority in Russia, included high international prestige of the Centre and nationally and internationally acknowledged qualification of its employees in the field of contagious animal diseases.","PeriodicalId":507311,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Science Today","volume":" 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140387371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-11-19
A. Scherbakov
Molecular epidemiological studies are an important tool for regional and global surveillance of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). These tests are based on constantly progressing technologies of nucleic acid sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The use of these technologies made it possible to assess the genetic diversity of the FMD virus, to analyze the evolution of the virus in the enzootic regions, and track the pathways of FMD epizootic and panzootic spread. Molecular epidemiological studies have shown that within the long-known seven serotypes of the FMD virus, there are numerous topotypes (geographical types), genetic lineages and sublineages. Usually, the foot-and-mouth disease virus of a certain topotype and genetic lineage evolves within a certain area, periodically causing regional epizootics. However, over the past 30 years, two FMD panzootics have occurred, invloving several continents. The first panzootic occurred in the late 1990s – early 2000s and was caused by O/ME-SA/PanAsia FMDV, and the second, caused by O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 virus, began in 2013 and continues to the present. The emergence of FMD panzootics is probably a consequence of the economic globalization. FMD is not enzootic in Russia, but sporadic outbreaks of this disease are periodically reported. Molecular epidemiological studies have shown that these outbreaks are caused by the infection introduction from neighboring Asian countries, mainly from China. The FMD virus, which has come to the Russian Federation from other countries, is characterized by great genetic diversity and belongs to three serotypes, five topotypes and eight genetic lineages: O/Cathay, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME-SA/Ind-2001, O/ME-SA/unnamed, A/Asia/Iran-05, A/Asia/Sea-97, Asia1/V. The results of molecular epidemiological studies are taken into account when vaccine strains are to be selected for preventive vaccination of livestock in FMD high-risk areas. The review is based on the analysis of 68 literature sources.
{"title":"Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease (review)","authors":"A. Scherbakov","doi":"10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-11-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-11-19","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular epidemiological studies are an important tool for regional and global surveillance of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). These tests are based on constantly progressing technologies of nucleic acid sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The use of these technologies made it possible to assess the genetic diversity of the FMD virus, to analyze the evolution of the virus in the enzootic regions, and track the pathways of FMD epizootic and panzootic spread. Molecular epidemiological studies have shown that within the long-known seven serotypes of the FMD virus, there are numerous topotypes (geographical types), genetic lineages and sublineages. Usually, the foot-and-mouth disease virus of a certain topotype and genetic lineage evolves within a certain area, periodically causing regional epizootics. However, over the past 30 years, two FMD panzootics have occurred, invloving several continents. The first panzootic occurred in the late 1990s – early 2000s and was caused by O/ME-SA/PanAsia FMDV, and the second, caused by O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 virus, began in 2013 and continues to the present. The emergence of FMD panzootics is probably a consequence of the economic globalization. FMD is not enzootic in Russia, but sporadic outbreaks of this disease are periodically reported. Molecular epidemiological studies have shown that these outbreaks are caused by the infection introduction from neighboring Asian countries, mainly from China. The FMD virus, which has come to the Russian Federation from other countries, is characterized by great genetic diversity and belongs to three serotypes, five topotypes and eight genetic lineages: O/Cathay, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME-SA/Ind-2001, O/ME-SA/unnamed, A/Asia/Iran-05, A/Asia/Sea-97, Asia1/V. The results of molecular epidemiological studies are taken into account when vaccine strains are to be selected for preventive vaccination of livestock in FMD high-risk areas. The review is based on the analysis of 68 literature sources.","PeriodicalId":507311,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Science Today","volume":" 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140387221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-15DOI: 10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-87-94
M. Guseva, M. Doronin, M. A. Shevchenko, D. V. Mikhalishin, A. V. Borisov, Yu. S. El’kina, T. V. Okovytaya, V. М. Zakharov, V. Mikhalishin
