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Estimate the Region of Interest, Movement and Magnitude of Ciliary Beat with Dense Optical Flow 利用高密度光流估计睫状肌搏动的感兴趣区、运动和幅度
Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3991/ijoe.v20i11.48029
Muhammad Daffa Khairi, Bedy Purnama, Imamura Kosuke, Miki Abo
In this study, we analyze mucociliary transport (MCT) by measuring the magnitude and identifying regions of ciliary beats using high-frame-rate microscopic videos. Our methodology, integrating dense optical flow (DOF), connected component labeling (CCL), Butterworth filter, and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), captures ciliary movement and magnitude. We focus on region extraction, quantification of ciliary activity, and classification of power and recovery strokes in ciliary beat frequency (CBF), which are crucial for evaluating MCT efficiency. Our approach was able to extract the ciliary region semi-automatically, obtain the CBF, and visualize the ciliary movement in each frame. Despite dataset challenges and limited ground truth, our approach shows a promising result for ciliary dynamics research and medical diagnostics. We hope for future open-source datasets with ground-truth ciliary beat patterns to enable developing and evaluating automated ciliary analysis techniques, leading to improved assessment.
在这项研究中,我们利用高帧频显微视频测量纤毛跳动的幅度并识别区域,从而分析粘液纤毛运输(MCT)。我们的方法整合了密集光流(DOF)、连通成分标记(CCL)、巴特沃斯滤波器和快速傅立叶变换(FFT),可捕捉纤毛运动和幅度。我们的重点是区域提取、纤毛活动量化、纤毛搏动频率(CBF)的功率和恢复行程分类,这些对于评估 MCT 效率至关重要。我们的方法能够半自动提取睫状肌区域,获得 CBF,并可视化每帧中的睫状肌运动。尽管存在数据集挑战和有限的地面实况,我们的方法仍为睫状肌动力学研究和医疗诊断带来了可喜的成果。我们希望未来能有具有地面实况睫状肌搏动模式的开源数据集,以便开发和评估自动睫状肌分析技术,从而改进评估工作。
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引用次数: 0
Blockchain of Things for Securing and Managing Water 4.0 Applications 用于保护和管理水资源 4.0 应用的物联网区块链
Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3991/ijoe.v20i11.50277
A. Y. Al-Zoubi, Mamoun Aldmour, Afif Khoury, Dana Al-Thaher
The design of a smart water monitoring and control system in urban areas plays a pivotal role in providing efficient distribution mechanisms to reduce leakage, especially in regions facing water scarcity and limited resources. The convergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technology to improve the system’s performance, enhance its security, and provide a decentralized and tamper-proof environment presents an excellent opportunity to evolve the system further and form a state-of-the-art Water 4.0 ecosystem. The proposed Blockchain of Things (BCoT) water system is introduced as a pilot to explore its potential in delivering and managing Water 4.0 applications. An Ethereum platform formed the heart of the BCoT system, while a Raspberry Pi 4 acted as a node to the blockchain that collected data from various sensors and microcontrollers via MQTT programmed by Node-Red. LabVIEW software also provided supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA). The BCoT system was tested, and its functionality was verified, showing good promise to take smart water systems to a new level of innovation that may resolve the many challenges faced by countries with limited water resources and address the challenges of the 21st-century “Water 4.0” ecosystem.
城市地区智能水监测和控制系统的设计在提供高效分配机制以减少渗漏方面发挥着举足轻重的作用,尤其是在面临水资源短缺和资源有限的地区。物联网(IoT)与区块链技术的融合可提高系统性能、增强安全性并提供去中心化和防篡改环境,这为进一步发展该系统并形成最先进的水 4.0 生态系统提供了绝佳机会。拟议的区块链物联网(BCoT)水系统是作为试点推出的,旨在探索其在提供和管理水 4.0 应用方面的潜力。以太坊平台构成了 BCoT 系统的核心,而树莓派 4 则作为区块链的节点,通过 Node-Red 编程的 MQTT 从各种传感器和微控制器收集数据。LabVIEW 软件还提供了监控和数据采集(SCADA)功能。对 BCoT 系统进行了测试,其功能得到了验证,显示出将智能水系统提升到一个新的创新水平的良好前景,这可能会解决水资源有限的国家所面临的诸多挑战,并应对 21 世纪 "水 4.0 "生态系统的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Intelligent Interconnected Healthcare System: Integrating IoT and Big Data for Personalized Patient Care 智能互联医疗系统:整合物联网和大数据,实现个性化患者护理
Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3991/ijoe.v20i11.49893
Ahmed Abatal, Mourad Mzili, Toufik Mzili, Khaoula Cherrat, Asmae Yassine, L. Abualigah
This paper introduces the intelligent interconnected healthcare system (IIHS), an innovative fusion of the Internet of Things (IoT) and big data analytics technologies designed to revolutionize proactive and personalized healthcare. IIHS facilitates the integration of real-time data from various devices, ambient sensors, and hospital equipment, creating a continuous stream of comprehensive healthcare data. Leveraging advanced data analysis, IIHS offers actionable insights for ongoing patient health monitoring, trend prediction through machine learning, and rapid information access via a user-friendly interface. The system architecture features a combination of centralized cloud storage and edge storage at healthcare facilities, enhancing both efficiency and security in data management. The effectiveness of IIHS has been demonstrated in two healthcare facilities, which reported significant reductions in patient length of stay and readmission rates. This indicates the system’s potential to improve patient care while seamlessly integrating with existing healthcare infrastructures. IIHS represents the future of digital and personalized medicine, offering a scalable, patient-centric solution that supports the ongoing transformation towards data-driven healthcare.
