Pub Date : 2024-02-16DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad2a20
Yuanyuan Guo, Xiaodan Chen
Despite extratropical forcing has been recognized as important factors modulating the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) properties on the interannual time scale, little is known about whether and how Arctic forcing changes the tropical sea surface temperature (SST). The current study reveals a significant link between the net surface sensible heat flux (SHF) in the Arctic and the SST anomalies in the tropical eastern Pacific (TEP). Specifically, anomalous upward SHF into the Arctic atmosphere in February leads to a warmer TEP in the subsequent spring and summer. A northeast-southwest-tilted North Pacific Oscillation-like atmospheric pattern associated with the upward Arctic SHF anomaly induces SST cooling in the subtropical North Pacific via positive Wind-Evaporation-SST feedback, which further promotes TEP SST warming via meridional heat advection, thermocline feedback, and nonlinear processes. The spring-to-summer TEP SST anomalies driven by the preceding anomalous Arctic SHF hence potentially modulate the seasonal evolution of ENSO. Our finding implies that we should take into account the Arctic-tropics linkages when comprehensively understanding the ENSO variability and improving ENSO projection skills.
{"title":"Potential Impact of Wintertime Arctic on the Subsequent Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in the Tropical Eastern Pacific","authors":"Yuanyuan Guo, Xiaodan Chen","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/ad2a20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad2a20","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Despite extratropical forcing has been recognized as important factors modulating the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) properties on the interannual time scale, little is known about whether and how Arctic forcing changes the tropical sea surface temperature (SST). The current study reveals a significant link between the net surface sensible heat flux (SHF) in the Arctic and the SST anomalies in the tropical eastern Pacific (TEP). Specifically, anomalous upward SHF into the Arctic atmosphere in February leads to a warmer TEP in the subsequent spring and summer. A northeast-southwest-tilted North Pacific Oscillation-like atmospheric pattern associated with the upward Arctic SHF anomaly induces SST cooling in the subtropical North Pacific via positive Wind-Evaporation-SST feedback, which further promotes TEP SST warming via meridional heat advection, thermocline feedback, and nonlinear processes. The spring-to-summer TEP SST anomalies driven by the preceding anomalous Arctic SHF hence potentially modulate the seasonal evolution of ENSO. Our finding implies that we should take into account the Arctic-tropics linkages when comprehensively understanding the ENSO variability and improving ENSO projection skills.","PeriodicalId":507917,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139961782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-26DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad231b
Sochi C. Iwuoha, J. Onochie
Little is known about the relevance of alternative measures of growth in environmental and developmental economic analyses. In Canada, for example, no literature exists on whether there is a causal link between the level of environmental performance and alternative measures of economic progress (which are argued to better capture the overall economic wellbeing than the gross domestic product - GDP). As environmental policies may relate to overall economic wellbeing, we opine that understanding overall economic progress is essential for achieving sustainable development and emissions reduction targets. This paper addresses a knowledge gap by assessing the causal links and directions between Canada’s national-level greenhouse gas emissions (GHG - as an indicator of environmental performance) and three alternative measures of economic growth, namely, gross national disposable income (GNDI), human development index (HDI), and index of economic freedom (IEF); from 1995 to 2019. Our results indicate that causality exists between Canada’s GHG and the alternative growth measures. This implies that Canada’s GNDI, HDI, and IEF may be useful and complementary to GDP in forecasting the national-level total GHG emissions. The research provides insights to further consider the role of overall economic wellbeing in the quest for sustainable, lower-emissions, economic development in Canada and by extension in other nations.