The study examines the DNA transformation dynamics of ВНК-21/SUSP/ARRIAH subline cells during rabies virus reproduction. Cells infected with the virus and control intact cells were cultivated under similar conditions. The identification of dependence of the virus infectivity on reproduction time revealed that the virus infectivity titre increased from (3.2 ± 0.2) lg CCID50/cm3 at the time of inoculation to (7.63 ± 0.3) lg CCID50/cm3 after 48 hours of reproduction, with the most intensive increase having been observed within the first 24 hours. The cell concentration changed from 0.5 to 1.9 million/cm3, i.e. increased by a factor of 3.8. After 24 hours, the cell growth rate slowed down. Findings from the examination of cell cycle phases during rabies virus reproduction in the host cell allowed for the estimation of duration and predominance of G1, S, G2 + M phases at different stages of cultivation. The dynamics of changes in the apoptotic cell population in the control and test samples was similar within 36 hours of cultivation. After the said period, the proportion of apoptotic infected cells was 28–42% higher than that of apoptotic control cells. After 9 hours, the proportion of cells undergoing G1 phase increased by 11.7% in the test samples, whereas it decreased by 16.6% in the control samples. Subsequently, the number of G1 phase cells in the control and test samples changed in the same way: a 40% decrease was observed after 15–18 hours, it was followed by a 45–46% growth jump, then again a 39–40% decrease and an increase were observed. After 33 hours of reproduction and till the end of cultivation, the proportion of infected cells undergoing G1 phase was significantly higher (by 12–21%) as compared with control cells. The percentage of S phase cells in the test and control samples was the same during the first day of the virus reproduction, with sharp jump-like 3.4- and 2.4-fold increases having been observed after 15 and 24 hours, respectively. After 24 hours, the infected and control cells began to demonstrate differences, which gradually increased from 8 to 137% by the end of reproduction. After 30 hours of reproduction, the proportion of test sample cells undergoing G2 + M phase began to decrease by 17–28% as compared with the control cells. The cell switch-over to the synthesis of complete rabies virus particles occurred after 24 hours of reproduction. This is indicated by changes in the host cell cycle phases, as well as by the slowing down of ВНК-21/SUSP/ARRIAH cell population growth.
{"title":"Flow cytometry study of DNA transformation dynamics in ВНК-21/SUSP/ARRIAH cell culture during rabies virus reproduction","authors":"M. Guseva, M. Doronin, M. A. Shevchenko, D. V. Mikhalishin, A. V. Borisov, Yu. S. El’kina, T. V. Okovytaya, V. М. Zakharov, V. Mikhalishin","doi":"10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-87-94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-87-94","url":null,"abstract":"The study examines the DNA transformation dynamics of ВНК-21/SUSP/ARRIAH subline cells during rabies virus reproduction. Cells infected with the virus and control intact cells were cultivated under similar conditions. The identification of dependence of the virus infectivity on reproduction time revealed that the virus infectivity titre increased from (3.2 ± 0.2) lg CCID50/cm3 at the time of inoculation to (7.63 ± 0.3) lg CCID50/cm3 after 48 hours of reproduction, with the most intensive increase having been observed within the first 24 hours. The cell concentration changed from 0.5 to 1.9 million/cm3, i.e. increased by a factor of 3.8. After 24 hours, the cell growth rate slowed down. Findings from the examination of cell cycle phases during rabies virus reproduction in the host cell allowed for the estimation of duration and predominance of G1, S, G2 + M phases at different stages of cultivation. The dynamics of changes in the apoptotic cell population in the control and test samples was similar within 36 hours of cultivation. After the said period, the proportion of apoptotic infected cells was 28–42% higher than that of apoptotic control cells. After 9 hours, the proportion of cells undergoing G1 phase increased by 11.7% in the test samples, whereas it decreased by 16.6% in the control samples. Subsequently, the number of G1 phase cells in the control and test samples changed in the same way: a 40% decrease was observed after 15–18 hours, it was followed by a 45–46% growth jump, then again a 39–40% decrease and an increase were observed. After 33 hours of reproduction and till the end of cultivation, the proportion of infected cells undergoing G1 phase was significantly higher (by 12–21%) as compared with control cells. The percentage of S phase cells in the test and control samples was the same during the first day of the virus reproduction, with sharp jump-like 3.4- and 2.4-fold increases having been observed after 15 and 24 hours, respectively. After 24 hours, the infected and control cells began to demonstrate differences, which gradually increased from 8 to 137% by the end of reproduction. After 30 hours of reproduction, the proportion of test sample cells undergoing G2 + M phase began to decrease by 17–28% as compared with the control cells. The cell switch-over to the synthesis of complete rabies virus particles occurred after 24 hours of reproduction. This is indicated by changes in the host cell cycle phases, as well as by the slowing down of ВНК-21/SUSP/ARRIAH cell population growth.","PeriodicalId":507311,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Science Today","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-15DOI: 10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-64-72
O. I. Zakharova, A. A. Blokhin, O. Burova, I. V. Yashin, F. Korennoy