本文介绍了智能互联医疗系统(IIHS),它是物联网(IoT)与大数据分析技术的创新融合,旨在彻底改变主动式和个性化医疗保健。IIHS 可促进来自各种设备、环境传感器和医院设备的实时数据的整合,从而创建一个连续的综合医疗保健数据流。借助先进的数据分析,IIHS 可为持续的患者健康监测提供可行的见解,通过机器学习进行趋势预测,并通过用户友好的界面快速获取信息。系统架构结合了集中云存储和医疗机构的边缘存储,提高了数据管理的效率和安全性。IIHS 的有效性已在两家医疗机构中得到验证,据报告,患者的住院时间和再入院率显著缩短。这表明,该系统在与现有医疗基础设施无缝集成的同时,还具有改善病人护理的潜力。IIHS 代表了数字化和个性化医疗的未来,提供了一个可扩展的、以患者为中心的解决方案,支持正在进行的向数据驱动型医疗转型。
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引用次数: 0
Towards Efficient Lung Cancer Detection: V-Net-based Segmentation of Pulmonary Nodules 实现高效肺癌检测:基于 V-Net 的肺结节分割
Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3991/ijoe.v20i11.49165
Asha V, Bhavanishankar K
The novel approach uses the V-Net architecture to segment pulmonary nodules from computed tomography (CT) scans, enhancing lung cancer detection’s efficiency. Addressing lung cancer, a major global mortality cause, underscores the urgency for improved diagnostic methods. The aim of this research is to refine segmentation, a critical step for early cancer detection. The study leverages V-Net, a three-dimensional (3D) convolutional neural network (CNN) tailored for medical image segmentation, applied to lung nodule identification. It utilizes the LUNA16 dataset, containing 888 annotated CT images, for model training and evaluation. This dataset’s variety of pulmonary conditions allows for a comprehensive method of assessment. The tailored V-Net architecture is optimized for lung nodule segmentation, with a focus on data preprocessing to elevate input image quality. Outcomes reveal significant progress in segmentation precision, achieving a loss score of 0.001 and a mIOU of 98%, setting new standards in the domain. Visuals of segmented lung nodules illustrate the method’s effectiveness, indicating a promising avenue for early lung cancer detection and potentially better patient prognoses. The study contributes significantly to enhancing lung cancer diagnostic methodologies through advanced image analysis. An improved segmentation method based on V-Net architecture surpasses current techniques and encourages further deep learning exploration in medical diagnostics.
