Lijuan Chen, Jing Li, Xinglian Liu, Zhiwei Zhao, Yan Jin, Yikun Fu, Aiqin Zhou, Chengqun Wang, Yan Zhou
Vitamin B6 (VB6) exhibits therapeutic effects towards autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but its specific mechanism is poorly understood. Rat dams were treated with VB6 standard, VB6 deficiency, or VB6 supplementary diet, and the same treatment was provided to their offspring, with their body weights monitored. Three-chambered social test and open field test were employed to evaluate the effect of VB6 on autism-like behaviors. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) generation and synaptic inhibition of neurons in the hippocampus of rat were detected via immunofluorescence staining, followed by the measurement of GABA concentration through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The role of VB6 in the autophagy and apoptosis of cells was determined via Western blot and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). In order to conduct rescue experiments, the inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) or the activation of GABA was achieved by drug administration to the offspring rats with VB6 deficiency. As a result, no evident difference in weight was observed in the offspring with varied VB6 treatments. VB6 deficiency impaired social interaction; aggravated self-grooming and bowel frequency; decreased GABA concentration, VIAAT, GAD67, vGAT expressions, and LC3 II/LC3 I ratio; increased p62 level and p-mTOR/mTOR ratio; and promoted cell apoptosis. Inhibition of mTOR reversed the effect of VB6 deficiency on cell autophagy. GABA activation or mTOR inhibition offset the role of VB6 deficiency in autism-like behaviors and hippocampal GABA expression. Collectively, VB6 deficiency induces autism-like behaviors in rats by regulating mTOR-mediated autophagy in the hippocampus.
{"title":"Vitamin B6 Deficiency Induces Autism-Like Behaviors in Rats by Regulating mTOR-Mediated Autophagy in the Hippocampus.","authors":"Lijuan Chen, Jing Li, Xinglian Liu, Zhiwei Zhao, Yan Jin, Yikun Fu, Aiqin Zhou, Chengqun Wang, Yan Zhou","doi":"10.1155/2023/6991826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6991826","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vitamin B6 (VB<sub>6</sub>) exhibits therapeutic effects towards autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but its specific mechanism is poorly understood. Rat dams were treated with VB<sub>6</sub> standard, VB<sub>6</sub> deficiency, or VB<sub>6</sub> supplementary diet, and the same treatment was provided to their offspring, with their body weights monitored. Three-chambered social test and open field test were employed to evaluate the effect of VB<sub>6</sub> on autism-like behaviors. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) generation and synaptic inhibition of neurons in the hippocampus of rat were detected via immunofluorescence staining, followed by the measurement of GABA concentration through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The role of VB<sub>6</sub> in the autophagy and apoptosis of cells was determined via Western blot and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). In order to conduct rescue experiments, the inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) or the activation of GABA was achieved by drug administration to the offspring rats with VB<sub>6</sub> deficiency. As a result, no evident difference in weight was observed in the offspring with varied VB<sub>6</sub> treatments. VB<sub>6</sub> deficiency impaired social interaction; aggravated self-grooming and bowel frequency; decreased GABA concentration, VIAAT, GAD67, vGAT expressions, and LC3 II/LC3 I ratio; increased p62 level and p-mTOR/mTOR ratio; and promoted cell apoptosis. Inhibition of mTOR reversed the effect of VB<sub>6</sub> deficiency on cell autophagy. GABA activation or mTOR inhibition offset the role of VB<sub>6</sub> deficiency in autism-like behaviors and hippocampal GABA expression. Collectively, VB<sub>6</sub> deficiency induces autism-like behaviors in rats by regulating mTOR-mediated autophagy in the hippocampus.</p>","PeriodicalId":50733,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10188270/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9506996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-16eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2022/8078607
Assia Boumaraf, Sonia Bekal, Joël Macoir
The Arabic writing system includes ambiguities that create difficulties in spelling. These ambiguities relate mainly to the long vowels, some phoneme-grapheme conversions, lexical particularities, and the connectivity of letters. In this article, the first to specifically explore acquired spelling impairments in an Arabic-speaking individual, we report the case of CHS, who presented with agraphia following a stroke. Initial testing indicated substantial impairment of CHS's spelling abilities in the form of mixed agraphia. The experimental study was specifically designed to explore the influence of the orthographic ambiguity of the Arabic graphemic system on CHS's spelling performance. The results revealed that CHS had substantial difficulties with orthographic ambiguity and tended to omit ambiguous graphemes. Some of the errors she produced suggested reliance on the sublexical route of spelling, while others rather reflected the adoption of the lexical-semantic route. These findings from a case involving a non-Western, non-Indo-European language contribute to discussions of theoretical models of spelling. They show that CHS's pattern of impairment is consistent with the summation hypothesis, according to which the lexical-semantic and the sublexical routes interactively contribute to spelling.
