Pub Date : 2021-01-05DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-060220-113712
L. Bourouiba
For an infectious disease such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to spread, contact needs to be established between an infected host and a susceptible one. In a range of populations and infectious diseases, peer-to-peer contact modes involve complex interactions of a pathogen with a fluid phase, such as isolated complex fluid droplets or a multiphase cloud of droplets. This is true for exhalations including coughs or sneezes in humans and animals, bursting bubbles leading to micron-sized droplets in a range of indoor and outdoor settings, or impacting raindrops and airborne pathogens in foliar diseases transferring pathogens from water to air via splashes. Our mechanistic understanding of how pathogens actually transfer from one host or reservoir to the next remains woefully limited, with the global consequences that we are all experiencing with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This review discusses the emergent area of the fluid dynamics of disease transmission. It highlights a new frontier and the rich multiscale fluid physics, from interfacial to multiphase and complex flows, that govern contact between an infected source and a susceptible target in a range of diseases.
{"title":"The Fluid Dynamics of Disease Transmission","authors":"L. Bourouiba","doi":"10.1146/annurev-fluid-060220-113712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-060220-113712","url":null,"abstract":"For an infectious disease such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to spread, contact needs to be established between an infected host and a susceptible one. In a range of populations and infectious diseases, peer-to-peer contact modes involve complex interactions of a pathogen with a fluid phase, such as isolated complex fluid droplets or a multiphase cloud of droplets. This is true for exhalations including coughs or sneezes in humans and animals, bursting bubbles leading to micron-sized droplets in a range of indoor and outdoor settings, or impacting raindrops and airborne pathogens in foliar diseases transferring pathogens from water to air via splashes. Our mechanistic understanding of how pathogens actually transfer from one host or reservoir to the next remains woefully limited, with the global consequences that we are all experiencing with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This review discusses the emergent area of the fluid dynamics of disease transmission. It highlights a new frontier and the rich multiscale fluid physics, from interfacial to multiphase and complex flows, that govern contact between an infected source and a susceptible target in a range of diseases.","PeriodicalId":50754,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":27.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-fluid-060220-113712","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49349614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-05DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-022620-122816
I. Marusic, Susan Broomhall
This review focuses on Leonardo da Vinci's work and thought related to fluid mechanics as it is presented in a lifetime of notebooks, letters, and artwork. It shows how Leonardo's remaining works offer a complicated picture of unfinished, scattered, and frequently revisited hypotheses and conclusions. It argues that experimentation formed an important mechanism for Leonardo's thought about natural fluid flows, which was an innovation to the scientific thinking of his day, but which did not always lead him to the conclusions of modern fluid mechanics. It highlights the multiple and ambiguous meanings of turbulence in his works. It examines his thinking suggestive of modern concepts such as the no-slip condition, hydraulic jump, cardiovascular vortices, conservation of volume, and the distinctive path of ascending bubbles we now term Leonardo's paradox, among others. It demonstrates how Leonardo thought through analogies, building-block flow patterns, and synthesis, leading both to successes—especially in the management of water—and to failures, perhaps most obviously in his pursuit of human flight.
{"title":"Leonardo da Vinci and Fluid Mechanics","authors":"I. Marusic, Susan Broomhall","doi":"10.1146/annurev-fluid-022620-122816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-022620-122816","url":null,"abstract":"This review focuses on Leonardo da Vinci's work and thought related to fluid mechanics as it is presented in a lifetime of notebooks, letters, and artwork. It shows how Leonardo's remaining works offer a complicated picture of unfinished, scattered, and frequently revisited hypotheses and conclusions. It argues that experimentation formed an important mechanism for Leonardo's thought about natural fluid flows, which was an innovation to the scientific thinking of his day, but which did not always lead him to the conclusions of modern fluid mechanics. It highlights the multiple and ambiguous meanings of turbulence in his works. It examines his thinking suggestive of modern concepts such as the no-slip condition, hydraulic jump, cardiovascular vortices, conservation of volume, and the distinctive path of ascending bubbles we now term Leonardo's paradox, among others. It demonstrates how Leonardo thought through analogies, building-block flow patterns, and synthesis, leading both to successes—especially in the management of water—and to failures, perhaps most obviously in his pursuit of human flight.","PeriodicalId":50754,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":27.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-fluid-022620-122816","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49254117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-05DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-010719-060201
A. Aliseda, T. Heindel
The use of X-ray flow visualization has brought a powerful new tool to the study of multiphase flows. Penetrating radiation can probe the spatial concentration of the different phases without the refraction, diffraction, or multiple scattering that usually produce image artifacts or reduce the signal-to-noise ratio below reliable values in optical visualization of multiphase flows; hence, X-ray visualization enables research into the three-dimensional (3D) structure of multiphase flows characterized by complex interfaces. With the commoditization of X-ray laboratory sources and wider access to synchrotron beam time for fluid mechanics, this novel imaging technique has shed light onto many multiphase flows of industrial and environmental interest under realistic 3D configurations and at realistic operating conditions (high Reynolds numbers and high volume fractions) that had defied study for decades. We present a broad survey of the most commonly studied multiphase flows (e.g., sprays, fluidized beds, bubble columns) in order to highlight the progress X-ray imaging has made in understanding the internal structure and multiphase coupling of these flows, and we discuss the potential of advanced tomography and time-resolved and particle tracking radiography for further study of multiphase flows.