这种新方法利用 V-Net 架构从计算机断层扫描(CT)扫描中分割肺结节,提高了肺癌检测的效率。肺癌是导致全球死亡的主要原因之一,解决这一问题凸显了改进诊断方法的紧迫性。这项研究的目的是完善细分,这是早期癌症检测的关键步骤。本研究利用专为医学图像分割定制的三维卷积神经网络(CNN)V-Net,将其应用于肺结节识别。研究利用 LUNA16 数据集进行模型训练和评估,该数据集包含 888 幅注释 CT 图像。该数据集包含多种肺部病症,因此可采用全面的评估方法。量身定制的 V-Net 架构针对肺结节分割进行了优化,重点放在数据预处理上,以提高输入图像的质量。结果显示,分割精度有了明显提高,损失分数达到 0.001,mIOU 达到 98%,为该领域设立了新标准。分割肺结节的视觉效果说明了该方法的有效性,为早期肺癌检测和改善患者预后指明了一条大有可为的途径。这项研究通过先进的图像分析,为加强肺癌诊断方法做出了重大贡献。基于 V-Net 架构的改进型分割方法超越了当前的技术,鼓励在医疗诊断领域进一步探索深度学习。
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引用次数: 0
Improving the Accuracy of Oncology Diagnosis: A Machine Learning-Based Approach to Cancer Prediction 提高肿瘤诊断的准确性:基于机器学习的癌症预测方法
Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3991/ijoe.v20i11.49139
M. Cabanillas-Carbonell, Joselyn Zapata-Paulini
Cancer ranks among the most lethal illnesses worldwide, and predicting its onset can be a crucial factor in enhancing people’s quality of life by taking preventive measures to improve treatment and survival. This study conducted comparative research to determine the machine learning model with the highest accuracy for tumor type classification, distinguishing between malignant (cancer) and benign tumors. The models evaluated include decision tree (DT), naive bayes (NB), extra trees classifier (ETM), random forest (RF), K-means clustering (K-means), logistic regression (LR), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), gradient boosting (GB), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) to identify the one with the best accuracy. The models were trained using a dataset of 569 records and a total of 32 variables, containing patient information and tumor characteristics. The study was structured into sections, such as related studies, descriptions of the models, case study development, results, discussion, and conclusions. The models’ performance was evaluated based on metrics of precision, sensitivity, accuracy, and F1 score. Following the training, the results positioned the XGBoost model as having the best performance, achieving 98% precision, accuracy, sensitivity, and F1 score.
癌症是全球致死率最高的疾病之一,而预测癌症的发病可以通过采取预防措施提高治疗和生存率,从而成为提高人们生活质量的关键因素。本研究进行了比较研究,以确定在肿瘤类型分类(区分恶性肿瘤(癌症)和良性肿瘤)方面准确率最高的机器学习模型。评估的模型包括决策树(DT)、奈夫贝叶斯(NB)、额外树分类器(ETM)、随机森林(RF)、K-means 聚类(K-means)、逻辑回归(LR)、自适应提升(AdaBoost)、梯度提升(GB)、轻梯度提升机(LightGBM)和极端梯度提升(XGBoost),以找出准确率最高的模型。模型的训练使用了一个包含 569 条记录和总共 32 个变量的数据集,其中包含患者信息和肿瘤特征。本研究分为相关研究、模型描述、案例研究开发、结果、讨论和结论等部分。根据精确度、灵敏度、准确度和 F1 分数等指标对模型的性能进行了评估。训练结束后,结果表明 XGBoost 模型性能最佳,精确度、准确度、灵敏度和 F1 分数均达到 98%。
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引用次数: 0
Federated-Learning Intrusion Detection System Based Blockchain Technology 基于区块链技术的联盟学习入侵检测系统
Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3991/ijoe.v20i11.49949
Ahmed Almaghthawi, Ebrahim A. A. Ghaleb, Nur Arifin Akbar, Layla Asiri, Meaad Alrehaili, Askar Altalidi
This study presents the implementation of a blockchain-based federated-learning (FL) intrusion detection system. This approach utilizes machine learning (ML) instead of traditional signature-based methods, enabling the system to detect new attack types. The FL technique ensures the privacy of sensitive data while still utilizing the large amounts of data distributed across client devices. To achieve this, we employed the federated averaging method and incorporated a custom preprocessing stage for data standardization. The use of blockchain technology in combination with FL created a fully decentralized and open learning system capable of overcoming new security challenges.
本研究介绍了基于区块链的联合学习(FL)入侵检测系统的实施。这种方法利用机器学习(ML)代替传统的基于签名的方法,使系统能够检测到新的攻击类型。FL 技术在确保敏感数据隐私的同时,还能利用分布在客户端设备上的大量数据。为实现这一目标,我们采用了联合平均法,并加入了一个自定义预处理阶段,以实现数据标准化。区块链技术与 FL 的结合使用创建了一个完全去中心化的开放式学习系统,能够克服新的安全挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Harnessing Machine Learning for Quantifying Vesicoureteral Reflux: A Promising Approach for Objective Assessment 利用机器学习量化膀胱输尿管反流:客观评估的有效方法
Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3991/ijoe.v20i11.49673
Muhyeeddin Alqaraleh, M. Alzboon, M. Al-Batah, Mutaz Abdel Wahed, Ahmad Abuashour, Firas Hussein Alsmadi
In this study, we evaluated the performance of various machine-learning models on multiple datasets labeled GR1, GR2, GR3, GR4, and GR5. We assessed the models using a range of evaluation metrics, including AUC, CA, F1, precision, recall, MCC, specificity, and log loss. The models examined were logistic regression, decision tree, kNN, random forest, gradient boosting, neural network, AdaBoost, and stochastic gradient descent. The results indicate that all models consistently demonstrated outstanding performance across all datasets, with most achieving perfect scores in all metrics. The models exhibited high accuracy and effectiveness in accurately classifying instances. Although random forests displayed slightly lower scores in some metrics, theyi still maintained an overall high level of accuracy. The findings highlight the models’ ability to effectively learn the underlying patterns within the data and make accurate predictions. The low log loss values further confirmed the models’ precise estimation of probabilities. Consequently, these models possess strong potential for practical applications in various domains, offering reliable and robust classification capabilities.