{"title":"The Orthographic Ambiguity of the Arabic Graphic System: Evidence from a Case of Central Agraphia Affecting the Two Routes of Spelling.","authors":"Assia Boumaraf, Sonia Bekal, Joël Macoir","doi":"10.1155/2022/8078607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8078607","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Arabic writing system includes ambiguities that create difficulties in spelling. These ambiguities relate mainly to the long vowels, some phoneme-grapheme conversions, lexical particularities, and the connectivity of letters. In this article, the first to specifically explore acquired spelling impairments in an Arabic-speaking individual, we report the case of CHS, who presented with agraphia following a stroke. Initial testing indicated substantial impairment of CHS's spelling abilities in the form of mixed agraphia. The experimental study was specifically designed to explore the influence of the orthographic ambiguity of the Arabic graphemic system on CHS's spelling performance. The results revealed that CHS had substantial difficulties with orthographic ambiguity and tended to omit ambiguous graphemes. Some of the errors she produced suggested reliance on the sublexical route of spelling, while others rather reflected the adoption of the lexical-semantic route. These findings from a case involving a non-Western, non-Indo-European language contribute to discussions of theoretical models of spelling. They show that CHS's pattern of impairment is consistent with the <i>summation hypothesis</i>, according to which the lexical-semantic and the sublexical routes interactively contribute to spelling.</p>","PeriodicalId":50733,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9683975/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40487666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Postpandemic stress disorder (PPSD) is an unofficial term that refers to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a mental disorder resulting from increased stress, anxiety, and trauma associated with unpleasant life experiences. Many scientific studies indicate that symptoms of increased stress, job burnout, anxiety, and depressive disorders are associated with medical personnel performing their professional duties around COVID-19 patients.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of symptoms that may indicate the presence of PPSD symptoms-depression, anxiety, and stress-in medical personnel. Material and Methods. The survey included 300 people, representatives of medical personnel. The group was divided into two sections. The first section numbered 150 and consisted of personnel in direct contact with COVID-19 patients (FR); the second group also consisted of 150 medical professionals, who but no longer directly involved in helping with COVID-19 cases (SR). The survey was conducted by indirect survey method using CAWI (computer-assisted web interview). The survey used a questionnaire technique. A proprietary tool enriched with standardized psychometric scales: BDI, GAD-7, FCV-19S, and PSS-10 was used. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U statistical tests were used in the statistical processing of the data. The probability level was 0.05.
Results: Statistical inference made it clear that mental health problems that may indicate trauma are mainly present in the FR group. These symptoms decreased slightly in comparison between periods 2020 and 2021 (p < 0.05).
Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly increased the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among first responders. To ensure the psychological well-being of first responders, early assessment and care of mild depression, anxiety, and stress should be promoted to prevent the development of moderate and severe forms.
{"title":"Postpandemic Stress Disorder among Health Care Personnel: A Cross-Sectional Study (Silesia, Poland).","authors":"Mateusz Grajek, Patryk Szlacheta, Karolina Sobczyk, Karolina Krupa-Kotara, Beata Łabuz-Roszak, Ilona Korzonek-Szlacheta","doi":"10.1155/2022/1816537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1816537","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Postpandemic stress disorder (PPSD) is an unofficial term that refers to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a mental disorder resulting from increased stress, anxiety, and trauma associated with unpleasant life experiences. Many scientific studies indicate that symptoms of increased stress, job burnout, anxiety, and depressive disorders are associated with medical personnel performing their professional duties around COVID-19 patients.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of symptoms that may indicate the presence of PPSD symptoms-depression, anxiety, and stress-in medical personnel. <i>Material and Methods</i>. The survey included 300 people, representatives of medical personnel. The group was divided into two sections. The first section numbered 150 and consisted of personnel in direct contact with COVID-19 patients (FR); the second group also consisted of 150 medical professionals, who but no longer directly involved in helping with COVID-19 cases (SR). The survey was conducted by indirect survey method using CAWI (computer-assisted web interview). The survey used a questionnaire technique. A proprietary tool enriched with standardized psychometric scales: BDI, GAD-7, FCV-19S, and PSS-10 was used. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> statistical tests were used in the statistical processing of the data. The probability level was 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Statistical inference made it clear that mental health problems that may indicate trauma are mainly present in the FR group. These symptoms decreased slightly in comparison between periods 2020 and 2021 (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic significantly increased the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among first responders. To ensure the psychological well-being of first responders, early assessment and care of mild depression, anxiety, and stress should be promoted to prevent the development of moderate and severe forms.</p>","PeriodicalId":50733,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9678449/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40491300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-14eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2022/9401661
Hong-Wei Cui, Ru-Yi Lei, Bo-Ai Zhang
Objective: Although the prognosis of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is usually favourable and most patients wholly recover, the disorder can result in death in some patients. To date, the data on clinical features and risk factors for death are still lacking; therefore, we aim to investigate the clinical features and long-term prognostic risk factors of PRES in the present study.