The analysis and assessment of risk factors associated with the occurrence, spread and persistence of African swine fever (ASF) virus in wild boar population are an important tool in determining the strategic measures aimed at eradicating epizootics and mitigating their consequences. A thorough examination of foreign and domestic literature revealed that wild boar population management factors, socio-economic and environmental ones, that mainly account for the density and number of animals were the most significant and associated with the risk of ASF outbreak occurrence in wild animals. In order to identify risk factors for the spread of the disease in wild boar in the Russian Federation Subjects, a regression model was built to examine the relationship between the annual number of ASF outbreaks in wild boar at the municipal raion level, wild boar population density and some other factors for the period between 2007 and 2022. Based on the Subject-level regression modelling results, a positive association between the intensity of the disease outbreaks and wild boar population density was identified in 42.5% of the model regions of the Russian Federation. Other significant factors were the length of roads, the presence of forest cover and outbreaks in domestic pigs. However, on the whole, for all the infected Subjects, the regression model demonstrated the failure of the wild boar population density factor to explain the observed ASF outbreak distribution, and this may be indicative of the existence of other epizootic drivers of the disease spread in the wild. One of such mechanisms may be the persistence of infectious potential in the external environment and in the formed stationary local foci of African swine fever, despite the anti-epizootic measures taken, including the measures aimed at regulating the number of susceptible population – depopulation.
{"title":"Risk factors for African swine fever spread in wild boar in the Russian Federation","authors":"O. I. Zakharova, A. A. Blokhin, O. Burova, I. V. Yashin, F. Korennoy","doi":"10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-64-72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-64-72","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis and assessment of risk factors associated with the occurrence, spread and persistence of African swine fever (ASF) virus in wild boar population are an important tool in determining the strategic measures aimed at eradicating epizootics and mitigating their consequences. A thorough examination of foreign and domestic literature revealed that wild boar population management factors, socio-economic and environmental ones, that mainly account for the density and number of animals were the most significant and associated with the risk of ASF outbreak occurrence in wild animals. In order to identify risk factors for the spread of the disease in wild boar in the Russian Federation Subjects, a regression model was built to examine the relationship between the annual number of ASF outbreaks in wild boar at the municipal raion level, wild boar population density and some other factors for the period between 2007 and 2022. Based on the Subject-level regression modelling results, a positive association between the intensity of the disease outbreaks and wild boar population density was identified in 42.5% of the model regions of the Russian Federation. Other significant factors were the length of roads, the presence of forest cover and outbreaks in domestic pigs. However, on the whole, for all the infected Subjects, the regression model demonstrated the failure of the wild boar population density factor to explain the observed ASF outbreak distribution, and this may be indicative of the existence of other epizootic drivers of the disease spread in the wild. One of such mechanisms may be the persistence of infectious potential in the external environment and in the formed stationary local foci of African swine fever, despite the anti-epizootic measures taken, including the measures aimed at regulating the number of susceptible population – depopulation.","PeriodicalId":507311,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Science Today","volume":" 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-15DOI: 10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-36-43
Yu. R. Zelenskiy, M. S. Volkov, I. A. Komarov, N. Moroz, N. S. Mudrak, T. Zhbanova
The data on diversity of adenovirus pathogens in nature and the role of the main representatives of the Adenoviridae family in poultry infectious pathology are presented. Special attention is paid to problematic issues of immunoprophylaxis due to lack of cross-immunity between different virus serotypes. There is no single and effective approach in the global strategy of immunoprophylaxis of avian adenoviruses, therefore, improving the means of avian adenovirus disease control is an urgent and important task. Avian adenovirus infections are represented by different nosological units: egg drop syndrome, hydropericardium syndrome, adenoviral gizzard erosion, marbled spleen disease of pheasants, hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys, inclusion body hepatitis and many unclassified diseases. The paper provides data on the main nosological forms of adenovirus infections that pose a threat to cost-effective poultry farming, and highlights test results obtained by foreign authors on the effectiveness of some vaccines against adenovirus infection. Most vaccines have been developed to prevent avian hydropericardium syndrome, however, occurrence of many virus serotypes requires effective means of prevention and diagnosis in order to control other infections caused by adenoviruses. There is no registered vaccine against adenovirus infections that cause inclusion body hepatitis and adenoviral gizzard erosion. At the same time, inclusion body hepatitis alone accounts for 2.9% of all recorded avian infectious diseases. Vaccines registered in the Russian Federation are not enough to fully control these infections, and that requires a timely solution to the problem. The variety of avian adenoviruses determines the problems of their differential diagnosis and specific prevention.