在本研究中,我们评估了标有 GR1、GR2、GR3、GR4 和 GR5 的多个数据集上各种机器学习模型的性能。我们使用一系列评估指标对模型进行了评估,包括 AUC、CA、F1、精确度、召回率、MCC、特异性和对数损失。考察的模型包括逻辑回归、决策树、kNN、随机森林、梯度提升、神经网络、AdaBoost 和随机梯度下降。结果表明,所有模型在所有数据集上都表现出了卓越的性能,其中大多数模型在所有指标上都获得了满分。这些模型在对实例进行准确分类方面表现出很高的准确性和有效性。虽然随机森林在某些指标上的得分略低,但总体上仍保持了较高的准确率。这些发现凸显了模型有效学习数据中潜在模式并做出准确预测的能力。低对数损失值进一步证实了模型对概率的精确估计。因此,这些模型具有在各个领域实际应用的强大潜力,能够提供可靠、稳健的分类能力。
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引用次数: 0
XAI-PhD: Fortifying Trust of Phishing URL Detection Empowered by Shapley Additive Explanations XAI-PhD:利用沙普利加法解释增强网络钓鱼 URL 检测的可信度
Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3991/ijoe.v20i11.49533
Mustafa Al-Fayoumi, Bushra Alhijawi, Q. Abu Al-haija, Rakan Armoush
The rapid growth of the Internet has led to an increased demand for online services. However, this surge in online activity has also brought about a new threat: phishing attacks. Phishing is a type of cyberattack that utilizes social engineering techniques and technological manipulations to steal crucial information from unsuspecting individuals. Consequently, there is a rising necessity to create dependable phishing URL detection models that can effectively identify phishing URLs with enhanced accuracy and reduced prediction overhead. This study introduces XAI-PhD, an innovative phishing detection method that utilizes machine learning (ML) and Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) capabilities. Specifically, XAI-PhD utilizes SHAP to thoroughly analyze the significance of each feature in influencing the decision-making process of the classifier. By selectively incorporating input characteristics based on their SHAP values, only the most crucial attributes are assessed, enabling the development of a highly adaptable and generalized model. XAI-PhD utilizes a lightweight gradient boosting machine as its classifier, and a series of rigorous tests are conducted to assess its performance compared to established baseline methods. The empirical findings unequivocally demonstrate the exceptional effectiveness of XAI-PhD, as evidenced by its remarkable accuracy and F1-score of 99.8% and 99%, respectively. Moreover, XAI-PhD exhibits high computational efficiency, requiring only 1.47 milliseconds and 18.5 microseconds per record to generate accurate predictions.
互联网的快速发展导致对在线服务的需求增加。然而,在线活动的激增也带来了新的威胁:网络钓鱼攻击。网络钓鱼是一种网络攻击,它利用社交工程技术和技术手段从毫无戒备的个人那里窃取关键信息。因此,越来越有必要创建可靠的网络钓鱼 URL 检测模型,以提高准确性并减少预测开销,从而有效识别网络钓鱼 URL。本研究介绍了 XAI-PhD,这是一种利用机器学习(ML)和夏普利加法解释(SHAP)功能的创新型网络钓鱼检测方法。具体来说,XAI-PhD 利用 SHAP 彻底分析每个特征在影响分类器决策过程中的重要性。通过根据 SHAP 值有选择地纳入输入特征,只对最关键的属性进行评估,从而开发出适应性强的通用模型。XAI-PhD 采用轻量级梯度提升机作为分类器,并进行了一系列严格的测试,以评估其与现有基准方法相比的性能。实证结果明确证明了 XAI-PhD 的卓越功效,其准确率和 F1 分数分别高达 99.8% 和 99%。此外,XAI-PhD 还具有很高的计算效率,每条记录仅需 1.47 毫秒和 18.5 微秒即可生成准确预测。
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引用次数: 0
Social Robots, Mindfulness, and Kindergarten 社交机器人、正念和幼儿园
Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3991/ijoe.v20i11.49503
P. Anagnostopoulou, Athanasios Drigas
The following review examines the use of social robots in mindfulness practices, with a focus on their application in preschool settings. Additionally, it explores the key attributes of social robots that could enhance their effectiveness in achieving targeted outcomes. This study is the initial phase of a project that aims to investigate the advantages of technology and mindfulness in kindergarten. The selection of this age group is based on its significance in the comprehensive development of children, despite the lack of extensive study on mindfulness in this specific context. The objective of this paper is to present existing research on social robots and mindfulness, assess the potential benefits and challenges of integrating these two fields in kindergarten, and, most importantly, inspire future studies on the use of robots and mindfulness in early childhood education. A bibliographic review of articles was conducted. The findings of our study suggest that the use of robots and human-robot interactions can enhance self-development, well-being, and mindfulness. Robots have the capacity to capture attention and motivate young children, specifically. Both humanoid and non-humanoid robots seem suitable for facilitating mental well-being exercises. However, a well-designed social robot for children should incorporate both human-like and mechanical features. Our primary aim is to encourage further study on the integration of robots and mindfulness in preschool education, as there is still a vast unexplored territory in this rapidly advancing field.