Methods: The patients with PRES were identified from the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from June 2011 to June 2020. Clinical characteristics, laboratory tests, magnetic resonance imaging examinations, and treatment of all patients were analyzed retrospectively. All patients were followed up by telephone. Finally, the patients were divided into the survival group and death group for prognosis analysis.
Results: A total of 92 patients with PRES were included; 84.8% of whom were female, with an average age of 25.4 (5-66) years at the onset of PRES. Epilepsy was the main clinical manifestation (72.8%). The in-hospital mortality rate was 2.17%. The 3-year all-cause survival rate for PRES patients was 86%. In univariate analysis, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (P = 0.027) and blood transfusion history within 1 month before onset (P = 0.027), need for dialysis (P ≤ 0.001), nephritis (P = 0.010), stroke (P = 0.016), and heart failure (P = 0.016) were associated with death. In multivariate analysis, we found that heart failure (OR = 0.095, 95% CI 0.020 to 0.441) and stroke (OR = 0.033, 95% CI 0.002 to 0.467) were independent risk factors for death in PRES patients, while pregnancy was a protective factor for death in PRES patients (OR = 7.978, 95% CI 1.446 to 44.006).
Conclusions: Our results indicate that PRES could be considered as a sign of a very high-risk patient. We also demonstrated that heart failure and stroke were independent risk factors for death in patients with PRES; moreover, pregnancy was a protective factor.
{"title":"Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Mortality in Patients with Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome.","authors":"Hong-Wei Cui, Ru-Yi Lei, Bo-Ai Zhang","doi":"10.1155/2022/9401661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9401661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Although the prognosis of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is usually favourable and most patients wholly recover, the disorder can result in death in some patients. To date, the data on clinical features and risk factors for death are still lacking; therefore, we aim to investigate the clinical features and long-term prognostic risk factors of PRES in the present study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The patients with PRES were identified from the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from June 2011 to June 2020. Clinical characteristics, laboratory tests, magnetic resonance imaging examinations, and treatment of all patients were analyzed retrospectively. All patients were followed up by telephone. Finally, the patients were divided into the survival group and death group for prognosis analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 92 patients with PRES were included; 84.8% of whom were female, with an average age of 25.4 (5-66) years at the onset of PRES. Epilepsy was the main clinical manifestation (72.8%). The in-hospital mortality rate was 2.17%. The 3-year all-cause survival rate for PRES patients was 86%. In univariate analysis, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (<i>P</i> = 0.027) and blood transfusion history within 1 month before onset (<i>P</i> = 0.027), need for dialysis (<i>P</i> ≤ 0.001), nephritis (<i>P</i> = 0.010), stroke (<i>P</i> = 0.016), and heart failure (<i>P</i> = 0.016) were associated with death. In multivariate analysis, we found that heart failure (OR = 0.095, 95% CI 0.020 to 0.441) and stroke (OR = 0.033, 95% CI 0.002 to 0.467) were independent risk factors for death in PRES patients, while pregnancy was a protective factor for death in PRES patients (OR = 7.978, 95% CI 1.446 to 44.006).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results indicate that PRES could be considered as a sign of a very high-risk patient. We also demonstrated that heart failure and stroke were independent risk factors for death in patients with PRES; moreover, pregnancy was a protective factor.</p>","PeriodicalId":50733,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9678458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40491301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-18eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2022/3769577
Jun Shen, Lu Yang, Ziwei Xu, Wenshi Wei
Objective: This study is aimed at investigating the association between the twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure variability monitoring (ABPM) and cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) burden in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients.
Methods: 115 AIS patients with demographics, vascular risk factors, 24 h ABPM, and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were retrospectively enrolled. 3.0 T MRI was used to assess cSVD burden by combining four MRI markers including white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), perivascular spaces (PVS), and lacunes. Correlation analysis was conducted to detect whether ABPM was associated with cSVD burden in AIS patients.
Results: 115 AIS patients with mean age 68.77 ± 10.26 years and 75.7% male were enrolled in this study. 112 AIS patients (97.4%) had at least one cSVD marker. Spearman correlation analysis indicated that hypertension was positively correlated with cSVD burden (ρ = 0.21, P = 0.07). High-density lipoprotein (HDL) was negatively correlated with cSVD burden (ρ = -0.21, P = 0.02). Blood pressure variability such as 24 h mean SBP (ρ = 0.23, P = 0.01), day mean SBP (ρ = 0.23, P = 0.01), and night mean SBP (ρ = 0.20, P = 0.04) was positively correlated with higher cSVD burden. Ordinal logistic regression analysis demonstrated that higher 24 h SBP SD and day mean SBP were independent risk factors for cSVD after controlling for other confounders.
Conclusions: Higher BPV was significantly related to total cSVD burden in AIS patients. 24 h SBP SD and day mean SBP were independent risk factors for cSVD burden in AIS patients but not DBP or DBP variability.