{"title":"Avian adenovirus infections: diversity of pathogens, hazard to poultry industry and problems of immunoprophylaxis (review)","authors":"Yu. R. Zelenskiy, M. S. Volkov, I. A. Komarov, N. Moroz, N. S. Mudrak, T. Zhbanova","doi":"10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-36-43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-36-43","url":null,"abstract":"The data on diversity of adenovirus pathogens in nature and the role of the main representatives of the Adenoviridae family in poultry infectious pathology are presented. Special attention is paid to problematic issues of immunoprophylaxis due to lack of cross-immunity between different virus serotypes. There is no single and effective approach in the global strategy of immunoprophylaxis of avian adenoviruses, therefore, improving the means of avian adenovirus disease control is an urgent and important task. Avian adenovirus infections are represented by different nosological units: egg drop syndrome, hydropericardium syndrome, adenoviral gizzard erosion, marbled spleen disease of pheasants, hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys, inclusion body hepatitis and many unclassified diseases. The paper provides data on the main nosological forms of adenovirus infections that pose a threat to cost-effective poultry farming, and highlights test results obtained by foreign authors on the effectiveness of some vaccines against adenovirus infection. Most vaccines have been developed to prevent avian hydropericardium syndrome, however, occurrence of many virus serotypes requires effective means of prevention and diagnosis in order to control other infections caused by adenoviruses. There is no registered vaccine against adenovirus infections that cause inclusion body hepatitis and adenoviral gizzard erosion. At the same time, inclusion body hepatitis alone accounts for 2.9% of all recorded avian infectious diseases. Vaccines registered in the Russian Federation are not enough to fully control these infections, and that requires a timely solution to the problem. The variety of avian adenoviruses determines the problems of their differential diagnosis and specific prevention.","PeriodicalId":507311,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Science Today","volume":" 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-15DOI: 10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-78-86
A. A. Osmolovsky, I. Subotsina
Results of ixodid tick analysis for their ecological, epizootological and epidemiological significance for tick-borne pathogen spread across the Belarusian Lakeland are presented. The ticks were collected in publicly accessible areas of the Vitebsk Raion in April – November 2022: 8 routes were tracked, 18 flag-km were passed, 529 tick specimens were collected, including 350 imago ticks and 179 nymph ticks. The ixodid tick genus and species were determined using N. A. Filippova’s ixodid tick determinator. All caught ticks were tested for Borrelia spp., Anaplasma spp. (Ehrlichia spp.), Babesia spp. and Tick-borne encephalitis virus genetic materials with real-time polymerase chain reaction using the reagent kit for nucleic acid extraction from environmental samples in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The specimens were grouped in accordance with the MG 3.1.1027-01 “Collection, recording and preparation for laboratory tests of blood-sucking arthropods being vectors of natural focal infections”; therewith, one specimen includes only one tick. Differences in the numbers of ixodid ticks and the occurrence of genetic markers of tick-borne pathogens in them were found to be associated with ecological characteristics of the examined territories. The following epidemically and epizootically significant ticks contributing to transmissible infection and invasion spread were found in the Belarusian Lakeland: ticks of Ixodes and Dermacentor genera; their frequency index was 70.1 and 29.9%, respectively. Tick-transmitted pathogen prevalence rate in the examined territories of the Vitebsk Raion was as follows: 61.7% for Borrelia spp., 25.8% for Anaplasma spp. (Ehrlichia spp.) and 25% for Babesia spp., mixed infections were found in 10.8% of the ticks. No tick-borne encephalitis virus genetic materials were found in the specimens. Total infection rate for ixodid ticks was 22.7%.