{"title":"Causal Analysis of Canada's Environment-Growth Nexus for Inclusive Development Metrics","authors":"Sochi C. Iwuoha, J. Onochie","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/ad231b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad231b","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Little is known about the relevance of alternative measures of growth in environmental and developmental economic analyses. In Canada, for example, no literature exists on whether there is a causal link between the level of environmental performance and alternative measures of economic progress (which are argued to better capture the overall economic wellbeing than the gross domestic product - GDP). As environmental policies may relate to overall economic wellbeing, we opine that understanding overall economic progress is essential for achieving sustainable development and emissions reduction targets. This paper addresses a knowledge gap by assessing the causal links and directions between Canada’s national-level greenhouse gas emissions (GHG - as an indicator of environmental performance) and three alternative measures of economic growth, namely, gross national disposable income (GNDI), human development index (HDI), and index of economic freedom (IEF); from 1995 to 2019. Our results indicate that causality exists between Canada’s GHG and the alternative growth measures. This implies that Canada’s GNDI, HDI, and IEF may be useful and complementary to GDP in forecasting the national-level total GHG emissions. The research provides insights to further consider the role of overall economic wellbeing in the quest for sustainable, lower-emissions, economic development in Canada and by extension in other nations.","PeriodicalId":507917,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139594083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-25DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad22b9
Bruno Merz, Viet Dung Nguyen, B. Guse, Li Han, Xiaoxiang Guan, Oldrich Rakovec, Luis Samaniego, Bodo Ahrens, Sergiy Vorogushyn
Flood-prone people and decision-makers are often unwilling to discuss and prepare for exceptional events, as such events are hard to perceive and out of experience for most people. Once an exceptional flood occurs, affected people and decision-makers are able to learn from this event and improve their preparedness and risk management. However, this learning is often focussed narrowly on the specific disaster experienced, thus missing an opportunity to explore and prepare for even more severe, or different, events. We propose spatial counterfactual floods as a means to motivate society to discuss exceptional events and suitable risk management strategies. We generate a set of extreme floods across Germany by shifting observed rainfall events in space and then propagating these shifted fields through a flood model. We argue that it is highly plausible that the storm tracks that caused past floods could have been shifted by several tens of km in space. The set of spatial counterfactual floods generated in this way contains events which are more than twice as severe as the most disastrous flood since 1950 in Germany. Moreover, regions that have been spared from havoc in the past should not feel safe, as they could have been badly hit as well. We propose spatial counterfactuals as a suitable approach to overcome society's unwillingness to think about and prepare for exceptional floods expected to occur more frequently in a warmer world.
{"title":"Spatial counterfactuals to explore disastrous flooding","authors":"Bruno Merz, Viet Dung Nguyen, B. Guse, Li Han, Xiaoxiang Guan, Oldrich Rakovec, Luis Samaniego, Bodo Ahrens, Sergiy Vorogushyn","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/ad22b9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad22b9","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Flood-prone people and decision-makers are often unwilling to discuss and prepare for exceptional events, as such events are hard to perceive and out of experience for most people. Once an exceptional flood occurs, affected people and decision-makers are able to learn from this event and improve their preparedness and risk management. However, this learning is often focussed narrowly on the specific disaster experienced, thus missing an opportunity to explore and prepare for even more severe, or different, events. We propose spatial counterfactual floods as a means to motivate society to discuss exceptional events and suitable risk management strategies. We generate a set of extreme floods across Germany by shifting observed rainfall events in space and then propagating these shifted fields through a flood model. We argue that it is highly plausible that the storm tracks that caused past floods could have been shifted by several tens of km in space. The set of spatial counterfactual floods generated in this way contains events which are more than twice as severe as the most disastrous flood since 1950 in Germany. Moreover, regions that have been spared from havoc in the past should not feel safe, as they could have been badly hit as well. We propose spatial counterfactuals as a suitable approach to overcome society's unwillingness to think about and prepare for exceptional floods expected to occur more frequently in a warmer world.","PeriodicalId":507917,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139595748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-25DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad22b8
Benjamin Krebs, Matthew Neidell
Wildfires lead to dramatic increases in fine particulate matter pollution concentrations. Based on the premise that higher-income households purchase more defensive investments to reduce the degree to which outdoor pollution infiltrates indoors, in this study, we investigate how income contributes to outdoor-indoor pollution infiltration rates during wildfire events. Using crowd-sourced data from the PurpleAir Real-Time Air Quality Monitoring Network and econometric models that explore variations in monitor readings over time, we find increases in outdoor pollution lead to significant increases in indoor pollution, but disproportionately so in lower-income areas. The results highlight a new inequality in pollution exposure: not only are outdoor pollution levels higher for lower-income individuals, but indoor pollution levels are higher even for similar outdoor pollution levels.