{"title":"X-Ray Flow Visualization in Multiphase Flows","authors":"A. Aliseda, T. Heindel","doi":"10.1146/annurev-fluid-010719-060201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-010719-060201","url":null,"abstract":"The use of X-ray flow visualization has brought a powerful new tool to the study of multiphase flows. Penetrating radiation can probe the spatial concentration of the different phases without the refraction, diffraction, or multiple scattering that usually produce image artifacts or reduce the signal-to-noise ratio below reliable values in optical visualization of multiphase flows; hence, X-ray visualization enables research into the three-dimensional (3D) structure of multiphase flows characterized by complex interfaces. With the commoditization of X-ray laboratory sources and wider access to synchrotron beam time for fluid mechanics, this novel imaging technique has shed light onto many multiphase flows of industrial and environmental interest under realistic 3D configurations and at realistic operating conditions (high Reynolds numbers and high volume fractions) that had defied study for decades. We present a broad survey of the most commonly studied multiphase flows (e.g., sprays, fluidized beds, bubble columns) in order to highlight the progress X-ray imaging has made in understanding the internal structure and multiphase coupling of these flows, and we discuss the potential of advanced tomography and time-resolved and particle tracking radiography for further study of multiphase flows.","PeriodicalId":50754,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":27.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-fluid-010719-060201","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47969246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-05DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-072220-013845
J. C. Serrano, S. Gupta, R. Kamm, Ming Guo
From intracellular protein signaling to embryonic symmetry-breaking, fluid transport ubiquitously drives biological events in living systems. We provide an overview of the fundamental fluid mechani...
{"title":"In Pursuit of Designing Multicellular Engineered Living Systems: A Fluid Mechanical Perspective","authors":"J. C. Serrano, S. Gupta, R. Kamm, Ming Guo","doi":"10.1146/annurev-fluid-072220-013845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-072220-013845","url":null,"abstract":"From intracellular protein signaling to embryonic symmetry-breaking, fluid transport ubiquitously drives biological events in living systems. We provide an overview of the fundamental fluid mechani...","PeriodicalId":50754,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":27.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-fluid-072220-013845","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43560310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-28DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-071320-095958
Nikita Kavokine, R. Netz, L. Bocquet
Nanofluidics has firmly established itself as a new field in fluid mechanics, as novel properties have been shown to emerge in fluids at the nanometric scale. Thanks to recent developments in fabrication technology, artificial nanofluidic systems are now being designed at the scale of biological nanopores. This ultimate step in scale reduction has pushed the development of new experimental techniques and new theoretical tools, bridging fluid mechanics, statistical mechanics, and condensed matter physics. This review is intended as a toolbox for fluids at the nanometer scale. After presenting the basic equations that govern fluid behavior in the continuum limit, we show how these equations break down and new properties emerge in molecular-scale confinement. A large number of analytical estimates and physical arguments are given to organize the results and different limits.