{"title":"Role of ixodid ticks in tick-borne pathogen spread and circulation in the Belarusian Lakeland","authors":"A. A. Osmolovsky, I. Subotsina","doi":"10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-78-86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-78-86","url":null,"abstract":"Results of ixodid tick analysis for their ecological, epizootological and epidemiological significance for tick-borne pathogen spread across the Belarusian Lakeland are presented. The ticks were collected in publicly accessible areas of the Vitebsk Raion in April – November 2022: 8 routes were tracked, 18 flag-km were passed, 529 tick specimens were collected, including 350 imago ticks and 179 nymph ticks. The ixodid tick genus and species were determined using N. A. Filippova’s ixodid tick determinator. All caught ticks were tested for Borrelia spp., Anaplasma spp. (Ehrlichia spp.), Babesia spp. and Tick-borne encephalitis virus genetic materials with real-time polymerase chain reaction using the reagent kit for nucleic acid extraction from environmental samples in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The specimens were grouped in accordance with the MG 3.1.1027-01 “Collection, recording and preparation for laboratory tests of blood-sucking arthropods being vectors of natural focal infections”; therewith, one specimen includes only one tick. Differences in the numbers of ixodid ticks and the occurrence of genetic markers of tick-borne pathogens in them were found to be associated with ecological characteristics of the examined territories. The following epidemically and epizootically significant ticks contributing to transmissible infection and invasion spread were found in the Belarusian Lakeland: ticks of Ixodes and Dermacentor genera; their frequency index was 70.1 and 29.9%, respectively. Tick-transmitted pathogen prevalence rate in the examined territories of the Vitebsk Raion was as follows: 61.7% for Borrelia spp., 25.8% for Anaplasma spp. (Ehrlichia spp.) and 25% for Babesia spp., mixed infections were found in 10.8% of the ticks. No tick-borne encephalitis virus genetic materials were found in the specimens. Total infection rate for ixodid ticks was 22.7%.","PeriodicalId":507311,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Science Today","volume":" 28","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-15DOI: 10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-95-102
E. A. Artemeva, L. A. Melnikova, L. I. Zaynullin, N. K. Bukova
One of the aspects important for strain collection maintenance is the optimization of existing methods and development of new techniques for microbial strain preservation, that is why the improvement of previously developed methods for authentic strain preservation is an urgent task. The article provides information on the maintenance of Burkholderia mallei 5584 (Master seed) using previously developed technique, which was supplemented with new stages in accordance with modern requirements for strain collections of highly dangerous disease agents. The previous strain maintenance technique involved its storage in its native state, which facilitated accumulation of genetic mutations and, ultimately modification of bacterial cell properties. To extend the storage time of this strain and to ensure the stability of its biological properties, the freeze-drying method was used. Skimmed milk was used as a cryoprotectant. Freeze-drying was performed under selected conditions. This technique allows for the strain sub-culturing on sensitive models once every 5 years, which is more expedient and safe from an economic and biological point of view. For safe handling of Burkholderia mallei 5584 production strain, an inactivation technique using gamma rays at 30 kGy was developed, which allowed to achieve microbial suspension sterility and preserve the bacterial cell structure. When comparing the previously developed and supplemented techniques, it was found that the improved technique of Burkholderia mallei 5584 (Master seed) maintenance makes it possible to avoid the loss of its biological properties needed for the production of high-quality laboratory diagnostic agents used for timely disease detection in susceptible animals by diagnostic tests.