以下综述探讨了社交机器人在正念练习中的应用,重点是其在学龄前环境中的应用。此外,它还探讨了社交机器人的关键属性,这些属性可以提高社交机器人在实现目标结果方面的有效性。本研究是一个项目的初始阶段,旨在调查技术和正念在幼儿园中的优势。之所以选择这个年龄段,是因为它对儿童的全面发展具有重要意义,尽管在这一特定背景下缺乏对正念的广泛研究。本文旨在介绍有关社交机器人和正念的现有研究,评估在幼儿园整合这两个领域的潜在益处和挑战,最重要的是,启发未来有关在幼儿教育中使用机器人和正念的研究。我们对相关文章进行了文献综述。我们的研究结果表明,使用机器人和人机互动可以促进自我发展、幸福感和正念。特别是,机器人有能力吸引幼儿的注意力并激发他们的积极性。仿人机器人和非仿人机器人似乎都适合用于促进心理健康练习。不过,为儿童精心设计的社交机器人应同时具备类人和机械特征。我们的主要目的是鼓励进一步研究学前教育中机器人与正念的结合,因为在这一快速发展的领域中,仍有大量尚未开发的领域。
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引用次数: 0
A Systematic Investigation on Botnet Intrusion Detection Using Various Machine Learning Techniques 利用各种机器学习技术对僵尸网络入侵检测进行系统研究
Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.3991/ijoe.v20i10.49509
Archana Kalidindi, Mahesh Babu Arrama
The Internet of Things (IoT) is growing rapidly in an exponential manner due to its versatility in technology. This has led to many challenges in securing the IoT environment. Devices in IoT environments are vulnerable to various cyberattacks. Botnet-based attacks are predominant and widespread in nature. Due to insufficient memory and computational power, the IoT environment cannot handle the botnet attack that affects security. Identifying intrusions in IoT environments is another challenge for researchers. Finding unknown patterns in the data generated through IoT networks helps improve security in the IoT environment. Machine learning (ML) is a platform that helps identify patterns in the provided data. In this study, we present our research on classifying incoming data from the IoT as malicious or benign using machine learning techniques. We propose an ML-based botnet attack detection framework for nine commercial IoT devices that primarily target BASHLITE and Mirai botnet attacks. Rigorous pragmatic research was conducted on the N-BaIoT dataset, which was extracted from realtime IoT devices connected to a network. Using this framework, the results have been depicted, which can efficiently detect botnet attacks and can also be applied to any other types of attacks.
由于技术的多样性,物联网(IoT)正以指数级的方式迅速发展。这给物联网环境的安全带来了许多挑战。物联网环境中的设备容易受到各种网络攻击。基于僵尸网络的攻击在本质上占主导地位,而且非常普遍。由于内存和计算能力不足,物联网环境无法应对影响安全的僵尸网络攻击。识别物联网环境中的入侵是研究人员面临的另一个挑战。在物联网网络生成的数据中寻找未知模式有助于提高物联网环境的安全性。机器学习(ML)是一个有助于从所提供的数据中识别模式的平台。在本研究中,我们介绍了利用机器学习技术将来自物联网的传入数据分类为恶意或良性数据的研究。我们为九种商用物联网设备提出了基于 ML 的僵尸网络攻击检测框架,这些设备主要针对 BASHLITE 和 Mirai 僵尸网络攻击。我们在 N-BaIoT 数据集上进行了严格务实的研究,该数据集是从连接到网络的实时物联网设备中提取的。使用该框架描绘的结果可以有效地检测僵尸网络攻击,也可应用于任何其他类型的攻击。
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引用次数: 0
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