目的:探讨急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)患者24小时动态血压变异性监测(ABPM)与脑血管病(cSVD)负担的关系。方法:回顾性分析115例AIS患者的人口统计学特征、血管危险因素、24 h ABPM和脑磁共振成像(MRI)。3.0 T MRI通过结合白质高信号(WMHs)、脑微出血(CMBs)、血管周围间隙(PVS)和腔隙(lacunes)四种MRI标记来评估cSVD负担。通过相关分析检测ABPM是否与AIS患者的cSVD负担相关。结果:115例AIS患者入组,平均年龄68.77±10.26岁,男性75.7%。112例AIS患者(97.4%)至少有一种cSVD标志物。Spearman相关分析显示高血压与cSVD负担呈正相关(ρ = 0.21, P = 0.07)。高密度脂蛋白(HDL)与cSVD负荷呈负相关(ρ = -0.21, P = 0.02)。血压变异性如24 h平均收缩压(ρ = 0.23, P = 0.01)、白天平均收缩压(ρ = 0.23, P = 0.01)和夜间平均收缩压(ρ = 0.20, P = 0.04)与较高的cSVD负担呈正相关。有序逻辑回归分析表明,在控制其他混杂因素后,较高的24小时收缩压SD和日平均收缩压是cSVD的独立危险因素。结论:高BPV与AIS患者总cSVD负担显著相关。24 h收缩压、SD和日均收缩压是AIS患者心血管疾病负担的独立危险因素,而不是舒张压或舒张压变异性。
{"title":"Association between Twenty-Four-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Variability and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Burden in Acute Ischemic Stroke.","authors":"Jun Shen, Lu Yang, Ziwei Xu, Wenshi Wei","doi":"10.1155/2022/3769577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3769577","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study is aimed at investigating the association between the twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure variability monitoring (ABPM) and cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) burden in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>115 AIS patients with demographics, vascular risk factors, 24 h ABPM, and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were retrospectively enrolled. 3.0 T MRI was used to assess cSVD burden by combining four MRI markers including white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), perivascular spaces (PVS), and lacunes. Correlation analysis was conducted to detect whether ABPM was associated with cSVD burden in AIS patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>115 AIS patients with mean age 68.77 ± 10.26 years and 75.7% male were enrolled in this study. 112 AIS patients (97.4%) had at least one cSVD marker. Spearman correlation analysis indicated that hypertension was positively correlated with cSVD burden (<i>ρ</i> = 0.21, <i>P</i> = 0.07). High-density lipoprotein (HDL) was negatively correlated with cSVD burden (<i>ρ</i> = -0.21, <i>P</i> = 0.02). Blood pressure variability such as 24 h mean SBP (<i>ρ</i> = 0.23, <i>P</i> = 0.01), day mean SBP (<i>ρ</i> = 0.23, <i>P</i> = 0.01), and night mean SBP (<i>ρ</i> = 0.20, <i>P</i> = 0.04) was positively correlated with higher cSVD burden. Ordinal logistic regression analysis demonstrated that higher 24 h SBP SD and day mean SBP were independent risk factors for cSVD after controlling for other confounders.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Higher BPV was significantly related to total cSVD burden in AIS patients. 24 h SBP SD and day mean SBP were independent risk factors for cSVD burden in AIS patients but not DBP or DBP variability.</p>","PeriodicalId":50733,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9596265/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40454607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-11eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2022/2210555
Susanna Rizzi, Carlotta Spagnoli, Daniele Frattini, Francesco Pisani, Carlo Fusco
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is a rare congenital autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by pathogenic homozygous or compound heterozygous variants in the dopa decarboxylase (DDC) gene. Adeno-associated viral vector-mediated gene transfer of the human AADC gene into the putamina has become available. This systematic review on PubMed, Scopus databases, and other sources is aimed at describing the AADC whole phenotypic spectrum in order to facilitate its early diagnosis. Literature reviews, original articles, retrospective and comparative studies, large case series, case reports, and short communications were considered. A database was set up using Microsoft Excel to collect clinical, molecular, biochemical, and therapeutic data. By analysing 261 patients from 41 papers with molecular and/or biochemical diagnosis of AADC deficiency for which individuality could be determined with certainty, we found symptom onset to occur in the first 6 months of life in 93% of cases. Hypotonia and developmental delay are cardinal signs, reported as present in 73.9% and 72% of cases, respectively. Oculogyric crises were seen in 67% of patients while hypokinesia in 42% and ptosis in 26%. Dysautonomic features have been revealed in 53% and gastrointestinal symptoms in 19% of cases. With 37% and 30% of patients reported being affected by sleep and behavioural disorders, it seems to be commoner than previously acknowledged. Although reporting bias cannot be excluded, there is still a need for comprehensive clinical descriptions of symptoms at onset and during follow-up. In fact, our review suggests that most of the neurological and extraneurological symptoms and signs reported, although quite frequent in this condition, are not pathognomonic, and therefore, ADCC deficiency can remain an underdiscovered disorder.