{"title":"Improved production strain maintenance technique for Burkholderia mallei 5584 (Master seed) used for glander diagnostic agent production","authors":"E. A. Artemeva, L. A. Melnikova, L. I. Zaynullin, N. K. Bukova","doi":"10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-95-102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-95-102","url":null,"abstract":"One of the aspects important for strain collection maintenance is the optimization of existing methods and development of new techniques for microbial strain preservation, that is why the improvement of previously developed methods for authentic strain preservation is an urgent task. The article provides information on the maintenance of Burkholderia mallei 5584 (Master seed) using previously developed technique, which was supplemented with new stages in accordance with modern requirements for strain collections of highly dangerous disease agents. The previous strain maintenance technique involved its storage in its native state, which facilitated accumulation of genetic mutations and, ultimately modification of bacterial cell properties. To extend the storage time of this strain and to ensure the stability of its biological properties, the freeze-drying method was used. Skimmed milk was used as a cryoprotectant. Freeze-drying was performed under selected conditions. This technique allows for the strain sub-culturing on sensitive models once every 5 years, which is more expedient and safe from an economic and biological point of view. For safe handling of Burkholderia mallei 5584 production strain, an inactivation technique using gamma rays at 30 kGy was developed, which allowed to achieve microbial suspension sterility and preserve the bacterial cell structure. When comparing the previously developed and supplemented techniques, it was found that the improved technique of Burkholderia mallei 5584 (Master seed) maintenance makes it possible to avoid the loss of its biological properties needed for the production of high-quality laboratory diagnostic agents used for timely disease detection in susceptible animals by diagnostic tests.","PeriodicalId":507311,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Science Today","volume":" 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140392025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-15DOI: 10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-27-35
A. A. Andreeva, V. A. Evgrafova, M. S. Voronina, O. Pruntova, N. Shadrova
Mastitis is one of the most common global diseases of dairy cattle, it is detected in 5–36% animals in a herd undergoing a single examination, and the incidence reaches 68% within a year, given that some cows get reinfected more than once. The disease causes significant economic losses to dairy industry both in the Russian Federation and globally. Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland that develops in response to the effects of various factors of the external and internal environment, which are classified as mechanical, physical, biological, etc. Based on the clinical symptoms, the disease has two forms: clinical and subclinical. Both the animal and its milk shall be subjected to a thorough examination for the diagnosis establishment. The final stage of the mastitis diagnosis in cows is laboratory testing. In this case, the most informative is the bacteriological method, which helps to isolate a pathogen’s pure culture, identify it and determine sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs. The latter plays a specific role in indicating the direction of further therapeutic measures, since the obtained data facilitate selection of effective antibiotics against certain pathogens. Incorrect treatment, incompliances with the prescribed therapy, as well as unnecessary use of antimicrobials can lead to the generation of multi-resistant bacteria. Due to the widespread spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganism strains, despite the large number of drugs currently used, their effectiveness is constantly decreasing. The prospects for the further use of antibiotics as therapeutics are questioned by many researchers and international organizations due to antibiotic resistance rapidly developing in many agents. Vaccination plays a significant role in infectious disease control. The use of vaccines not only reduces mastitis occurrence in cows, but also significantly improves the quality of dairy products.
{"title":"Etiology and epizootology of bovine mastitis (analytical review)","authors":"A. A. Andreeva, V. A. Evgrafova, M. S. Voronina, O. Pruntova, N. Shadrova","doi":"10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-27-35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-27-35","url":null,"abstract":"Mastitis is one of the most common global diseases of dairy cattle, it is detected in 5–36% animals in a herd undergoing a single examination, and the incidence reaches 68% within a year, given that some cows get reinfected more than once. The disease causes significant economic losses to dairy industry both in the Russian Federation and globally. Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland that develops in response to the effects of various factors of the external and internal environment, which are classified as mechanical, physical, biological, etc. Based on the clinical symptoms, the disease has two forms: clinical and subclinical. Both the animal and its milk shall be subjected to a thorough examination for the diagnosis establishment. The final stage of the mastitis diagnosis in cows is laboratory testing. In this case, the most informative is the bacteriological method, which helps to isolate a pathogen’s pure culture, identify it and determine sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs. The latter plays a specific role in indicating the direction of further therapeutic measures, since the obtained data facilitate selection of effective antibiotics against certain pathogens. Incorrect treatment, incompliances with the prescribed therapy, as well as unnecessary use of antimicrobials can lead to the generation of multi-resistant bacteria. Due to the widespread spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganism strains, despite the large number of drugs currently used, their effectiveness is constantly decreasing. The prospects for the further use of antibiotics as therapeutics are questioned by many researchers and international organizations due to antibiotic resistance rapidly developing in many agents. Vaccination plays a significant role in infectious disease control. The use of vaccines not only reduces mastitis occurrence in cows, but also significantly improves the quality of dairy products.","PeriodicalId":507311,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Science Today","volume":" 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-15DOI: 10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-20-26
S. V. Koteneva, A. Glotov, T. Glotova, A. V. Nefedchenko
The influenza D virus was first detected and identified in 2011. The overall amino acid sequence of influenza D virus shares approximately 50% identity with that of influenza C virus, suggesting that both viruses had a common ancestor. Cattle is considered to be the primary natural reservoir for influenza D virus. The involvement of this virus into the bovine respiratory disease complex has been confirmed. The virus causes mild to moderate disease in calves and replicates in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts, promoting bronchopneumonia. The influenza D virus can be transmitted by contact or aerosol over short distances, has a high transmission rate and can potentiate the effects of other respiratory pathogens. There are currently no vaccines or specific treatment for influenza D virus. This virus can replicate and be transmitted by direct contact in ferrets and guinea pigs, which are surrogate models of human influenza infection, as well as in well-differentiated human airway epithelial cells (hAECs). Currently five distinctive lineages of influenza D virus have been identified, co-circulating in worldwide bovine and pig populations that may facilitate genetic re-assortment between different viral strains. The virus has a zoonotic potential, and if its pathogenicity for humans changes, its importance for public health will be great. Very high seropositivity rates among persons working with cattle in the USA and Italy have been reported. There is no data in the available literature on the circulation of the influenza D virus in the Russian Federation. Research is needed to study this new virus, as well as monitoring of the virus spread and circulation in our country to understand its role in bovine respiratory disease complex and its zoonotic potential.
2011 年首次发现并确定了 D 型流感病毒。D 型流感病毒的氨基酸序列与 C 型流感病毒的氨基酸序列有大约 50%的相同性，这表明这两种病毒有共同的祖先。牛被认为是 D 型流感病毒的主要天然贮存库。这种病毒与牛呼吸道疾病综合症的关系已经得到证实。该病毒会导致犊牛患上轻度至中度疾病，并在上下呼吸道复制，引发支气管肺炎。D 型流感病毒可通过接触或气溶胶短距离传播，传播率很高，并能增强其他呼吸道病原体的作用。目前还没有针对 D 型流感病毒的疫苗或特效疗法。这种病毒可以通过直接接触在雪貂、豚鼠（人类流感感染的替代模型）以及分化良好的人类气道上皮细胞（hAECs）中复制和传播。目前已确定 D 型流感病毒有五个不同的品系，它们在全球牛和猪群中共同流行，这可能会促进不同病毒株之间的基因重组。该病毒具有人畜共患病的潜能，如果其对人类的致病性发生变化，那么它对公共卫生的重要性将是巨大的。据报道，在美国和意大利，与牛打交道的人血清阳性率非常高。现有文献中没有关于 D 型流感病毒在俄罗斯联邦流行情况的数据。需要对这种新病毒进行研究，并监测病毒在我国的传播和流通情况，以了解其在牛呼吸道疾病综合症中的作用及其人畜共患病的可能性。
{"title":"Influenza D virus in cattle (review)","authors":"S. V. Koteneva, A. Glotov, T. Glotova, A. V. Nefedchenko","doi":"10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-20-26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-20-26","url":null,"abstract":"The influenza D virus was first detected and identified in 2011. The overall amino acid sequence of influenza D virus shares approximately 50% identity with that of influenza C virus, suggesting that both viruses had a common ancestor. Cattle is considered to be the primary natural reservoir for influenza D virus. The involvement of this virus into the bovine respiratory disease complex has been confirmed. The virus causes mild to moderate disease in calves and replicates in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts, promoting bronchopneumonia. The influenza D virus can be transmitted by contact or aerosol over short distances, has a high transmission rate and can potentiate the effects of other respiratory pathogens. There are currently no vaccines or specific treatment for influenza D virus. This virus can replicate and be transmitted by direct contact in ferrets and guinea pigs, which are surrogate models of human influenza infection, as well as in well-differentiated human airway epithelial cells (hAECs). Currently five distinctive lineages of influenza D virus have been identified, co-circulating in worldwide bovine and pig populations that may facilitate genetic re-assortment between different viral strains. The virus has a zoonotic potential, and if its pathogenicity for humans changes, its importance for public health will be great. Very high seropositivity rates among persons working with cattle in the USA and Italy have been reported. There is no data in the available literature on the circulation of the influenza D virus in the Russian Federation. Research is needed to study this new virus, as well as monitoring of the virus spread and circulation in our country to understand its role in bovine respiratory disease complex and its zoonotic potential.","PeriodicalId":507311,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Science Today","volume":" 39","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-15DOI: 10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-57-63