{"title":"Wildfires exacerbate inequalities in indoor pollution exposure","authors":"Benjamin Krebs, Matthew Neidell","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/ad22b8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad22b8","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Wildfires lead to dramatic increases in fine particulate matter pollution concentrations. Based on the premise that higher-income households purchase more defensive investments to reduce the degree to which outdoor pollution infiltrates indoors, in this study, we investigate how income contributes to outdoor-indoor pollution infiltration rates during wildfire events. Using crowd-sourced data from the PurpleAir Real-Time Air Quality Monitoring Network and econometric models that explore variations in monitor readings over time, we find increases in outdoor pollution lead to significant increases in indoor pollution, but disproportionately so in lower-income areas. The results highlight a new inequality in pollution exposure: not only are outdoor pollution levels higher for lower-income individuals, but indoor pollution levels are higher even for similar outdoor pollution levels.","PeriodicalId":507917,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139596639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The soil freeze-thaw process has undergone significant changes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in the context of global change, resulting in the changes of soil physical and chemical properties, thereby affecting the vegetation phenology and photosynthesis through affecting the utilization capacity of CO2 and light by vegetation. However, little is known about how soil temperature (ST) and soil moisture (SM) affect the gross primary productivity (GPP) on the TP at different seasons and elevations. In this study, the spatiotemporal variation patterns of GPP, ST, and SM were analyzed based on the Community Land Model version 5.0 (CLM5.0) simulations in order to illustrate the impacts of ST and SM in surface (0–10 cm) and root zone soil (0–100 cm) on GPP between 1979 and 2020. The results showed that the CLM5.0-based GPP and ST were in good agreement with in situ observations. ST, SM and GPP increased at the rates of 0.04 °C a−1, 2.4 × 10−4mm3 mm−3 a−1, and 5.36 g C m−2 a−2, respectively. SM dominated the variations of GPP in winter (64.3%), while ST almost was the dominant factor in other periods, especially spring (99.9%) and autumn (94.7%). The explanatory power of ST and SM for GPP increased with elevation, especially for ST. The relative contributions of ST and SM to GPP at different time scales in root zone soil were similar to those in surface soil. This study provided a new understanding of how soil freeze-thaw affected GPP changes on the TP in the context of the intensification of warming and humidification.
在全球变化的背景下，青藏高原的土壤冻融过程发生了显著变化，导致土壤物理和化学性质的改变，进而通过影响植被对二氧化碳和光的利用能力来影响植被的物候和光合作用。然而，人们对不同季节和海拔高度下土壤温度（ST）和土壤湿度（SM）如何影响土壤初级生产力（GPP）知之甚少。本研究基于社区土地模型 5.0 版（CLM5.0）模拟分析了 GPP、ST 和 SM 的时空变化规律，以说明 1979 至 2020 年间表层（0-10 厘米）和根带土壤（0-100 厘米）中的 ST 和 SM 对 GPP 的影响。结果表明，基于 CLM5.0 的 GPP 和 ST 与实地观测结果非常吻合。ST、SM 和 GPP 的增长率分别为 0.04 °C a-1、2.4 × 10-4mm3 mm-3 a-1 和 5.36 g C m-2 a-2。在冬季，SM 主导了 GPP 的变化（64.3%），而在其他时期，尤其是春季（99.9%）和秋季（94.7%），ST 几乎是主导因素。ST 和 SM 对 GPP 的解释能力随着海拔的升高而增强，尤其是 ST。在不同时间尺度上，根区土壤中 ST 和 SM 对 GPP 的相对贡献与表层土壤相似。该研究为在气候变暖和湿度增加的背景下土壤冻融如何影响TP的GPP变化提供了新的认识。
{"title":"Increasing gross primary productivity under soil warming and wetting on the Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Q-LearningJING Peng, Binghao Jia, Xin Lai, Longhuan Wang, Qifeng Huang","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/ad1d4f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad1d4f","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The soil freeze-thaw process has undergone significant changes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in the context of global change, resulting in the changes of soil physical and chemical properties, thereby affecting the vegetation phenology and photosynthesis through affecting the utilization capacity of CO2 and light by vegetation. However, little is known about how soil temperature (ST) and soil moisture (SM) affect the gross primary productivity (GPP) on the TP at different seasons and elevations. In this study, the spatiotemporal variation patterns of GPP, ST, and SM were analyzed based on the Community Land Model version 5.0 (CLM5.0) simulations in order to illustrate the impacts of ST and SM in surface (0–10 cm) and root zone soil (0–100 cm) on GPP between 1979 and 2020. The results showed that the CLM5.0-based GPP and ST were in good agreement with in situ observations. ST, SM and GPP increased at the rates of 0.04 °C a−1, 2.4 × 10−4mm3 mm−3 a−1, and 5.36 g C m−2 a−2, respectively. SM dominated the variations of GPP in winter (64.3%), while ST almost was the dominant factor in other periods, especially spring (99.9%) and autumn (94.7%). The explanatory power of ST and SM for GPP increased with elevation, especially for ST. The relative contributions of ST and SM to GPP at different time scales in root zone soil were similar to those in surface soil. This study provided a new understanding of how soil freeze-thaw affected GPP changes on the TP in the context of the intensification of warming and humidification.","PeriodicalId":507917,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139596873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-24DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad2237