{"title":"Clinical Features in Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase (AADC) Deficiency: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Susanna Rizzi, Carlotta Spagnoli, Daniele Frattini, Francesco Pisani, Carlo Fusco","doi":"10.1155/2022/2210555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2210555","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is a rare congenital autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by pathogenic homozygous or compound heterozygous variants in the dopa decarboxylase (DDC) gene. Adeno-associated viral vector-mediated gene transfer of the human AADC gene into the putamina has become available. This systematic review on PubMed, Scopus databases, and other sources is aimed at describing the AADC whole phenotypic spectrum in order to facilitate its early diagnosis. Literature reviews, original articles, retrospective and comparative studies, large case series, case reports, and short communications were considered. A database was set up using Microsoft Excel to collect clinical, molecular, biochemical, and therapeutic data. By analysing 261 patients from 41 papers with molecular and/or biochemical diagnosis of AADC deficiency for which individuality could be determined with certainty, we found symptom onset to occur in the first 6 months of life in 93% of cases. Hypotonia and developmental delay are cardinal signs, reported as present in 73.9% and 72% of cases, respectively. Oculogyric crises were seen in 67% of patients while hypokinesia in 42% and ptosis in 26%. Dysautonomic features have been revealed in 53% and gastrointestinal symptoms in 19% of cases. With 37% and 30% of patients reported being affected by sleep and behavioural disorders, it seems to be commoner than previously acknowledged. Although reporting bias cannot be excluded, there is still a need for comprehensive clinical descriptions of symptoms at onset and during follow-up. In fact, our review suggests that most of the neurological and extraneurological symptoms and signs reported, although quite frequent in this condition, are not pathognomonic, and therefore, ADCC deficiency can remain an underdiscovered disorder.</p>","PeriodicalId":50733,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9578880/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40660885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-03eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2022/1224680
Chin-Ting Liu, Shiao-Wei Chu, Yuan-Shan Chen
The purpose of the study is to investigate how much of variance in Parkinson's Disease (PD) individuals' speech intelligibility could be predicted by seven speech fluency indicators (i.e., repetition, omission, distortion, correction, unfilled pauses, filled pauses, and speaking rate). Speech data were retrieved from a database containing a reading task produced by a group of 16 English-speaking individuals with PD (Jaeger, Trivedi & Stadtchnitzer, 2019). The results from a multiple regression indicated that an addition of 54% of variance in the speech intelligibility scores among individuals with PD could be accounted for after the speakers' PD severity level measured based on Hoehn and Yahr's (1967) disease stage was included as a covariate. In addition, omission and correction were the two fluency indicators that contributed to the general intelligibility score in a statistically significant way. Specifically, for every one-unit gain in the number of correction and omission, speech intelligibility scores would decline by 0.687 and 0.131 point (out of a 7-point scale), respectively. The current study hence supported Magee, Copland, and Vogel's (2019) view that the language production abilities and quantified dysarthria measures among individuals with PD should be explored together. Additionally, the clinical implications based on the current findings were discussed.
本研究旨在探讨通过重复、遗漏、失真、纠正、未填充停顿、填充停顿和说话率等7个言语流畅性指标,预测帕金森病(PD)个体言语可理解性的变异程度。语音数据从包含阅读任务的数据库中检索,该阅读任务由16名说英语的PD患者组成(Jaeger, Trivedi & Stadtchnitzer, 2019)。多元回归结果表明,将基于Hoehn and Yahr(1967)疾病分期测量的说话者PD严重程度作为协变量,PD个体的言语清晰度得分增加了54%的方差。此外,省略和更正是两个流畅性指标,对一般可理解性得分有显著的统计意义。具体来说,每增加一个单位的纠正和遗漏,语音可理解性分数将分别下降0.687和0.131分(满分为7分)。因此,目前的研究支持了Magee, Copland和Vogel(2019)的观点,即PD患者的语言产生能力和量化构音障碍测量应该一起探讨。此外,本文还讨论了基于当前研究结果的临床意义。
{"title":"On the Relationship between Speech Intelligibility and Fluency Indicators among English-Speaking Individuals with Parkinson's Diseases.","authors":"Chin-Ting Liu, Shiao-Wei Chu, Yuan-Shan Chen","doi":"10.1155/2022/1224680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1224680","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of the study is to investigate how much of variance in Parkinson's Disease (PD) individuals' speech intelligibility could be predicted by seven speech fluency indicators (i.e., <i>repetition</i>, <i>omission</i>, <i>distortion</i>, <i>correction</i>, <i>unfilled pauses</i>, <i>filled pauses,</i> and <i>speaking rate</i>). Speech data were retrieved from a database containing a reading task produced by a group of 16 English-speaking individuals with PD (Jaeger, Trivedi & Stadtchnitzer, 2019). The results from a multiple regression indicated that an addition of 54% of variance in the speech intelligibility scores among individuals with PD could be accounted for after the speakers' PD severity level measured based on Hoehn and Yahr's (1967) disease stage was included as a covariate. In addition, <i>omission</i> and <i>correction</i> were the two fluency indicators that contributed to the general