{"title":"Fluids at the Nanoscale: From Continuum to Subcontinuum Transport","authors":"Nikita Kavokine, R. Netz, L. Bocquet","doi":"10.1146/annurev-fluid-071320-095958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-071320-095958","url":null,"abstract":"Nanofluidics has firmly established itself as a new field in fluid mechanics, as novel properties have been shown to emerge in fluids at the nanometric scale. Thanks to recent developments in fabrication technology, artificial nanofluidic systems are now being designed at the scale of biological nanopores. This ultimate step in scale reduction has pushed the development of new experimental techniques and new theoretical tools, bridging fluid mechanics, statistical mechanics, and condensed matter physics. This review is intended as a toolbox for fluids at the nanometer scale. After presenting the basic equations that govern fluid behavior in the continuum limit, we show how these equations break down and new properties emerge in molecular-scale confinement. A large number of analytical estimates and physical arguments are given to organize the results and different limits.","PeriodicalId":50754,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":27.7,"publicationDate":"2020-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-fluid-071320-095958","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46201765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-22DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-031821-104935
R. Ewoldt
Taking a small step away from Newtonian fluid behavior creates an explosion in the range of possibilities. Non-Newtonian fluid properties can achieve diverse flow objectives, but the complexity introduces challenges. We survey useful rheological complexity along with organizing principles and design methods as we consider the following questions: How can non-Newtonian properties be useful? What properties are needed? How can we get those properties? Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 54 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Designing Complex Fluids","authors":"R. Ewoldt","doi":"10.1146/annurev-fluid-031821-104935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-031821-104935","url":null,"abstract":"Taking a small step away from Newtonian fluid behavior creates an explosion in the range of possibilities. Non-Newtonian fluid properties can achieve diverse flow objectives, but the complexity introduces challenges. We survey useful rheological complexity along with organizing principles and design methods as we consider the following questions: How can non-Newtonian properties be useful? What properties are needed? How can we get those properties? Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 54 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":50754,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":27.7,"publicationDate":"2020-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47471863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-07DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-FLUID-010816-060128
J. Morris
Shear thickening is the increase of the apparent viscosity as shear rate or shear stress increases. This phenomenon is pronounced in concentrated (dense) suspensions of both colloidal-scale and lar...
{"title":"Shear Thickening of Concentrated Suspensions: Recent Developments and Relation to Other Phenomena","authors":"J. Morris","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-FLUID-010816-060128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-FLUID-010816-060128","url":null,"abstract":"Shear thickening is the increase of the apparent viscosity as shear rate or shear stress increases. This phenomenon is pronounced in concentrated (dense) suspensions of both colloidal-scale and lar...","PeriodicalId":50754,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":27.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/ANNUREV-FLUID-010816-060128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47978511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-07DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-010719-060358
A. Mani, K. Wang
Many electrochemical and microfluidic systems involve voltage-driven transport of ions from a fluid electrolyte toward an ion-selective interface. These systems are governed by intimate coupling be...
{"title":"Electroconvection Near Electrochemical Interfaces: Experiments, Modeling, and Computation","authors":"A. Mani, K. Wang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-fluid-010719-060358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-010719-060358","url":null,"abstract":"Many electrochemical and microfluidic systems involve voltage-driven transport of ions from a fluid electrolyte toward an ion-selective interface. These systems are governed by intimate coupling be...","PeriodicalId":50754,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":27.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-fluid-010719-060358","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44773394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-07DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-FLUID-010518-040419
Jonghyun Ha, Ho-Young Kim
Soft porous solids can change their shapes by absorbing liquids via capillarity. Such poro-elasto-capillary interactions can be seen in the wrinkling of paper, swelling of cellulose sponges, and mo...
{"title":"Capillarity in Soft Porous Solids","authors":"Jonghyun Ha, Ho-Young Kim","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-FLUID-010518-040419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-FLUID-010518-040419","url":null,"abstract":"Soft porous solids can change their shapes by absorbing liquids via capillarity. Such poro-elasto-capillary interactions can be seen in the wrinkling of paper, swelling of cellulose sponges, and mo...","PeriodicalId":50754,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":27.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/ANNUREV-FLUID-010518-040419","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41505619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-07DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-FLUID-010719-060332
Daniel M. Anderson, P. Guba
Since the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics review of mushy layers by Worster (1997), there have been significant advances in the understanding of convective processes in mushy layers. These advance...
{"title":"Convective Phenomena in Mushy Layers","authors":"Daniel M. Anderson, P. Guba","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-FLUID-010719-060332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-FLUID-010719-060332","url":null,"abstract":"Since the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics review of mushy layers by Worster (1997), there have been significant advances in the understanding of convective processes in mushy layers. These advance...","PeriodicalId":50754,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":27.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/ANNUREV-FLUID-010719-060332","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43656768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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