Ruijian Gou, Yanni Wang, Ke Xiao, Lixin Wu
{"title":"A plausible emergence of new convection site in the Arctic Ocean in a warming climate","authors":"Ruijian Gou, Yanni Wang, Ke Xiao, Lixin Wu","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/ad2237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad2237","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 <jats:p />","PeriodicalId":507917,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139600808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-24DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad2236
A. Yang, M. Timmermans
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE), a potential approach for atmospheric carbon dioxide removal (CDR), can involve introducing milled mineral particles into the ocean to promote carbon dioxide uptake. The effectiveness of this method relies on particles remaining in the ocean mixed layer while dissolution takes place, which depends on particle settling rates. Conventionally, particle settling rates are assessed using the Stokes settling velocity in stagnant conditions. However, recent numerical modeling reveals that in dynamic, stratified ocean environments, sediment vertical transport can be up to an order of magnitude faster than Stokes settling because of two types of fluid instabilities that can take place at the mixed layer base. Here, we estimate effective settling velocities in the presence of these instabilities and assess the implications for the efficacy of this particular OAE approach for CDR. The new effective settling rate estimates are sufficiently rapid that there is negligible particle dissolution before particles settle out of the mixed layer. This result is independent of initial particle size for the range of sizes considered here. Findings underscore the importance of considering ocean dynamics and stratification in assessing particle settling rates and provide valuable insights for optimizing OAE applications in diverse marine settings.
{"title":"Assessing the effective settling of mineral particles in the ocean with application to ocean-based carbon-dioxide removal","authors":"A. Yang, M. Timmermans","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/ad2236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad2236","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE), a potential approach for atmospheric carbon dioxide removal (CDR), can involve introducing milled mineral particles into the ocean to promote carbon dioxide uptake. The effectiveness of this method relies on particles remaining in the ocean mixed layer while dissolution takes place, which depends on particle settling rates. Conventionally, particle settling rates are assessed using the Stokes settling velocity in stagnant conditions. However, recent numerical modeling reveals that in dynamic, stratified ocean environments, sediment vertical transport can be up to an order of magnitude faster than Stokes settling because of two types of fluid instabilities that can take place at the mixed layer base. Here, we estimate effective settling velocities in the presence of these instabilities and assess the implications for the efficacy of this particular OAE approach for CDR. The new effective settling rate estimates are sufficiently rapid that there is negligible particle dissolution before particles settle out of the mixed layer. This result is independent of initial particle size for the range of sizes considered here. Findings underscore the importance of considering ocean dynamics and stratification in assessing particle settling rates and provide valuable insights for optimizing OAE applications in diverse marine settings.","PeriodicalId":507917,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139601015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-24DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad2239
E. Zeyen, Iegor Riepin, Tom Brown
Electrolytic hydrogen produced using renewable electricity can help lower carbon dioxide emissions in sectors where feedstocks, reducing agents, dense fuels or high temperatures are required. This study investigates the implications of various standards being proposed to certify that the grid electricity used is renewable. The standards vary in how strictly they match the renewable generation to the electrolyser demand in time and space. Using an energy system model, we compare electricity procurement strategies to meet a constant hydrogen demand for selected European countries in 2025 and 2030. We compare cases where no additional renewable generators are procured with cases where the electrolyser demand is matched to additional supply from local renewable generators on an annual, monthly or hourly basis. We show that local additionality is required to guarantee low emissions. For the annually and monthly matched case, we demonstrate that baseload operation of the electrolysis leads to using fossil-fuelled generation from the grid for some hours, resulting in higher emissions than the case without hydrogen demand. In the hourly matched case, hydrogen production does not increase system-level emissions, but baseload operation results in high costs for providing constant supply if only wind, solar and short-term battery storage are available. Flexible operation or buffering hydrogen with storage, either in steel tanks or underground caverns, reduces the cost penalty of hourly versus annual matching to 7–8%. Hydrogen production with monthly matching can reduce system emissions if the electrolysers operate flexibly or the renewable generation share is large. The largest emission reduction is achieved with hourly matching when surplus electricity generation can be sold to the grid. We conclude that flexible operation of the electrolysis should be supported to guarantee low emissions and low hydrogen production costs.