intelligibility score in a statistically significant way. Specifically, for every one-unit gain in the number of <i>correction</i> and <i>omission</i>, speech intelligibility scores would decline by 0.687 and 0.131 point (out of a 7-point scale), respectively. The current study hence supported Magee, Copland, and Vogel's (2019) view that the language production abilities and quantified dysarthria measures among individuals with PD should be explored together. Additionally, the clinical implications based on the current findings were discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":50733,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9550446/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33527153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-13eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2022/2243717
Yongzhao Fan, Xiaoyang Kong, Kun Liu, Hao Wu
The purpose of this study was to discuss the effect of voluntary wheel running on striatal dopamine levels and anxiety-like behavior in rats with global cerebral ischemia. The male Sprague-Dawley rats were signed on in this study and randomly divided into following 4 groups: Control group (C group), Sham group (S group), ischemia group (I group), and 3 weeks physical exercise before ischemia group (3RI group). The rats in the 3RI group were placed in a voluntary running wheel for three weeks to exercise. Then, the rats in I and 3RI groups received bilateral carotid artery ligation (2-VO) operation. The C and S group did not perform voluntary running exercise and the bilateral common carotid arteries of S group were exposed without ligation. In vivo microdialysis was used in conjunction with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrochemical detection to ascertain the level of dopamine in the striatum. Elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OF) were used to test anxiety status at 24 hours and 7days after 2-VO cerebral ischemia. Meanwhile, gait and motor coordination evaluations were carried out to eliminate the influence of non-specific motor problems. The results indicated that cerebral ischemia instigate the increase of striatal dopamine in I group rats during acute cerebral ischemia. A 3-week voluntary wheel running significantly enhances the striatal dopamine before ischemia and obstructs a further increase of dopamine during acute cerebral ischemia in 3RI group rats. At 24 hours after ischemia, striatal dopamine returned to pre-ischemic levels in 3RI group. Striatal dopamine in I group were less than pre-ischemic levels at 7 days. Behavioral data indicated that 3-week voluntary wheel running promoted recovery of anxiety-like behavior and gait were not affected by 2-VO cerebral ischemia at 24 hours post-ischemia rats. Therefore, it can be concluded that 3-week physical exercise significantly increased the striatal dopamine and improved anxiety-like behavior by inhibiting the increase of dopamine during acute cerebral ischemia and suppressing the decrease of dopamine after 24 hours and 7 days cerebral ischemia.
{"title":"Exercise on Striatal Dopamine Level and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Male Rats after 2-VO Cerebral Ischemia.","authors":"Yongzhao Fan, Xiaoyang Kong, Kun Liu, Hao Wu","doi":"10.1155/2022/2243717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2243717","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to discuss the effect of voluntary wheel running on striatal dopamine levels and anxiety-like behavior in rats with global cerebral ischemia. The male Sprague-Dawley rats were signed on in this study and randomly divided into following 4 groups: Control group (C group), Sham group (S group), ischemia group (I group), and 3 weeks physical exercise before ischemia group (3RI group). The rats in the 3RI group were placed in a voluntary running wheel for three weeks to exercise. Then, the rats in I and 3RI groups received bilateral carotid artery ligation (2-VO) operation. The C and S group did not perform voluntary running exercise and the bilateral common carotid arteries of S group were exposed without ligation. In vivo microdialysis was used in conjunction with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrochemical detection to ascertain the level of dopamine in the striatum. Elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OF) were used to test anxiety status at 24 hours and 7days after 2-VO cerebral ischemia. Meanwhile, gait and motor coordination evaluations were carried out to eliminate the influence of non-specific motor problems. The results indicated that cerebral ischemia instigate the increase of striatal dopamine in I group rats during acute cerebral ischemia. A 3-week voluntary wheel running significantly enhances the striatal dopamine before ischemia and obstructs a further increase of dopamine during acute cerebral ischemia in 3RI group rats. At 24 hours after ischemia, striatal dopamine returned to pre-ischemic levels in 3RI group. Striatal dopamine in I group were less than pre-ischemic levels at 7 days. Behavioral data indicated that 3-week voluntary wheel running promoted recovery of anxiety-like behavior and gait were not affected by 2-VO cerebral ischemia at 24 hours post-ischemia rats. Therefore, it can be concluded that 3-week physical exercise significantly increased the striatal dopamine and improved anxiety-like behavior by inhibiting the increase of dopamine during acute cerebral ischemia and suppressing the decrease of dopamine after 24 hours and 7 days