A. Galeeva, A. R. Akhunova, K. V. Usoltsev, N. I. Khammadov, M. Efimova
Porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVDs) are among the most significant challenges for pig farming in developed countries. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) is considered the main etiological agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in piglets. Mass PCVD occurrence has been reported in most regions of the world, that results in serious economic consequences. Optimal PCVD prevention is known to be achieved through a set of veterinary and sanitary measures in combination with vaccination. High evolutionary virus variability facilitating new genotype and strain emergence requires development of new candidate recombinant vaccines against PCV-2 infection. The study was aimed at construction of prokaryotic system for PCV-2 ORF-2 gene fragment expression and its functionality assessment. A genetic insert constructed from the most immunogenic type-specific PCV-2 epitopes based on genotype 2a, 2b, 2d strain and isolate consensus sequence was cloned into the expression vector pET-22b(+) that was incorporated into the Escherichia coli strain Rosetta 2(DE3). The transformants were selected based on the marker gene of ampicillin resistance on a selective medium. Target gene expression was induced by adding of isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside at different concentrations. As a result, Escherichia coli Rosetta 2(DE3)/pET-22b-ORF-2 strain, a producer of capsid protein fragment (92–233 amino acid residues), was constructed. It was found that in the presence of 1 mM isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside, the expression level of soluble truncated rCap was 35–40 mg/L 6 hours after induction. The expression product was tested for its specificity with indirect ELISA using whole-virion PCV-2-hyperimmunized porcine serum. It was shown that the positivity coefficient of producer strain cell lysates averaged to 4.34 (p < 0.005). The recombinant rCap protein is suitable for serological diagnosis and is also of interest as a vaccine component, which is the goal of our further studies.
{"title":"Construction of prokaryotic system for expression of porcine circovirus type 2 ORF-2 gene fragment","authors":"A. Galeeva, A. R. Akhunova, K. V. Usoltsev, N. I. Khammadov, M. Efimova","doi":"10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-57-63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2024-13-1-57-63","url":null,"abstract":"Porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVDs) are among the most significant challenges for pig farming in developed countries. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) is considered the main etiological agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in piglets. Mass PCVD occurrence has been reported in most regions of the world, that results in serious economic consequences. Optimal PCVD prevention is known to be achieved through a set of veterinary and sanitary measures in combination with vaccination. High evolutionary virus variability facilitating new genotype and strain emergence requires development of new candidate recombinant vaccines against PCV-2 infection. The study was aimed at construction of prokaryotic system for PCV-2 ORF-2 gene fragment expression and its functionality assessment. A genetic insert constructed from the most immunogenic type-specific PCV-2 epitopes based on genotype 2a, 2b, 2d strain and isolate consensus sequence was cloned into the expression vector pET-22b(+) that was incorporated into the Escherichia coli strain Rosetta 2(DE3). The transformants were selected based on the marker gene of ampicillin resistance on a selective medium. Target gene expression was induced by adding of isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside at different concentrations. As a result, Escherichia coli Rosetta 2(DE3)/pET-22b-ORF-2 strain, a producer of capsid protein fragment (92–233 amino acid residues), was constructed. It was found that in the presence of 1 mM isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside, the expression level of soluble truncated rCap was 35–40 mg/L 6 hours after induction. The expression product was tested for its specificity with indirect ELISA using whole-virion PCV-2-hyperimmunized porcine serum. It was shown that the positivity coefficient of producer strain cell lysates averaged to 4.34 (p < 0.005). The recombinant rCap protein is suitable for serological diagnosis and is also of interest as a vaccine component, which is the goal of our further studies.","PeriodicalId":507311,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Science Today","volume":" 30","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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