{"title":"Temporal regulation of renewable supply for electrolytic hydrogen","authors":"E. Zeyen, Iegor Riepin, Tom Brown","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/ad2239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad2239","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Electrolytic hydrogen produced using renewable electricity can help lower carbon dioxide emissions in sectors where feedstocks, reducing agents, dense fuels or high temperatures are required. This study investigates the implications of various standards being proposed to certify that the grid electricity used is renewable. The standards vary in how strictly they match the renewable generation to the electrolyser demand in time and space. Using an energy system model, we compare electricity procurement strategies to meet a constant hydrogen demand for selected European countries in 2025 and 2030. We compare cases where no additional renewable generators are procured with cases where the electrolyser demand is matched to additional supply from local renewable generators on an annual, monthly or hourly basis. We show that local additionality is required to guarantee low emissions. For the annually and monthly matched case, we demonstrate that baseload operation of the electrolysis leads to using fossil-fuelled generation from the grid for some hours, resulting in higher emissions than the case without hydrogen demand. In the hourly matched case, hydrogen production does not increase system-level emissions, but baseload operation results in high costs for providing constant supply if only wind, solar and short-term battery storage are available. Flexible operation or buffering hydrogen with storage, either in steel tanks or underground caverns, reduces the cost penalty of hourly versus annual matching to 7–8%. Hydrogen production with monthly matching can reduce system emissions if the electrolysers operate flexibly or the renewable generation share is large. The largest emission reduction is achieved with hourly matching when surplus electricity generation can be sold to the grid. We conclude that flexible operation of the electrolysis should be supported to guarantee low emissions and low hydrogen production costs.","PeriodicalId":507917,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139599181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-23DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad21b2
Kai Pan, Jie Xu, Chengxing Wang, Zhen Mao, Yuzhu Xu, Haoke Zhang, Jie Yu
Background: Congenital heart diseases ( CHD ) are the most common type of congenital malformation and are the leading cause of death in newborns. Many studies have investigated the relationship between maternal exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors ( EEDs ) during pregnancy and the risk of CHD in offspring. However, there is a lack of comprehensive and systematic research to assess their relationship. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review the literature published in the past 20 years on maternal EEDs exposure during pregnancy and the risk of CHD in offspring, and to explore the exact relationship between them. Methods: Three databases ( PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science ) were searched, and 16 studies with 1068211 participants were included. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale ( NOS ) was used to evaluate the quality of the literature, Begg's test and Egger's test to determine the publication bias of the literature, Q test and I2 statistics to evaluate the statistical heterogeneity among the studies, and subgroup analysis to examine the association between each EEDs and CHD and its subtypes. Results: The results showed that maternal maternal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) ( OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.17-1.53 ) ( e.g., PAHs and Tetralogy of Fallot ( TOF ), Septal defects ( SD ), Conotruncal defects ( CD ) ), pesticides/insecticides ( OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05 - 1.40 ), alkylphenolic compounds ( OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.14 - 1.86 ) and Heavy metals ( Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, Lead ) ( OR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.53 - 2.86 ) during pregnancy increased the risk of CHD in offspring. Conclusion: This study suggests that maternal exposure to EEDs during pregnancy may be an important factor for increasing the risk of CHD in offspring.