cerebral ischemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":50733,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9489419/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33476672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Acceptance of illness is regarded as an indicator of functioning and predictor of quality of life. However, quality of life of patients with epilepsy in sub-Saharan countries worsen because of low medication adherence, increased morbidity and mortality, and the stigmatization associated with the disease. This research is aimed at assessing the level of acceptance of illness of patients with epilepsy and associated quality of life in North-East Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2021 at the Debre Berhan Referral Hospital, North-East Ethiopia. A total of 78 patients with epilepsy aged more than 18 years were randomly selected and assessed using Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory 31 and acceptance of illness scale. In addition, authors owned questionnaire were used to evaluate the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the patients. P value < 0.05 at 95% confidence level was considered to be statistically significant in all the analysis. Result. The study participants' age varied between 18 and 67 years with the mean age of 28.9 years. Phenobarbital was the most used (73.9%) antiepileptic drug, and 68.7% (n = 66) of the patients seizure was controlled. 72.9% (n = 70) of the patients had medium acceptance of illness (scored 20-30), while 17.7% (n = 17) had low illness acceptance level (scored 8-19), and 9.4% (n = 9) had high acceptance of illness (scored 31-40). The mean of overall acceptance of illness among epileptic patients was 21.04 ± 7.21. The overall score of QOLIE-31 was 79.14 ± 25.46, and the highest mean score was for cognitive (83.5 ± 27.1), while the lowest mean score was that of medication effect (72.7 ± 28.7). Five of the seven QOLIE-31 components correlated significantly with level of acceptance of illness. Cognitive domain (r = 0.498, p < 0.001) demonstrated the highest correlation followed by overall quality of life (r = 0.489, p < 0.001), seizure worry (r = 0.433, p < 0.001), energy/fatigue (r = 0.342, p < 0.001), and emotional well-being (r = 0.278, p < 0.001). Conclusion. Patients with epilepsy in the study area had medium acceptance of illness, and nearly half of them had mean and more than the mean quality of life. The patients' acceptance of illness was significantly associated with overall quality of life, seizure worry, emotional well-being, and cognitive domain of the patients.
接受疾病被认为是功能和生活质量的一个指标。然而,由于药物依从性低、发病率和死亡率增加以及与该病相关的污名化,撒哈拉以南国家癫痫患者的生活质量恶化。本研究旨在评估埃塞俄比亚东北部癫痫患者疾病的接受程度和相关的生活质量。方法。2021年1月至6月在埃塞俄比亚东北部的Debre Berhan转诊医院进行了一项横断面研究。随机选取78例18岁以上癫痫患者,采用《癫痫生活质量量表》和《疾病接受度量表》进行评估。此外,采用作者自备的调查问卷对患者的社会人口学及临床特征进行评估。在95%置信水平上P值< 0.05被认为在所有分析中具有统计学意义。结果。研究参与者的年龄在18岁到67岁之间,平均年龄为28.9岁。苯巴比妥是使用最多的抗癫痫药物(73.9%),68.7% (n = 66)的患者癫痫发作得到控制。72.9% (n = 70)的患者对疾病的接受度为中等(20 ~ 30分),17.7% (n = 17)的患者对疾病的接受度为低(8 ~ 19分),9.4% (n = 9)的患者对疾病的接受度为高(31 ~ 40分)。癫痫患者对疾病的总体接受度平均值为21.04±7.21。QOLIE-31总分为79.14±25.46分,其中认知能力得分最高(83.5±27.1分),用药效果得分最低(72.7±28.7分)。QOLIE-31的7个组成部分中有5个与疾病接受程度显著相关。认知领域(r = 0.498, p < 0.001)的相关性最高,其次是整体生活质量(r = 0.489, p < 0.001)、癫痫发作焦虑(r = 0.433, p < 0.001)、精力/疲劳(r = 0.342, p < 0.001)和情绪健康(r = 0.278, p < 0.001)。结论。研究区癫痫患者对疾病的接受程度为中等,近半数患者生活质量为中等或中等以上。患者对疾病的接受程度与患者的整体生活质量、癫痫发作担忧、情绪健康和认知领域显著相关。
{"title":"Level of Acceptance of Illness and Its Association with Quality of Life among Patients with Epilepsy in North Shewa, Ethiopia.","authors":"Yonas Teshome, Yerukneh Solomon, Feredegn Talargia, Negese Worku, Abreham Shitaw, Abebaye Aragaw Leminie","doi":"10.1155/2022/1142215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1142215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acceptance of illness is regarded as an indicator of functioning and predictor of quality of life. However, quality of life of patients with epilepsy in sub-Saharan countries worsen because of low medication adherence, increased morbidity and mortality, and the stigmatization associated with the disease. This research is aimed at assessing the level of acceptance of illness of patients with epilepsy and associated quality of life in North-East Ethiopia. <i>Methods</i>. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2021 at the Debre Berhan Referral Hospital, North-East Ethiopia. A total of 78 patients with epilepsy aged more than 18 years were randomly selected and assessed using Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory 31 and acceptance of illness scale. In addition, authors owned questionnaire were used to evaluate the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the patients. <i>P</i> value < 0.05 at 95% confidence level was considered to be statistically significant in all the analysis. <i>Result</i>. The study participants' age varied between 18 and 67 years with the mean age of 28.9 years. Phenobarbital was the most used (73.9%) antiepileptic drug, and 68.7% (<i>n</i> = 66) of the patients seizure was controlled. 72.9% (<i>n</i> = 70) of the patients had medium acceptance of illness (scored 20-30), while 17.7% (<i>n</i> = 17) had low illness acceptance level (scored 8-19), and 9.4% (<i>n</i> = 9) had high acceptance of illness (scored 31-40). The mean of overall acceptance of illness among epileptic patients was 21.04 ± 7.21. The overall score of QOLIE-31 was 79.14 ± 25.46, and the highest mean score was for cognitive (83.5 ± 27.1), while the lowest mean score was that of medication effect (72.7 ± 28.7). Five of the seven QOLIE-31 components correlated significantly with level of acceptance of illness. Cognitive domain (<i>r</i> = 0.498, <i>p</i> < 0.001) demonstrated the highest correlation followed by overall quality of life (<i>r</i> = 0.489, <i>p</i> < 0.001), seizure worry (<i>r</i> = 0.433, <i>p</i> < 0.001), energy/fatigue (<i>r</i> = 0.342, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and emotional well-being (<i>r</i> = 0.278, <i>p</i> < 0.001). <i>Conclusion</i>. Patients with epilepsy in the study area had medium acceptance of illness, and nearly half of them had mean and more than the mean quality of life. The patients' acceptance of illness was significantly associated with overall quality of life, seizure worry, emotional well-being, and cognitive domain of the patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":50733,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9484932/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33467776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-08eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2022/6075511
Robert Rusina, Radoslava Bajtosova, Zsolt Cséfalvay, Jiri Keller, Anna Kavkova, Jaromír Kukal, Radoslav Matej
Introduction: Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a clinically variable syndrome manifesting as slow progressive loss of speech and language with multiple underlying neurodegenerative pathologies.
Materials and methods: We included data from nine PPA patients with available autopsies. We then retrospectively reviewed all available medical records, neuropsychology, and MRI results to confirm the corresponding subtypes of PPA and compared them with postmortem neuropathological results.
Results: Clinical presentations corresponded to the nonfluent/agrammatic variant in six cases, the semantic variant in one case, the logopenic variant in one case, and the mixed variant (concomitant nonfluent/agrammatic plus semantic variant) in one case. Patients with a broader clinical presentation, i.e., combining manifestations of one PPA subtype and symptoms of another PPA variant, had autopsy comorbidities showing multiple neurodegenerative disorders. Of the nine subjects enrolled in the study, Alzheimer's disease (AD) was found in eight cases; however, in only one case, AD was detected as an isolated neuropathological substrate of PPA. In eight brain samples, different comorbid neuropathologies were detected: three cases with comorbid AD and dementia with Lewy bodies, two cases with comorbid AD and TDP-43 pathology, one case with comorbid AD and complex tauopathies, and one case with comorbid AD with both tau and TDP-43 deposits. Finally, one case had comorbid tau and TDP-43 pathology but without comorbid AD pathology.
Conclusions: Our observation suggests that PPA cases could be more heterogeneous in their etiology than previously thought and underlying neurodegenerative comorbidities should be considered in routine practice, especially if the clinical presentation of PPA is atypical.
{"title":"Comorbid Neurodegeneration in Primary Progressive Aphasia: Clinicopathological Correlations in a Single-Center Study.","authors":"Robert Rusina, Radoslava Bajtosova, Zsolt Cséfalvay, Jiri Keller, Anna Kavkova, Jaromír Kukal, Radoslav Matej","doi":"10.1155/2022/6075511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6075511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a clinically variable syndrome manifesting as slow progressive loss of speech and language with multiple underlying neurodegenerative pathologies.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We included data from nine PPA patients with available autopsies. We then retrospectively reviewed all available medical records, neuropsychology, and MRI results to confirm the corresponding subtypes of PPA and compared them with postmortem neuropathological results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Clinical presentations corresponded to the nonfluent/agrammatic variant in six cases, the semantic variant in one case, the logopenic variant in one case, and the mixed variant (concomitant nonfluent/agrammatic plus semantic variant) in one case. Patients with a broader clinical presentation, i.e., combining manifestations of one PPA subtype and symptoms of another PPA variant, had autopsy comorbidities showing multiple neurodegenerative disorders. Of the nine subjects enrolled in the study, Alzheimer's disease (AD) was found in eight cases; however, in only one case, AD was detected as an isolated neuropathological substrate of PPA. In eight brain samples, different comorbid neuropathologies were detected: three cases with comorbid AD and dementia with Lewy bodies, two cases with comorbid AD and TDP-43 pathology, one case with comorbid AD and complex tauopathies, and one case with comorbid AD with both tau and TDP-43 deposits. Finally, one case had comorbid tau and TDP-43 pathology but without comorbid AD pathology.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our observation suggests that PPA cases could be more heterogeneous in their etiology than previously thought and underlying neurodegenerative comorbidities should be considered in routine practice, especially if the clinical presentation of PPA is atypical.</p>","PeriodicalId":50733,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9477586/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40368971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}