{"title":"Association Between Maternal Exposure to Environmental Endocrine Disruptors and The Risk of Congenital Heart Diseases in Offspring: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","authors":"Kai Pan, Jie Xu, Chengxing Wang, Zhen Mao, Yuzhu Xu, Haoke Zhang, Jie Yu","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/ad21b2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad21b2","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Background: Congenital heart diseases ( CHD ) are the most common type of congenital malformation and are the leading cause of death in newborns. Many studies have investigated the relationship between maternal exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors ( EEDs ) during pregnancy and the risk of CHD in offspring. However, there is a lack of comprehensive and systematic research to assess their relationship. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review the literature published in the past 20 years on maternal EEDs exposure during pregnancy and the risk of CHD in offspring, and to explore the exact relationship between them. Methods: Three databases ( PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science ) were searched, and 16 studies with 1068211 participants were included. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale ( NOS ) was used to evaluate the quality of the literature, Begg's test and Egger's test to determine the publication bias of the literature, Q test and I2 statistics to evaluate the statistical heterogeneity among the studies, and subgroup analysis to examine the association between each EEDs and CHD and its subtypes. Results: The results showed that maternal maternal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) ( OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.17-1.53 ) ( e.g., PAHs and Tetralogy of Fallot ( TOF ), Septal defects ( SD ), Conotruncal defects ( CD ) ), pesticides/insecticides ( OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05 - 1.40 ), alkylphenolic compounds ( OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.14 - 1.86 ) and Heavy metals ( Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, Lead ) ( OR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.53 - 2.86 ) during pregnancy increased the risk of CHD in offspring. Conclusion: This study suggests that maternal exposure to EEDs during pregnancy may be an important factor for increasing the risk of CHD in offspring.","PeriodicalId":507917,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139605047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-23DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad21b1
Yangchen Lai, Jianfeng Li, Tsz-cheung Lee, Wai Po Tse, F. Chan, Yongqin David Chen, Xihui Gu
Based on the observations of hourly precipitation for 131 years from Hong Kong Observatory Headquarters, this study examined the long-term changes in the characteristics of hourly precipitation extremes in terms of intensity, total precipitation amount, duration, and frequency. Results show that the hourly precipitation extremes have significantly intensified by 29%–38% from 1885 to 2022. The 131-year observations evidence that the more extreme the hourly precipitation is (i.e., higher percentiles), the faster the increasing rate it has. Specifically, the magnitudes of hourly precipitation with the 95th, 97.5th, 99th, and 99.9th percentiles increased by rates of 0.03 mm, 0.05 mm, 0.07 mm, and 0.12 mm per year, respectively. Through the secular trend analysis, we found that only the maximum intensity of extreme precipitation events (i.e., events with maximum intensity exceeding the 95th percentiles) shows a significant increasing trend during 1885–2022, while the trends in the total precipitation amount, duration, and mean intensity are not significant. However, by comparing the percentile bin values between three sub-periods of the 131-year record, we found a significant rise over time in the total precipitation amount, mean intensity, and maximum intensity of extreme precipitation events with different intensities (i.e., 95th, 96th, 97th, 98th, and 99th percentiles), while the change in the duration is not significant. The analysis of the frequency of precipitation events shows significant increases in the proportion of extreme precipitation events during 1885–2022. The observations of 53 stations across Hong Kong from 1986–2022 show significant intensification and increasing frequency in the hourly precipitation extremes in most areas of Hong Kong. Meanwhile, the precipitation duration shows a decreasing tendency, which may explain the insignificant changes in the total precipitation amount. These findings provide important insights into the longer-term variations in the characteristics of hourly precipitation extremes.
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